词条 | Empty forest |
释义 |
Many of the large mammals that are disappearing, such as deer and tapirs,[2] are important for seed dispersion. Many tree species that are very localized in their dispersion rely on mammals rather than the wind to disperse their seeds.[3] Furthermore, when seed predation is down, trees with large seeds begin to completely dominate those with small seeds, changing the balance of plant life in an area.[4] Predatory large mammals are important for increasing overall diversity by making sure that smaller predators and herbivores do not become overabundant and dominate. An absence of large predators seems to result in uneven densities of prey species.[5] Even though certain animals may not have become completely extinct, they may have lowered in numbers to the point that they have suffered an ecological extinction. The animals that have most likely suffered an ecological extinction in neotropical forests are the ones who are the most important predators, large seed dispersers, and seed predators.[6] The defaunation of large mammals can be done by direct or indirect means. Any type of human activity not aimed at the animals in question that results in the defaunation of those animals is indirect. The most common means of indirect defaunation is habitat destruction. However, other examples of indirect means of defaunation of large mammals would be the over-collection of fruits and nuts or over-hunting of prey that large mammals need for food. Another example of an indirect means of the defaunation of large mammals is through the by-products of modern human activities such as mercury and smoke, or even noise pollution.[1] There are two categories of direct defaunation. They include subsistence hunting and commercial hunting. The most common species of animals hunted are typically the largest species in their area. The large mammals in an area are often represented by only a few species, but make up a major part of the overall biomass. In areas with only moderate hunting, the biomass of mammalian game species decreases by 80.7%. In areas with heavy hunting, the biomass of mammalian game species can decrease by 93.7%.[7] References1. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Redford|first=Kent|title=The Empty Forest|journal=BioScience|date=June 1992|volume=42|issue=6|pages=412–422|url=http://www.biology.ufl.edu/courses/pcb5356/2011fall/kitajima/Redford1992Biosci.pdf|doi=10.2307/1311860|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111203443/http://www.biology.ufl.edu/courses/pcb5356/2011fall/kitajima/Redford1992Biosci.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-11|df=|jstor=1311860}} 2. ^Bodmer, R. E. 1989. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00378967 Ungulate biomass in relation to feeding strategy within Amazonian forests]. Oecologia, 81: 547-550. 3. ^Gentry, A. H. 1983. Dispersal ecology and diversity in neotropical forest communities. Sonderband Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein Hamburg, 7: 303-314. 4. ^Putz, F. E., E. G. Leigh Jr, S. J. Wright. 1990. Solitary confinement in Panama. Garden, 14: 18-23. 5. ^Emmons, L. H. 1987. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00292180 Comparative feeding ecology of felids in a neotropical rainforest]. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 20: 271-283. 6. ^Janson, C. H., L. H. Emmons. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_iHcFWDskakC&oi=fnd&pg=PA314&dq=Ecological+structure+of+the+nonflying+mammal+community+at+Cocha+Cashu+biological+station,+Manu+National+Park,+Peru&ots=HQCSWE8Sj7&sig=ZeIsRw7rw-8ErRqCitV5wz0ovcM#v=onepage&q=Ecological%20structure%20of%20the%20nonflying%20mammal%20community%20at%20Cocha%20Cashu%20biological%20station%2C%20Manu%20National%20Park%2C%20Peru&f=false Ecological structure of the nonflying mammal community at Cocha Cashu biological station, Manu National Park, Peru]. Four neotropical rainforests, 314-338. 7. ^Redford, K. H., C. Murcia, B. Klein. 1992. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cwfOgaQ5b8oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA333&dq=Incorporation+of+game+animals+into+small-scale+agroforestry+systems+in+the+neotropics&ots=tAN2GhVyrg&sig=p4g34zWS0FreIDNrc5JjppREe3s#v=onepage&q=Incorporation%20of%20game%20animals%20into%20small-scale%20agroforestry%20systems%20in%20the%20neotropics&f=false Incorporation of game animals into small-scale agroforestry systems in the neotropics]. Conservation of Neotropical Forests: Working from Traditional Resource Use, 333-358. 1 : Ecology |
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