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词条 Embassy of the United States, Havana
释义

  1. History

  2. Health-related incidents

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}{{Infobox Historic Site
| name = Embassy of the United States, Havana
| native_name = Embajada de los Estados Unidos de América La Habana
| native_language = Spanish
| image =

| caption = {{small|Chancery Building as seen during President Barack Obama's visit to Cuba. This used to be the US Interests Section of the Embassy of Switzerland in Havana, Cuba. Between 1977 and 2015, Switzerland was the protecting power of the United States in Cuba.}}
| location = Havana, Cuba
| coordinates = {{coord|23.14587|-82.38765|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Cuba
| designation1_free1name = Embassy
| designation1_free1value = March 1953 – January 3, 1961;
July 20, 2015 – present
| designation1_free2name = Interests Section
| designation1_free2value = September 1, 1977 – July 20, 2015[1]
| designation1_free3name = Chargé d'affaires ad interim
| designation1_free3value = Mara Tekach
}}

The Embassy of the United States of America in Havana is the United States of America's diplomatic mission in Cuba. On January 3, 1961, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower severed relations following the Cuban Revolution of the 1950s.[2] In 1977, President Jimmy Carter and President Fidel Castro signed an Interests Sections Agreement that permitted each government to operate out of its former embassy in Havana and Washington D.C., which were called Interests Sections; they were prohibited from flying their respective flags. Cuban President Raúl Castro and US President Barack Obama restored full diplomatic connections on July 20, 2015.[3][4][5]

The building housed the United States Interests Section in Havana between 1977 and 2015, which operated under the auspices of the Swiss Embassy (acting as protecting power). On July 1, 2015 it was announced that with the resumption of diplomatic ties, the building resumed its role as the U.S. Embassy in Cuba on July 20, 2015.[6][7][8][9]

After the allegations of sonic attacks surfaced in 2017, United States withdrew most of the personnel from the embassy, so by July 2018 only 10 American diplomats were left to maintain the diplomatic service.[10] The embassy is led by Chargé d'affaires ad interim Ambassador Mara Tekach.[11][12]

History

The current embassy was designed in the Modernist—Brutalist style by the architectural firm Harrison & Abramovitz. It is a long and six-story concrete and glass building, completed in 1953. The gardens were designed by Californian landscape architect Thomas Dolliver Church. The contractor for the building was Jaime Alberto Mitrani, PE, also a professor of civil engineering at the University of Havana. The embassy complex is located directly on the Malecón and the José Martí Anti-Imperialist Platform, in proximity to the Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

After the U.S. diplomatic mission became defunct in 1961, the building was not used by American personnel until the opening of the interests section on September 1, 1977.[13] In 1963, Prime Minister of Cuba Fidel Castro ordered the confiscation of the complex, but action was never taken by the Cuban government, though it still claimed right to the property in 2012.[14]

During the period that the complex served as an interests section, the U.S. was represented by Switzerland, and the Swiss maintained both the embassy complex and its effects. Renovations were completed on the complex in 1997.

The building was upgraded from an interests section and returned to its original role as the United States Embassy in Cuba, on July 20, 2015.[6][7][8][15] On August 14, 2015, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry officially reopened it; eight congressional lawmakers involved in the policy change attended,[16][17][18] and the three Marines (Larry C. Morris, Mike East and Jim Tracy) who had lowered the U.S. flag at the embassy 54 years earlier presented a new flag, which was then raised by Marines assigned to the post.[19]

Health-related incidents

{{Main|Havana syndrome}}

In August 2017, reports began surfacing that Americans posted at the embassy had been subjected to health-related incidents, dating back to late 2016.[20][24] Two dozen employees of the State Department reported experiencing what were referred to as "health attacks".[21] The State Department determined that the health problems may have been the result of an attack or else exposure to an as-yet-unknown device,[22] and did not believe the Cuban government is responsible.[23] Affected individuals described mild brain damage similar to a concussion and symptoms such as temporary or permanent hearing loss, memory loss, and nausea.[22] Speculation has centered around a sonic or ultrasonic weapon,[24] however the scientific consensus is that the use of a sonic weapon is implausible.[25][26] Dr. Timothy Leighton has said "If you’re talking about a ray-gun rifle knocking out someone with ultrasound they can’t hear at a hundred meters — that’s not going to happen".[27]

