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词条 Energy in Sweden
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Renewable energy

      Wind power    Wave power    Hydroelectric power    Solar power    Biofuels  

  3. Thermal and nuclear

      Nuclear power  

  4. Global warming

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

Energy in Sweden describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Sweden. Electricity sector in Sweden is the main article of electricity in Sweden. Swedish climate bill Feb 2017 aims to make Sweden carbon neutral by 2045. Swedish target is to decline emission of climate gases 63% from 1990 to 2030 and international transportation excluding foreign flights 70%.[1][2][3] By 2014 just over half of the country's total final energy consumption in electricity, heating and cooling and transport combined was provided by renewables, the highest share amongst the 28 EU member countries.[4]

Swedish government climate and environment investment budget will be ca 1.3 billion euros in 4 years 2017 - 2020 in non fossil travel, renewable energy and international (Annually in Swedish currency : 1.8 billion 2017, 1.5 billion 2018, 4.5 billion 2019 & ca 5 billion 2020.) [4]

Overview

Energy in Sweden [5]
Population
(million)		 Primary Energy Supply
(TWh)		 National Energy Production
(TWh)		 Net Energy Imports
(TWh)		 Electricity Consumption*
(TWh)		 CO2-emissions
(Mt)
2004 8.99 627 408 236 138.7 52.2
2007 9.15 586 391 221 139.4 46.2
2008 9.26 577 387 229 137.1 45.9
2009 9.30 528 353 207 131.5 41.7
2010 9.38 596 390 229 140.1 47.6
2012 9.45 570 378 219 132.6 44.9
2012R 9.52 583 421 179 136.0 40.4
2013 9.60 573 408 193 133.2 37.5
2015 9.80 529 395 170 133.2 37.1
Change 2004-15 9% -15.6% -3.2% -28% -4% -28.9%
Energy figures converted from Mtoe using conversion factor 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh . Primary energy includes energy losses, such as 2/3 for nuclear power[6]2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated *Gross production + imports – exports – losses.

The emissions decline 7.7% in 2008–2009 was at least partly influenced by the European economic recession of 2008–2009 and not only by the sustainable changes in energy consumption. From 2008 to 2009 the change in the US was a 7.0% decline and in Canada was a 9.6% decline.[7]

A report was published in 2011 by the World Energy Council in association with Oliver Wyman, entitled Policies for the Future: 2011 Assessment of Country Energy and Climate Policies, which ranks country performance according to an energy sustainability index.[8] The best performers were Switzerland, Sweden and France.

Buildings and the residential sector currently account for 40 percent of Sweden's energy consumption. Buildings have a long life-span. Thus energy efficiency is important for houses being built. Better energy efficiency for existing buildings is the biggest challenge.[9]

Renewable energy

Within the context of the European Union's 2009 Renewables Directive, Sweden was working towards reaching a 49% share of renewable energy in gross final consumption of energy - electricity, heating/cooling, and transportation - by 2020.[10]

Eurostat reported that Sweden had already exceeded the Directive's 2020 target in 2014[11] reaching 52.6% of total final energy consumption provided by renewables (it was just 38.7% in 2004).[4]

This makes Sweden the leading country within the EU-28 group in terms of renewable energy use by share, followed by Finland and Latvia at 38.7%, Austria at 33.1% and Denmark on 29.2%.[12]

The two other signatories of the directive, Iceland and Norway, remain ahead of Sweden at 77.1% and 69.2% respectively.[12]

The 2014 52.6% overall share of final energy consumption in Sweden breaks down as renewable energy providing the following shares to each sector: 68.1% of the heating and cooling sector, 63.3% of the electricity sector and 19.2% of the transport sector.[13]

The share of renewable electricity use is high in Sweden. Hydro, wind, and solar power together accounted for 49.8% of the electricity produced in the country in 2014 (when measured against national electricity consumption, however, this amount rises to 55.5%).[14] Since 2003, Sweden has supported renewable energy in the electricity sector with a "green electricity certificate" obligation for retail power suppliers.[15][16] The current plan of the certificate system is to support 25 TWh of new renewable electricity generation by 2020.[17]

In June 2016, the Swedish center-left minority coalition government reached a cross-party energy deal with three opposition parties (the Moderate Party, Centre Party (Sweden), and Christian Democrats (Sweden)), with the agreement targeting 100% renewable electricity production by 2040.[18][19]

In 2013 renewable energy investment was more than US$1 billion in Sweden.[20]

Wind power

{{Main|Wind power in Sweden}}{{See |Wind power in the European Union}}Wind power accounted for 10% of the electricity generated in Sweden in 2015, up from 5% in 2012 and 2.4% in 2010.[21][22][23][24]

Sweden has wind power potential of 510 TWh/a at land and 46 TWh/a at sea.[25] Consumption was 140 TWh of power in 2010.

