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词条 Energy in Turkey
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Sources

      Coal    Gas   Oil   Nuclear    Renewable energy  

  3. Electricity

     Electricity demand forecasts  Smart meters 

  4. Conservation

  5. Storage

     Thermal energy storage 

  6. Transmission

  7. See also

  8. Notes

  9. Sources

  10. References

{{Economy of Turkey}}Turkey consumes 1700 terawatt hours (TW/h) of primary energy per year, a little over 20 megawatt hours (MW/h) per person. 88% of energy is fossil fuels[1] and the energy policy of Turkey includes reducing fossil fuel imports, which are a quarter of import costs.[2] {{As of|2016}} greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey were 6.3 tons/person year,[3] more than the global average.[4]

Overview

Since 1990 annual primary energy consumption has almost tripled to 1700 TW/h[5] in 2016; including 31% oil, 28% gas and 27% coal;[6] and CO2 emissions from fuel combustion have risen from 130 megatonnes (Mt) to 340 Mt.[7] Almost all fossil fuel apart from lignite (brown coal) is imported. Turkey's energy policy prioritises reducing imports.

Electricity is generated mainly from coal, gas (about a third each) and hydro (about a quarter) with a small but growing amount from other renewables such as wind and solar.[8] A nuclear power plant is under construction.

Sources

Coal

{{main|Coal in Turkey}}

Turkey produces a lot of lignite, almost all of which is burnt in power stations,[9] which churns out large amounts of carbon dioxide with a comparably low level of efficiency. Government subsidises coal-fired power stations despite the environmental impact of the coal industry and would like more to be built.

Gas

Annual gas demand is 50bcm[10], over 30% of Turkey’s total energy demand, and over half of which is supplied by Russia.[11]

All 81 provinces in Turkey are supplied with natural gas,[12] which supplies most of the heat.[13]

Most gas from Russia comes via the Blue Stream pipeline, but TurkStream is expected to start operating in 2019.

Iranian gas comes through the Tabriz–Ankara pipeline. Azerbaijan supplies Turkey through the Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline (which they claim is the cheapest that Turkey buys[14]) and South Caucasus Pipeline. Iraq may also supply gas in future, through the Southern Gas Corridor[15] and gas from the Eastern Mediterranean is also a possibility.[11]

Also 16.5% of gas is imported as LNG, which together with storage is important for meeting the winter demand peak.[11]

{{As of|2019}} only a small proportion of gas imports are re-exported to the EU. However Turkey aims to become a gas trading hub[16] and re-export more.[10]

State-owned BOTAŞ controls 80% of the market.[17]

91 mt of CO2 were emitted by burning natural gas in 2015,[18] however subsidies to gas-fired power stations are being reduced in 2019 and 2020, so older less efficient plants may reduce generation.[19]

Oil

Almost all oil is imported: mostly from Iraq, Iran and Russia[20] and oil also transits from Azerbajan.[21]

92 mt of CO2 were emitted by burning oil in 2015.[18]

Nuclear

{{main|Nuclear energy in Turkey}}

Turkey has no operational nuclear reactors, but it is building a nuclear power plant at Akkuyu, with expected operation in 2023.

Renewable energy

{{main|Renewable energy in Turkey}}

Hydroelectricity in Turkey is the largest renewable source of electricity however solar power looks likely to increase rapidly. Wind power in Turkey is mainly in the west. Geothermal power in Turkey is used mainly for heating.

By massively increasing production of solar power in the south and wind power in the west Turkey could meet its entire predicted 2020 energy demand from renewable sources.[22]

Electricity

Only about 1% is imported or exported.[23] Prices on the wholesale market are controlled by the state electricity generation company, and prices to end consumers are regulated.[24]

Electricity demand forecasts

In October 2018 the government forecast electricity demand of 317 TWh for 2019.[25] However 2018 demand turned out to be 300 TWh,[26] (from an installed capacity of 89GW)[27] an increase of 0.8% on 2017.[28] So that 2019 forecast would be a 5% increase with the economy predicted for recession, and in the past several demand forecasts have been overestimates. One forecast for 2030 predicts demand of between 440 and 550 TWh.[29] In January 2019 EDPK published estimates of power plant financing.[30]

Smart meters

A target of 80% smart meters by 2035 has been set.[31]

Conservation

According to the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Turkey has the potential to cut 15 to 20 percent of total consumption through energy conservation.[32]

Storage

With the increase in electricity generated by solar panels storage may become more important.