The United States expelled two Cuban diplomats in response to the attacks;[20] the Cuban government offered to cooperate with the US in an investigation of the incidents.[28] In September, the US State Department stated that it was removing non-emergency staff from the US embassy, and warned US citizens not to travel to Cuba.[29] In October 2017, the Associated Press released what it claimed was a recording of the sound some embassy workers heard during the attacks.[30] However, senior neurologists consulted by The Guardian suggested that the health incidents were probably psychosomatic complaints, of the kind commonly known as mass hysteria.[31] In December 2017, investigators discovered abnormalities in the victims' brains. The white matter of the brains showed physical changes which doctors believe could not have been caused by sound. They are now avoiding the term "sonic" to describe the attacks and there is growing skepticism it was caused by a sonic device; rather, it's possible that the sound heard by victims was a by-product of the brain damage.[32] In a 2018 paper published in JAMA, a team of medical researchers at the University of Pennsylvania all but ruled out a sonic weapon and said they could not find the source of the ailments experienced by the embassy staff. They said that the report by the Associated Press claiming researchers had found damage to white matter in the brains of the patients was wrong and that there was no such damage.[33] In January 2019 a study of a recording of the sound heard by embassy staff was released by Alexander Stubbs, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley, and Fernando Montealegre-Zapata, a professor of sensory biology at the University of Lincoln. The study found that the sound matched the mating song of the Indies short-tailed cricket found around the Caribbean. The researchers did not examine the cause of the diplomats’ ailments and did not rule out a sonic attack “at another point”.[34]

James Lewis, a former State Department official and intelligence expert, stated: "We know with 100% certainly that the embassies are under surveillance, and the technology being used could just be crude and over-powered"; he noted that health problems at the US embassy in Moscow in the 1970s were thought to be linked to the use of microwave surveillance devices.[35]

See also

  • Embassy of Cuba in Washington, D.C.
  • Cuban Thaw
  • Havana syndrome
  • Moscow Signal
  • Yellow rain