In 2013 Sweden was second top country for wind power capacity per inhabitant in the world: 488 W per person, only surpassed by Denmark (863 W per person).[26] In correlation one must note that Swedish use of energy per inhabitant is much higher than average in Europe.

EU and Sweden Wind Energy Capacity (MW)[27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
Country 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998
EU-27153,730141,579128,751117,289 105,696 93,957 84,074 74,767 64,712 56,517 48,069 40,511 34,383 28,599 23,159 17,315 12,887 9,678 6,453
Sweden6,5196,0255,4254,470 3,745 2,907 2,163 1,560 1,048 788 571 509 442 399 345 293 231 220 174

Wave power

Sweden has a wave power station outside Lysekil run by Uppsala University. The wave energy research group at Uppsala University study and develop all different aspects of wave energy, ranging from power systems and generators, to hydrodynamical modelling, and environmental impact of wave energy parks.[34]

Hydroelectric power

Hydroelectric power in Sweden accounts for more than half of energy production. More than 1900 power stations operate all over the country. Forty-five produce 100 MW and over, 17 produce 200 MW and over, and 6 produce 400 MW and over. The largest station, which is located on the upper Lule River, has a maximum production capacity of 977 MW. The Lule River is also the most productive river, with almost 18% of the Swedish installed effect. Almost all of the medium to large plants are located in northern Sweden.

Solar power

While installations have historically been minimal, solar power has recently been growing quickly in Sweden with the country's cumulative PV capacity nearly doubling in 2014 to 79 MW.[35] Capacity rose further to 205 MW at the end of 2016.[36]

Solar power accounts for roughly 0.2% of the nation's total electricity consumption as of 2017.[37]

Biofuels

{{See|Biofuel in Sweden}}

Sweden aims for a fossil fuel free vehicle fleet by 2030.[38]

Sweden published the sustainability criteria for biofuels (2011) which consider the areas with high biological values to be protected in respect to fuels production. The feedstock origin used for production of bioliquids in Sweden during 2011 was Sweden 49% The Netherlands 17% United States 17% Finland 6% Belgium 3% and other 8% (Brazil, Malaysia and Russia). Palm oil is often pointed out as a dirty feed-stock for biofuels. None of the Swedish companies used palm oil in 2011. The largest share of feedstock for bioliquids comes from the forest industry in the form of tall oil pitch, tall oil and methanol.[39]

In 2013 the bus fleets in more than a dozen cities relied entirely on biomethane, local plants produced more than 60% of

the total biomethane used in Swedish natural gas vehicles, and more filling stations were opened in 2012 and 2013. Goteborg Energi (Gothenburg Energy) has a 20 MW facility that gasifies forest residues and then converts the synthesis gases—hydrogen and carbon monoxide—into biomethane.[40]

Thermal and nuclear

Nuclear is dominating in this sector. The other operational plant is, in almost all cases, fueled with renewable fuels. Oil plants are few, and are either decommissioned or used as a reserve,

Nuclear power

{{main|Nuclear power in Sweden}}

More than 35% of the Swedish electricity is produced by 10 nuclear reactors, spread out on three power stations:

  • Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant - 3 Pressurized Water Reactor, 1 Boiling Water Reactor, ~4,2 GW
  • Oskarshamn Nuclear Power Plant - 3 BWRs (One of them is also world's largest BWR), ~2,6 GW
  • Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant - 3 BWRs, ~3,2 GW

Before 2005, there were 12 reactors, but the two BWR reactors (~1,2 GW) at the Barsebäck nuclear power plant were decommissioned in 1999 and 2005.