Thermal energy storage

Testing in Ankara suggested a payback time between 18 months and 3 years for adding ice thermal storage to hypermarket cooling systems.[33]

Transmission

Turkey could generate 20% of its total electricity from wind and solar by 2026 without extra transmission system costs.[34]

See also

  • Energy policy of Turkey
  • Historical Tarsus hydroelectric power plant
{{Commons category|Energy in Turkey}}{{Portal|Energy|Sustainable development|Turkey}}

Notes

1. ^OECD (2019), section 1.
2. ^{{cite news |title=Turkey's energy import bill up 2.7 pct in Feb. 2019 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkeys-energy-import-bill-up-27-pct-in-feb-2019/1433546 |agency=Anadolu |date=29 March 2019}}
3. ^{{cite news |title=Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions up 4.4% in 2016 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/turkey/turkeys-greenhouse-gas-emissions-up-44-in-2016/19640 |agency=Anadolu}}
4. ^{{cite web |title=Who emits more than their share of CO₂ emissions? |url=https://ourworldindata.org/share-co2-emissions}}
5. ^Production + imports - exports from top right of IEA table in the citation. 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh
6. ^{{cite web |title=Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) by source:Turkey|url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=TURKEY&category=Key%20indicators&indicator=TPESbySource&mode=chart&categoryBrowse=false&dataTable=BALANCES&showDataTable=true |publisher=IEA |accessdate=24 October 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=CO2 emissions Turkey |url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=TURKEY&category=Key%20indicators&indicator=TotCO2&mode=chart&categoryBrowse=false&dataTable=INDICATORS&showDataTable=false |publisher=IEA |accessdate=24 October 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=Electricity generation by fuel: Turkey |url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=TURKEY&category=Key%20indicators&indicator=ElecGenByFuel&mode=chart&categoryBrowse=false&dataTable=ELECTRICITYANDHEAT&showDataTable=true |publisher=IEA |accessdate=24 October 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web |title=Overview of coal in Turkey and environmental precautions |url=https://byt.cevre.gov.tr/Pictures/Files/Editor/document/June%202015/EN/1.7%20-%20Overview%20of%20coal%20in%20Turkey%20and%20environmental%20precautions%20-%20EN.pdf |publisher=TKI |accessdate=24 October 2018}}
10. ^1 {{cite web |title=From A Pipeline Nation To An Energy Trading Hub |url=http://www.turkeydiscoverthepotential.com/en/news/get/news-03-from-a-pipeline-nation-to-an-energy-trading-hub |accessdate=26 October 2018}}
11. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=TURKSTREAM IMPACT ON TURKEY’S ECONOMY AND ENERGY SECURITY |url=http://edam.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/turkstream_report_eng.pdf |publisher="Istanbul Economics" & "The Center for Economics and Foreign Policy" - EDAM |accessdate=26 October 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web |title=Natural Gas Distribution |url=http://www.gazbir.org.tr/en/natural-gas-distribution/74 |publisher=Gazbir |accessdate=27 September 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web |title=Turkey: Electricity and heat for 2016 |url=https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=TURKEY&year=2016&category=Key%20indicators&indicator=CO2EnergyMix&mode=chart&categoryBrowse=false&dataTable=ELECTRICITYANDHEAT&showDataTable=true |publisher=IEA |accessdate=24 November 2018}}
14. ^{{cite news |title=TANAP gas to provide cheapest among Turkey's imports |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2018/05/31/tanap-gas-to-provide-cheapest-among-turkeys-imports |work=Daily Sabah |date=30 May 2018}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=Azerbaijan offers Iraq access to Europe gas pipelines|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/azerbaijan-offers-iraq-access-to-europe-gas-pipelines.aspx?pageID=238&nID=62268&NewsCatID=348|newspaper=Agence France Presse}}
16. ^{{cite news |title=EXIST To Open Spot Natural Gas Market At End Of Year |url=https://www.epias.com.tr/en/announcements/exist-to-open-spot-natural-gas-market-at-end-of-year}}
17. ^{{cite news |title=Turkish households consumed cheapest natural gas in Europe in 2017 |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2018/08/13/turkish-households-consumed-cheapest-natural-gas-in-europe-in-2017 |work=Daily Sabah |date=12 August 2018}}
18. ^1 {{cite web |title=CO2 emissions from fuel combustion |url=https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/CO2EmissionsfromFuelCombustionHighlights2017.pdf |publisher=International Energy Agency |accessdate=26 October 2018}}