Notes

1. ^The U.S. and Cuba did not have bilateral diplomatic relations between 1961 and 2015. During this period, the U.S. diplomatic mission in Cuba operated under the auspices of the Embassy of Switzerland.
2. ^United States severs diplomatic relations with Cuba {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704134259/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/united-states-severs-diplomatic-relations-with-cuba |date=July 4, 2014 }} History.
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/obama-moves-end-cuban-embargo|title=Obama moves to restored diplomatic relations at the embassy level on 2014. with Cuba|date=December 17, 2014|publisher=MSNBC|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701090723/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/obama-moves-end-cuban-embargo|archivedate=July 1, 2015|df=}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/12/17/obama-cuba-alan-gross-prisoner/20526497/|title=Obama opens doors to Cuba after 56 years|date=December 17, 2014|newspaper=USA Today|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606102050/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2014/12/17/obama-cuba-alan-gross-prisoner/20526497/|archivedate=June 6, 2015|df=}}
5. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/18/us-cuba-usa-gross-idUSKBN0JV1H520141218|title=U.S., Cuba restore ties after 50 years|date=December 18, 2014|publisher=Reuters|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211619/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/12/18/us-cuba-usa-gross-idUSKBN0JV1H520141218|archivedate=September 24, 2015|df=}}
6. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/30/politics/u-s-cuba-embassy-relationship/index.html|title=U.S. and Cuba to announce embassy openings|date=June 30, 2015|publisher=CNN|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701070030/http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/30/politics/u-s-cuba-embassy-relationship/index.html|archivedate=July 1, 2015|df=}}
7. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/us-and-cuba-to-re-open-embassies-119609.html?hp=l1_3|title=U.S. and Cuba to reopen embassies|date=June 30, 2015|publisher=Politico|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702092847/http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/us-and-cuba-to-re-open-embassies-119609.html?hp=l1_3|archivedate=July 2, 2015|df=}}
8. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-us-proposes-us-cuba-reopen-embassies-as-of-july-20-havana-2015-7|title=US proposes US, Cuba reopen embassies as of July 20: Havana|date=July 1, 2015|publisher=Business Insider}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/07/20/cuban-embassy-opens-washington/30409717/|title=Cuban flag flies at embassy in Washington|date=July 20, 2015|work=USA Today|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722002616/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2015/07/20/cuban-embassy-opens-washington/30409717/|archivedate=July 22, 2015|df=}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/382099-only-10-diplomatic-staff-left-at-us-embassy-in-cuba|title=Only 10 diplomatic staff left at US Embassy in Cuba|last=Delk|first=Josh|date=2018-04-07|website=TheHill|language=en|access-date=2019-02-11}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://cu.usembassy.gov/embassy/havana/charge-daffaires/|title=Chargé d'Affaires - U.S. Embassy in Cuba|publisher=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://photos.state.gov/libraries/havana/231771/PDFs_001/US-Embassy-Havana-July-20-Press-Statement.pdf|title=Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Cuba|date=July 20, 2015|publisher=United States Department of State|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225053907/https://photos.state.gov/libraries/havana/231771/PDFs_001/US-Embassy-Havana-July-20-Press-Statement.pdf|archivedate=February 25, 2017|df=}}
13. ^Talking to the Bearded Man: The Swiss Mandate to Represent U.S. Interests in Cuba, 1961–1977. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729112440/http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/international_history_politics/shared/working_papers/WPIHP-Fischer.pdf |date=July 29, 2014 }} Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.
14. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/realestate/cuba-streetscapes-the-new-york-accented-architecture-of-havana.html?_r=0 Havana's New York Accent.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810182411/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/realestate/cuba-streetscapes-the-new-york-accented-architecture-of-havana.html?_r=0 |date=August 10, 2014 }} New York Times.
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/world/americas/cuba-us-embassy-diplomatic-relations.html|title=U.S. and Cuba Reopen Long-Closed Embassies|date=July 20, 2015|work=New York Times|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720151932/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/world/americas/cuba-us-embassy-diplomatic-relations.html|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2165325/john-kerry-flies-to-cuba-to-raise-flag-at-newly-opened-u-s-embassy/|title=John Kerry in Cuba as flag raised over U.S. Embassy|first1=Michael |last1=Weissenstein |first2=Bradley|last2=Klapper|date=August 14, 2015|work=Global News|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815054043/http://globalnews.ca/news/2165325/john-kerry-flies-to-cuba-to-raise-flag-at-newly-opened-u-s-embassy/|archivedate=August 15, 2015|df=}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/14/politics/cuba-embassy-opening-john-kerry-visit/|title=Kerry to reopen embassy in Cuba but tensions remain|first=Elise|last=Labott|publisher=CNN|date=August 14, 2015|work=CNN|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817001809/http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/14/politics/cuba-embassy-opening-john-kerry-visit|archivedate=August 17, 2015|df=}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/08/14/cuba-congressional-delegation-who-traveled-with-john-kerry-to-havana/|title=Cuba congressional delegation: Who traveled with John Kerry to Havana|author=Karoun Demirjian|date=August 14, 2015|work=Washington Post|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815055857/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2015/08/14/cuba-congressional-delegation-who-traveled-with-john-kerry-to-havana/|archivedate=August 15, 2015|df=}}