Global warming

{{Main|Climate change in Sweden}}

According to Energy Information Administration the CO2 emissions from energy consumption of Sweden were in 2009 54.77 Mt, slightly below Finland 54.86 Mt, despite the difference in population.[41] The emissions per capita were in Sweden 5.58 and in Finland 9.93 tonnes per capita in 2009.[42]

See also

{{Commons category}}
  • Electricity sector in Sweden
  • Wind power in Sweden
  • Biofuel in Sweden
  • Sweden National Renewable Energy Action Plan
  • Nordic energy market
  • Renewable energy in Norway
  • Renewable energy in Finland
  • Renewable energy in Denmark
  • Renewable energy by country
  • SYSAV waste-to-energy plant

References

1. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/03/sweden-criticises-us-climate-stance-as-it-reveals-ambitious-carbon-emissions-law Is the Swedish deputy PM trolling Trump with this all-female photo?] The Guardian, 4 February 2017
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/bilden-pa-isabella-lovin-har-blivit-en-varldsnyhet|title=Bilden på Isabella Lövin har blivit en världsnyhet|website=Svt.se|accessdate=10 January 2018}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.regeringen.se/48fe4b/contentassets/7b33bbdda7e24f54b86c09c4463b826d/faktablad-lagradsremiss-om-ett-klimatpolitiskt-ramverk-for-sverige.pdf|title=Faktablad: Lagrådsremiss om ett klimatpolitiskt ramverk för Sverige 2017-02-02|website=Regeringen.se|accessdate=10 January 2018}}
4. ^”Den största klimat- och miljöbudgeten i svensk historia”, Svt.se, 2017
5. ^IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2017,2015, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
6. ^Energy in Sweden 2010 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045634/http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=%2FBroschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f |date=October 16, 2013 }}. Facts and figures. The Swedish Energy Agency. Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto
7. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jan/31/world-carbon-dioxide-emissions-country-data-co2 World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest], The Guardian, 31 January 2011
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/3800.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120023843/http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/3800.asp |archivedate=2011-11-20 |df= }}
9. ^Energy efficiency in the built environment – new research and innovation program initiated, Swedish Energy Agency, 2013-02-28
10. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/legislation/countries/sweden/|title= Sweden|publisher= Grantham Institute - Climate Change and Environment|date= 2015-10-30 |accessdate= 2016-04-02 }}
11. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.eiu.com/industry/article/1054043489/eu-renewables-usage-shows-steady-increase/2016-03-23|title= EU renewables usage shows steady increase|publisher= Economist Intelligence Unit|date= 2016-03-16 |accessdate= 2016-04-02 }}
12. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7155577/8-10022016-AP-EN.pdf/38bf822f-8adf-4e54-b9c6-87b342ead339|title=Eurostat, news release, Feb 2016.|last=|first=|date=|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=10 January 2018}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports|title=European Commission, Energy, 2015 Progress Reports, Sweden.|last=|first=|date=|website=Ec.europa.eu|access-date=10 January 2018}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scb.se/en_/Finding-statistics/Statistics-by-subject-area/Energy/Energy-supply-and-use/Annual-energy-statistics-electricity-gas-and-district-heating/Aktuell-Pong/6321/24270/|title=Electricity supply and use 2001–2014 (GWh)|date=2015-11-30|publisher=Statistics Sweden|author=Swedish Energy Agency|accessdate=2016-04-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316074708/http://www.scb.se/en_/Finding-statistics/Statistics-by-subject-area/Energy/Energy-supply-and-use/Annual-energy-statistics-electricity-gas-and-district-heating/Aktuell-Pong/6321/24270/|archivedate=2016-03-16|df=}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://sweden.se/society/energy-use-in-sweden/|title=Energy use in Sweden|date=2016-01-22|publisher=Swedish Institute|accessdate=2016-04-02}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/sweden/name-21727-en.php|title=Sweden - The Electricity Certificate System|date=2014-03-11|publisher=International Energy Agency|accessdate=2016-04-02}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.energimyndigheten.se/en/sustainability/the-electricity-certificate-system/|title=The Electricity Certificate System|date=2015-10-20|publisher=Swedish Energy Agency|accessdate=2016-04-02}}
18. ^{{cite news|url= http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6451006|title= Support for renewables, concessions for nuclear in energy deal|publisher= SR International – Radio Sweden|date= 2016-06-10 |accessdate= 2017-01-23 }}
19. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/1183427/analysis-mixed-picture-for-wind-as-sweden-plots-all-renewable-route|title= ANALYSIS: Mixed picture for wind as Sweden plots all-renewable route |author = William Steel|publisher= RECHARGE|date= 2016-06-16 |accessdate= 2017-01-23 }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf|title=Renewables 2014 Global Status Report, page 70|website=Ren21.net}}
