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词条 Energy density Extended Reference Table
释义

  1. Notes

This is extended version of energy density table from the main page energy density:

Energy densities table
Storage typeSpecific energy (MJ/kg)Energy density (MJ/L)Peak recovery efficiency %Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary Antimatter89,875,517,874 depends on density
Deuterium-tritium fusion338,000,000
Uranium-235 used in nuclear weapons144,000,0001,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light water reactor3,456,00030%
Pu-238 α-decay2,200,000
Hf-178m2 isomer1,326,00017,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light water reactor443,00030%
Ta-180m isomer41,340689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)216[1]
battery, Lithium-air43.2
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate)33.0
Beryllium + Oxygen23.9[2]
Lithium + Fluorinedate=August 2010}}
Hydrogen + Oxygendate=August 2010}}
Octaazacubane potential explosive22.9[3]
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive8.5[4]16.9[5]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine){{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive7[6]
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3 oxidizer){{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}6.912.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}6.6
Nitroglycerin6.38[7]10.2[8]
ANFO-ANNM{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}6.26
Octogen (HMX)5.7[7]10.8[9]
TNT [{{cite book |last= Kinney |first= G.F. |author2=K.J. Graham |title= Explosive shocks in air |publisher= Springer-Verlag |year= 1985 |isbn= 978-3-540-15147-0 |title-link= Explosive shocks in air }}]{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}4.6106.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer){{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}4.1320.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer)4.0018.4
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)2.73.8
battery, Lithium ion nanowire2.5429 date=February 2009|cites do not mention 95%, is it mentioned in the paper "High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires" published on Dec. 16 in Nature Nanotechnology? nature.com gives broken link at http://www.nature.com/nnano/press_releases/nnano1207.html . Note "2.54 to 2.72" replaced with 2.54 to get sort to work}}[10]
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)[11]2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8°C{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}{{Clarify|date=November 2008}}1.9680.708
Kinetic energy penetrator {{Clarify|date=February 2009|where does "1.9 to 3.4" and "30 to 54" come from? Note "to 3.4" and "to 54" removed to get sort to work.}}1.930
battery, Fluoride ion {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}1.72.8
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell[12]1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)1.61.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)1.42.5
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Saltdate=May 2009}}98%[13]
Molecular spring approximate{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}}1
battery, Sodium Sulfur .72[14]date=May 2009}}85%[15]
battery, Lithium-manganese[16][17] 0.83-1.01 1.98-2.09
battery, Lithium ion[18][19] 0.46-0.72 0.83-3.6[20] 95%[21]
battery, Lithium Sulfur[22] 1.80[23] 1.80
battery (Sodium Nickel Chloride), High Temperature0.56
battery, Silver-oxide[16] 0.47 1.8
Flywheel0.36-0.5[24][25]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet{{Clarify|date=February 2009|where does "0.4 to 0.8" and "3.2 to 6.4" come from? Note "to 0.8" and "to 6.4" removed to get sort to work}}0.43.2
battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[26]0.41.55
battery, Zinc-manganese (alkaline), long life design[16][18] 0.4-0.59 1.15-1.43
Liquid Nitrogen0.349
Water - Enthalpy of Fusion0.3340.334
battery, Zinc Bromine flow (ZnBr)[27]0.27
battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH), High Power design as used in cars[28]0.2500.493
battery, Nickel cadmium (NiCd)[18] 0.14 1.08 80%[21]
battery, Zinc-Carbon[18] 0.13 0.331
battery, Lead acid[18] 0.14 0.36
battery, Vanadium redoxdate=May 2009}}0.11887070-75%
battery, Vanadium Bromide redox0.180.25280%–90%[29]
Capacitor Ultracapacitor0.0199[30] date=May 2009}}
Capacitor Supercapacitordate=May 2009}}80%–98.5%[31] 39%–70%[31]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage 0 0.008[32] >95%
Capacitor0.002[33]
Neodymium magnet0.003[34]
Ferrite magnet0.0003[34]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring0.0003[35] 0.0006
Storage typeEnergy density by mass (MJ/kg)Energy density by volume (MJ/L)Peak recovery efficiency %Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