19. ^{{cite news |title=Outlook 2019: Turkish natural gas market set for potential 'de-liberalization' in 2019 |url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/122718-outlook-2019-turkish-natural-gas-market-set-for-potential-de-liberalization-in-2019 |work=Platts |publisher=S & P Global |date=27 December 2018}}
20. ^{{cite news |title=Turkey's crude oil imports from Iran down by more than 70 pct in June |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2018/08/20/turkeys-crude-oil-imports-from-iran-down-by-more-than-70-pct-in-june |date=19 August 2018}}
21. ^{{cite news |title=Turkish energy sector hit by lira depreciation: MUFG research |url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/electric-power/081718-turkish-energy-sector-hit-by-lira-depreciation-mufg-research |publisher=S & P Global |date=7 August 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=How is 100% Renewable Energy Possible for Turkey by 2020?|url=http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/renewable-energy-potential-of-turkey/100-re-for-turkey-2020.pdf|publisher=Global Energy Network Institute}}
23. ^{{cite news |title=Turkish energy sector hit by lira depreciation: MUFG research |url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/electric-power/081718-turkish-energy-sector-hit-by-lira-depreciation-mufg-research |publisher=S & P Global |date=17 August 2018}}
24. ^{{cite news |title=Turkish lira tumble triggers electricity curtailment fears |url=https://www.icis.com/resources/news/2018/08/13/10250257/turkish-lira-tumble-triggers-electricity-curtailment-fears/ |publisher=ICIS |date=13 August 2018}}
25. ^{{cite news |title=Afşin-Elbistan Termik Santral yatırımı, Cumhurbaşkanlığı 2019 Yılı Programı'nda Yer Aldı |url=https://www.elbistankaynarca.com/afsin-elbistan-termik-santral-yatirimi-cumhurbaskanligi-2019-yili-programinda-yer-ald-46353h.htm|publisher=Elbistan Kaynarca|date=30 October 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web |title=ElectricityShare: |url=http://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Electricity |publisher=Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Turkey) |accessdate=24 November 2018}}
27. ^{{cite news |title=Turkey's electricity consumption falls 0.9 pct in February |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-electricity-consumption-falls-0-9-pct-in-february-141572 |work=Hürriyet Daily News |date=1 March 2019}}
28. ^{{cite news |title=Turkey likely to see new big energy investments by 2020: Bank executive |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-likely-to-see-new-big-energy-investments-by-2020-bank-executive-141437 |work=Hürriyet Daily News |date=23 February 2019}}
29. ^{{cite news |title=Turkey invested $650M in wind power plants last year |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/energy/2019/02/13/turkey-invested-650m-in-wind-power-plants-last-year |work=Daily Sabah |date=13 February 2019}}
30. ^{{cite web |title=TÜRKİYE ELEKTRİK PİYASASININ ARZ TARAFI |url=http://www.worldenergy.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Mehmet%C4%B0bisDers2.pdf |accessdate=1 April 2019}}
31. ^{{cite news |title=Turkey sets its roadmap for smart grids |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/electricity/turkey-sets-its-roadmap-for-smart-grids/19809 |agency=Anadolu |date=26 April 2018}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Turkey Promotes Energy Conservation|url=https://www.climateinvestmentfunds.org/cif/node/3360}}
33. ^{{cite journal |last1=Erdemir |first1=Dogan |last2=Altuntop |first2=Necdet |title=Effect of encapsulated ice thermal storage system on cooling cost for a hypermarket |journal=International Journal of Energy Research |date=12 January 2018 |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3971}}
34. ^Shura2018, page 6

Sources

  • {{cite web

|work=OECD
|title=OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Turkey 2019
|date=February 2019
|url=https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264309753-en
  • {{cite web

|ref=Shura2018
|last= Godron
|first=Philipp and Mahmut Erkut Cebeci and Osman Bülent Tör and Değer Saygın
|title=Increasing the Share of Renewables in Turkey’s Power System:Options for Transmission Expansion and Flexibility
|publisher=SHURA Energy Transition Center
|url=https://www.shura.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Grid-Study-eng.pdf
|year=2018
|isbn= 978-605-2095-22-5
}}

References

{{Europe topic|Energy in}}{{Europe topic|Energy policy of}}{{Middle East topic|Energy in}}{{Middle East topic|Energy policy of}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkey}}

1 : Energy in Turkey
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