21. ^Significant increase in energy from wind power The Swedish Energy Agency
22. ^Energiläget i siffror 2014 18: Sveriges elproduktion per kraftslag och total elanvändning 1970–2012
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/energy/energy-supply-and-use/annual-energy-statistics-electricity-gas-and-district-heating/pong/tables-and-graphs/electricity-supply-and-use-20012015-gwh/|title=Electricity supply and use 2001–2015 (GWh)|author=|publisher=Statistics Sweden|date=2016-11-30|accessdate=2017-02-06}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/industry/2016/08/sweden-europes-quickest-growing-wind-power|title=Sweden is Europe’s quickest growing on wind power|author=Atle Staalesen|publisher=The Independent Barents Observer|date=2016-08-23|accessdate=2017-02-06}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/sweden/Global/sweden/klimat/dokument/2011/energy-revolution-sweden.pdf|format=PDF|title=the advanced energy [r]evolution : A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY OUTLOOK FOR SWEDEN|website=Greenpeace.org|accessdate=10 January 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf|title=Renewables 2014 Global Status Report, page 56|website=Ren21.net|accessdate=10 January 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/cumulative_wind_per_ms_1998_2009_ws.xls|title=Cumulative installed capacity per EU Member State 1998 - 2009 (MW)|author=EWEA Staff|publisher=European Wind Energy Association|year=2010|accessdate=2010-05-22}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/statistics/EWEA_Annual_Statistics_2010.pdf|title=EWEA Annual Statistics 2010|author=EWEA Staff|publisher=European Wind Energy Association|date=February 2011|accessdate=2011-01-31}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/publications/statistics/Stats_2011.pdf|title=EWEA Annual Statistics 2011|author=EWEA Staff|publisher=European Wind Energy Association|date=February 2012|accessdate=2011-02-18}}
30. ^Wind in power: 2012 European statistics February 2013
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA_Annual_Statistics_2013.pdf|title=EWEA Annual Statistics 2013|date=February 2014|publisher=European Wind Energy Association|author=EWEA Staff|accessdate=2014-02-11}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA-Annual-Statistics-2014.pdf|title=EWEA Annual Statistics 2014|date=February 2015|publisher=European Wind Energy Association|author=EWEA Staff|accessdate=2015-02-11}}
33. ^EWEA: "Wind in power: 2014 European statistics", February 2014
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://teknik.uu.se/electricity/research-areas/wave-power/|title=Wave Power - Department of Engineering Science|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://renewables.seenews.com/news/sweden-doubles-solar-power-capacity-to-79-4-mw-in-2014-470088|title=Sweden doubles solar power capacity to 79.4 MW in 2014|author=Ivan Shumkov|publisher=SeeNews|date=2015-03-26|accessdate=2015-06-16}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=93&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=4075|title=National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Sweden - 2016|author=Johan Lindahl|publisher=International Energy Agency - Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme|page=8|date=2017-10-10|accessdate=2018-01-21}}
37. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=93&eID=dam_frontend_push&docID=4497 |title= National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Sweden 2017|page= 16/70|publisher= International Energy Agency - Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme|date= 2018-10-15 |accessdate= 2018-10-17 }}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf|title=Renewables 2014 Global Status Report, page 29|website=Ren21.net|accessdate=10 January 2018}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&id=d65a3a4ad33e41149788fbe65756471b|title=Sustainable bioliquids 2011|website=Webbshop.cm.se|accessdate=10 January 2018}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/Resources/GSR/2014/GSR2014_full%20report_low%20res.pdf|title=Renewables 2014 Global Status Report, page 35+37|website=Ren21.net|accessdate=10 January 2018}}
41. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jan/31/world-carbon-dioxide-emissions-country-data-co2 World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest], The Guardian, 31 January 2011
42. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jan/31/world-carbon-dioxide-emissions-country-data-co2 world carbon dioxide emissions country data co2], The Guardian, 31 January 2011

External links

  • [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/national-action-plans European Commission National Renewable Energy Action Plans]
  • [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports European Commission renewable energy Progress Reports]
  • [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficiency-directive/national-energy-efficiency-action-plans European Commission National Energy Efficiency Energy Action Plans]
{{Energy in Sweden}}{{Sweden topics}}{{Europe topic|Energy in}}{{Europe topic|Energy policy of}}{{Renewable energy by country}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sweden}}

1 : Energy in Sweden
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