19. ^{{cite news|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael|title=Kerry Strikes Delicate Balance in Havana Trip for Embassy Flag-Raising|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/15/world/americas/kerry-havana-embassy-flag-raising.html|accessdate=August 15, 2015|work=New York Times|date=August 14, 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814200738/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/15/world/americas/kerry-havana-embassy-flag-raising.html|archivedate=August 14, 2015|df=}}
20. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/09/542513962/cuban-diplomats-expelled-after-u-s-embassy-staff-incidents-in-havana |first=Scott |last=Neuman |title=Cuban Diplomats Expelled After U.S. Embassy Staff 'Incidents' In Havana |publisher=NPR | date = 2017-08-09 | accessdate = 2017-10-01}}
21. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/cuba-embassy-attacks-baffle-u-s-frustrate-victim-n802326 |title=Victim of Cuba embassy 'attacks' frustrated by response |publisher=NBC News |first1=Tracy |last1=Connor |first2=Mary |last2=Murray |first3=Abigail |last3=Williams |date=2017-09-17 | accessdate = 2017-10-01}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/08/25/545993212/at-least-16-u-s-embassy-staff-in-cuba-treated-after-health-attacks|title=At Least 16 U.S. Embassy Staff In Cuba Treated After 'Health Attacks'|publisher=NPR|first=James|last=Doubek}}
23. ^U.S. does not believe Cuba is behind sonic attacks on American diplomats. McClatchy News Service, 26 September 2017
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/10/health/acoustic-weapons-explainer/index.html|title=Using sound to attack: The diverse world of acoustic devices|first=Nicole |last=Chavez|publisher=CNN}}
25. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/insider/cuba-illness-sonic-weapons.html| title=What’s a Science Reporter to Do When Sound Evidence Isn’t Sound?| last=Zimmer| first=Carl| website=nytimes.com| date=6 October 2017| access-date=13 October 2017| dead-url=no| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013072311/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/insider/cuba-illness-sonic-weapons.html| archive-date=13 October 2017}}
26. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.abc.net.au/radio/hobart/programs/worldtoday/the-mysterious-sound-heard-by-us-diplomatic-staff-in-cuba/9047202| title=Revealed: The mysterious sound heard by US diplomatic staff in Cuba| date=13 October 2017| last=Coady| first=David| website=abc.net.au |access-date=13 October 2017}}
27. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/science/cuba-sonic-weapon.html| title=A ‘Sonic Attack’ on Diplomats in Cuba? These Scientists Doubt It|date=5 October 2017| last=Zimmer| first= Carl| website=nytimes.com|access-date=13 October 2017| dead-url=no| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013071441/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/science/cuba-sonic-weapon.html| archive-date=13 October 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.minrex.gob.cu/en/statement-ministry-foreign-affairs-cuba-1|title=Statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba%7cCubaMINREX}}
29. ^{{cite news | author = Rich Edson | title = US stops issuing visas in Cuba, cuts embassy staff, urges no travel to island | url = http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/09/29/us-stops-issuing-visas-in-cuba-cuts-embassy-staff-urges-no-travel-to-island.html | publisher = Fox News | date = 2017-09-29 | accessdate = 2017-10-01 | quote = }}
30. ^{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/88bb914f8b284088bce48e54f6736d84|title=Dangerous sound? What Americans heard in Cuba attacks|work=AP News|access-date=2017-10-12|language=en-US}}
31. ^{{cite news | author = Julian Borger and Philip Jaekl | title = Mass hysteria may explain 'sonic attacks' in Cuba, say top neurologists | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/12/cuba-mass-hysteria-sonic-attacks-neurologists | publisher = The Guardian | date = 2017-10-12 | accessdate = 2017-10-14 | quote = }}
32. ^{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/bbed1d7f6f1a4320a7e60abfdce67d4d/Doctors-identify-brain-abnormalities-in-Cuba-attack-patients |title=Doctors find brain abnormalities in victims of Cuba mystery |work=AP News |agency=Associated Press |author=Josh Lederman |date=December 6, 2017 |accessdate=December 7, 2017}}
33. ^{{cite news |last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=New research suggests sonic weapon not likely in Cuban embassy employee illnesses |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-02-sonic-weapon-cuban-embassy-employee.html#nRlv |accessdate=11 January 2019 |publisher=Medical Xpress |date=28 February 2018}}
34. ^{{cite news |title=Cuban crickets, not weapon, heard by ill US diplomats: study |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-01-cuban-crickets-weapon-heard-ill.html |accessdate=11 January 2019 |publisher=Science X |date=7 January 2019}}
35. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/25/botched-surveillance-job-may-have-led-to-strange-injuries-at-cuban-embassy|title=Botched surveillance job may have led to strange injuries at US embassy in Cuba|last=Borger|first=Julian|date=2017-08-25|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-10-26|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{Commons category|United States Embassy, Havana}}{{wikinews|Embassy of the United States, Havana}}
  • {{facebook|USEmbCuba}}
  • {{Twitter}}
  • [https://www.state.gov/p/wha/ci/cu/ United States Department of State: Cuba]
  • Embassy of the United States in Cuba (Havana)
{{Portal bar|Cuba|Government of the United States|International relations}}{{US diplomatic missions}}{{Cuba-United States relations}}

8 : Cuba–United States relations|Buildings and structures in Havana|Diplomatic missions of the United States|Diplomatic missions in Havana|1953 establishments in Cuba|1961 disestablishments in Cuba|2015 establishments in Cuba|Brutalist architecture
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