1. ^http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/215/1/012194/pdf/1742-6596_215_1_012194.pdf
2. ^{{cite journal|title=The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide1 - Journal of the American Chemical Society (ACS Publications) |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=75 |issue=13 |pages=3102–3103 |date=2002-05-01 |doi=10.1021/ja01109a018 |last1 = Cosgrove|first1 = Lee A.|last2=Snyder |first2=Paul E. }}
3. ^{{cite journal|title=Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?† - Inorganic Chemistry (ACS Publications) |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |volume=35 |issue=24 |pages=7124–7133 |date=1996-05-28 |doi=10.1021/ic9606237 |pmid=11666896 |last1 = Glukhovtsev|first1 = Mikhail N.|last2=Jiao |first2=Haijun |last3=Schleyer |first3=Paul von Ragué }}
4. ^[https://archive.today/20130105062703/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122324589/abstract Wiley Interscience]
5. ^Octanitrocubane
6. ^[https://archive.today/20130105055433/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/109618256/abstract Wiley Interscience]
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/chemstry/chemstry.htm |title=Chemical Explosives |publisher=Fas.org |date=2008-05-30 |accessdate=2010-05-07}}
8. ^Nitroglycerin
9. ^HMX
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2008/january9/nanowire-010908.html |title=Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery |publisher=News-service.stanford.edu |date=2007-12-18 |accessdate=2010-05-07}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nexergy.com/lithium-thionyl-chloride.htm |title=Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries |publisher=Nexergy |accessdate=2010-05-07}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/str/Mitlit.html |title=The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell |publisher=Llnl.gov |date=1994-12-01 |accessdate=2010-05-07}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.solar-reserve.com/technology.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119090114/http://www.solar-reserve.com/technology.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2008-01-19 |title=Technology |publisher=SolarReserve |accessdate=2010-05-07 }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldextra.com/news/article_b0372fd8-3f3c-11de-ac77-001cc4c002e0.html |title=New battery could change world, one house at a time |publisher=Heraldextra.com |date=2009-04-04 |accessdate=2010-05-07}}
15. ^{{cite journal|title=Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #5960185 |journal = Proc., Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf.; (United States)|volume = 2|publisher=Osti.gov |osti = 5960185|date = August 1984|last1 = Kita|first1 = A.|last2 = Misaki|first2 = H.|last3 = Nomura|first3 = E.|last4 = Okada|first4 = K.}}
16. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.duracell.com/Procell/chemistries/lithium.asp |title=ProCell Lithium battery chemistry |publisher=Duracell |accessdate=2009-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710160212/http://www1.duracell.com/procell/chemistries/lithium.asp |archive-date=2011-07-10 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/PrimBatt/table2.htm |publisher=corrosion-doctors.org |title=Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries |accessdate=2009-04-21}}
18. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutbatteries.com/Battery-Energy.html|publisher=AllAboutBatteries.com|title=Battery energy storage in various battery types|accessdate=2009-04-21}}
19. ^A typically available lithium ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg {{cite web |url=http://www.batteryspace.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=2763 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-12-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201065328/http://www.batteryspace.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=2763 |archivedate=2008-12-01 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalspec.com/Specifications/Electrical_Electronic_Components/Batteries/Lithium_Batteries|title=Lithium Batteries|accessdate=2010-07-02}}
21. ^1 {{cite web |author=Justin Lemire-Elmore |date=2004-04-13 |title=The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles |url=http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf |page=7 |quote=Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries |accessdate=2009-02-26}}
22. ^{{cite web|publisher=Sion Power, Inc. |date=2005-09-28 |url=http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/sion_product_spec.pdf |title=Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828105501/http://www.sionpower.com/pdf/sion_product_spec.pdf |archivedate=2008-08-28 |df= }}
23. ^{{cite journal |last= Kolosnitsyn |first= V.S. |author2=E.V. Karaseva |year= 2008 |title = Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions |journal= Russian Journal of Electrochemistry |volume= 44 |issue= 5 |pages= 506–509 |doi= 10.1134/s1023193508050029 }}
24. ^Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel
25. ^{{cite web | title = Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage | url = http://www.pddnet.com/article-next-gen-of-flywheel-energy-storage/ | publisher = Product Design & Development | accessdate = 2009-05-21 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100710052927/http://www.pddnet.com/article-next-gen-of-flywheel-energy-storage/ | archivedate = 2010-07-10 | df = }}
26. ^Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008
27. ^{{cite web |title=ZBB Energy Corp |url=http://www.zbbenergy.com/technology.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015134212/http://zbbenergy.com/technology.htm |archivedate=2007-10-15 |quote=75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram}}
28. ^High Energy Metal Hydride Battery {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930120510/http://www.movitrom.com/files_pdf/baterias/saft/NHE_en.pdf |date=2009-09-30 }}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vfuel.com.au/infosheet.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - V-FUEL COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY SHEET 2008.doc |accessdate=2010-05-07}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://maxwell.com/ultracapacitors/products/large-cell/bcap3000.asp |title=Maxwell Technologies: Ultracapacitors - BCAP3000 |publisher=Maxwell.com |accessdate=2010-05-07}}
31. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www2.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-12-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722130618/http://www3.fs.cvut.cz/web/fileadmin/documents/12241-BOZEK/publikace/2004/Sup-Cap-Energy-Storage.pdf |archivedate=2012-07-22 |df= }}
32. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216175256/http://www.accel.de/pages/2_mj_superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage_smes.html |date=February 16, 2010 }}
33. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~mpj01/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node9.html | title=Department of Computing}}
34. ^1 http://www.askmar.com/Magnets/Promising%20Magnet%20Applications.pdf
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://garagedoor.org/residential/torsion-springs.php |title=Garage Door Springs |publisher=Garagedoor.org |accessdate=2010-05-07}}

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