| 词条 | Elizabeth Riddle Graves |
| 释义 |
|name = Elizabeth Riddle Graves |image = File:Elizabeth Riddle Graves.jpg | caption = Elizabeth R. Graves's Los Alamos identity card |image_size = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|1|23}} |birth_place = Nashville, Tennessee |death_date = {{death date and age|1972|1|6|1916|1|23}} |death_place = Albuquerque, New Mexico |citizenship = United States of America |field = Physics |work_institution = Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory |alma_mater = University of Chicago |doctoral_advisor = Samuel K. Allison{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} | thesis_title = Energy Released from Be 9 (d, α) Li 7 and the Production of Li 7 | thesis_year = 1940 | thesis_url = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Physics of neutrons |prizes = }} Elizabeth Riddle Graves (25 January 1916 – 6 January 1972) was a pioneer in the physics of neutrons and the detection and measurement of fast neutrons. During World War II, she worked in the Metallurgical Laboratory and at the Los Alamos Laboratory, becoming a group leader there after the war. BiographyElizabeth Riddle was born in Nashville, Tennessee, on 23 January 1916 to James Marion Riddle from South Carolina and Georgia Clymetra Boykin from Arkansas. She had two brothers, James Marion Riddle Jr. and John Burwell Boykin Riddle. Around 1921, the Riddle family moved to Chicago, Illinois.[1] Riddle entered the University of Chicago, where she was known as "Diz".[2] She earned her Bachelor of Science degree in physics in 1936,[3] and developed a keen interest in the physics of neutrons, particularly the detection and measurement of fast neutrons.[3] She earned her PhD in 1940, writing her thesis on the "Energy Released from Be 9 (d, α) Li 7 and the Production of Li 7" under the supervision of Samuel K. Allison.[4][6] While there, she met and married Alvin C. Graves, a fellow physics major.[5] Jobs were hard to find during the Great Depression. Alvin remained at the University of Chicago as a research fellow and an assistant professor until 1939, when he moved to the University of Texas,[5] but Elizabeth was unable to secure a job there as well due to its anti-nepotism rules, which tended to discriminate against women.[2] In 1942 Alvin was invited back to the University of Chicago by Arthur H. Compton to join the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory. [5] Elizabeth found employment there as well, working with Enrico Fermi on the calculations involved in determining the feasibility of a nuclear chain reaction, which eventually led to the development of Chicago Pile-1, the world's first nuclear reactor.[4]In 1943 they joined the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico. With Texas in mind, Alvin made it a condition of his going there that Elizabeth also be given a job. As it turned out, she almost certainly would have been recruited anyway. She was one of the few scientists who knew about fast neutron scattering, which was crucial to nuclear weapon design, and who knew how to operate the Cockcroft–Walton accelerator that had been brought from the University of Illinois.[2] At the time of the Trinity nuclear test in 1945, Elizabeth was seven months pregnant with her first child. They therefore requested that they be assigned to a post far from the blast. They listened to Allison's countdown to the explosion on the radio, and using Geiger counters, they monitored the test's radioactive fallout, which took until the afternoon to reach them. Elizabeth finished an experiment while in labor, timing her contractions with a stopwatch.[2] The child was a healthy daughter, Marilyn Edith.[5] Alvin and Elizabeth had two more children, Alvin Palmer and Elizabeth Anne.[4] They remained in Los Alamos after the war. Elizabeth became a group leader in the experimental physics division in 1950, and researched neutron interactions with matter and material.[4][6] She died of cancer at Bataan Memorial Hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico,[4] on 6 January 1972, and was buried at Guaje Pines Cemetery, Los Alamos, Los Alamos County, New Mexico.[7][8] Select PublicationsPatents
Dissertation and Thesis
Thesis{{quote| The α-particles from Be9(d,α)Li7 have been investigated with a variable air pressure absorption cell, ionization chamber and linear amplifier. It has been established that there are two groups of α-particles differing at 760 mm pressure and 15°C by 3.08±0.10 mm range reduced to zero bombarding voltage. The groups have been shown to be associated with the production of Li7 in the ground state and in an excited state. At 239 kv bombarding voltage, the excited state is formed 1.7 times as often as the ground state. The energy balance, Q, associated with the production of the ground state has been determined to be 7.093±0.022 Mev. The energy of the excited level has been determined to be 494±16 kev. The total yield curve for α-particles has been investigated from 235 kv to 390 kv bombarding voltage. The measured value for the energy of the excited level in Li7 is discussed in connection with values from other reactions in which Li7 is an end product and with γ-ray measurements of the level.[10] }}Papers1930s - 1940s
1950s - 1960s
References1. ^{{cite web |title=United States Census, 1930 |publisher=FamilySearch |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XSGM-XVS |accessdate=15 August 2015}} Elizabeth B Riddle in household of James M Riddle, Chicago (Districts 0751-1000), Cook, Illinois, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 0765, sheet 12A, family 145, line 4, NARA microfilm publication T626 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2002), roll 449; FHL microfilm 2,340,184. {{Subject bar2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Howes |first=Ruth H. |year=1999 |first2=Caroline L. |last2=Herzenberg |title=Their Day in the Sun: Women of the Manhattan Project |publisher=Temple University |isbn=978-0-585-38881-6 |oclc=49569088 |pp=48–50 }} 3. ^{{cite journal |journal=Physics Today |volume=25 |issue=4 p=67 |pages=67 |date=April 1972 |title=Elizabeth R. Graves |doi=10.1063/1.3070831 }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |title=The Biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century |first=Marilyn |last=Ogilvie |first2=Joy |last2=Harvey |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |pp=522–523 |isbn=9780415920407 |oclc=803021974 }} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |last=Becker |first=Bill |title=The Man Who Sets Off Atomic Bombs |newspaper=The Saturday Evening Post |date=April 19, 1952| pages=32–33, 185–188}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=honorsprojects |last=Coyne |first=Colleen |date=29 April 2013 |title=Female Scientists, the Military, and Informing Policy |publisher=Bowling Green State University |accessdate=18 May 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVK6-YN89 |publisher=Family Search |accessdate=15 August 2015 |title=Elizabeth Riddle Graves}} 8. ^{{findagrave |grid=39395345 |title=Elizabeth Riddle Graves |accessdate=18 May 2016}} 9. ^Graves, E. R., & Little Jr, Robert N. (1959). {{US Patent|2906903}}. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 10. ^1 2 {{Cite journal |title=Energy Release from Be9(d,α)Li7 and the Production of Li7 |last=Graves |first=Elizabeth Riddle |journal=Physical Review |issn= |volume=57 |issue=10 |pages=855–862 |date=May 1940 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.57.855 |bibcode=1940PhRv...57..855G }} | portal1=World War II | portal2=Nuclear technology | portal3=Physics | portal4=History of science | portal5=Biography }}{{use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Graves, Elizabeth Riddle}} 11 : 1916 births|1972 deaths|People from Nashville, Tennessee|University of Chicago alumni|Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel|Manhattan Project people|American women scientists|20th-century women scientists|20th-century American physicists|20th-century American inventors|Women inventors |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。