| 词条 | English brewery cask units |
| 释义 |
Capacities of brewery casks were formerly measured and standardised according to a specific system of English units. The system was originally based on the ale gallon of {{convert|282|cuin |L USgal|lk=in}}. In United Kingdom and its colonies, with the adoption of the imperial system in 1824, the units were redefined in terms of the slightly smaller imperial gallon ({{cvt|1|impgal |usgal L |disp=out}}). The older units continued in use in the United States. Historically the terms beer and ale referred to distinct brews.{{#tag:ref|The term beer was reserved for beer brewed with hops whilst ale referred to beer brewed without hops.[1]|group=nb}} From the mid 15th century until 1803 in Britain "ale" casks and "beer" casks differed in the number of gallons they contained. Units{{wide image|English wine cask units.jpg|750px|alt=Seven barrels, each of a different size.[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/English_wine_cask_units.jpg English Wine Cask Units]}}TunThe tun is a cask that is double the size of a butt and is equal to six barrels and has a capacity of {{convert|216|impgal|usgal L}}. Invented in Brentford, a tun was used in local breweries to measure large amounts of alcohol.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} ButtThe butt of beer was equal to half a tun, two hogsheads, three barrels or {{convert|108|impgal|usgal L|1}}. HogsheadThe hogshead of beer and ale was equal to a quarter of a tun, half a butt, a barrel and a half or three kilderkins. This unit is close in size to the wine hogshead. ;Ale hogshead From the mid-15th century until 1824, the ale hogshead was defined as 48 ale or beer gallons (221.8 L). In 1688 the ale hogshead was redefined to be 51 ale or beer gallons (235.7 l). In 1803 ale hogshead was again redefined to be 54 ale or beer gallons (249.5 l), equivalent to the beer hogshead. ;Beer hogshead From the mid 15th century until 1824 the beer hogshead was defined as 54 ale or beer gallons. ;Imperial ale or beer hogshead In the United Kingdom and its colonies, with the 1824 adoption of the imperial system, the ale or beer hogshead was redefined to be 54 imperial gallons. The ale or beer hogshead is therefore exactly {{convert|54|impgal|l|5|abbr=off|disp=output only}} or approximately {{convert|54|impgal|cuft|3|abbr=off|disp=output only}}.[2] BarrelThe barrel of beer or ale was equal to two kilderkins or {{frac|2|3}} of a beer or ale hogshead. This is somewhat larger than the wine barrel. ;Ale barrel As with the hogshead the ale barrel underwent various redefinitions. Initially 32 ale or beer gallons (147.9 L), it was redefined in 1688 as 34 ale or beer gallons (157.1 L) and again in 1803 as 36 ale or beer gallons (166.4 L). ;Beer barrel The beer barrel was defined as 36 ale or beer gallons until the adoption of the imperial system. ;Imperial beer or ale barrel The adoption of the imperial system saw the beer or ale barrel redefined to be 36 imperial gallons, which is exactly {{convert|36|impgal|cuin|5|abbr=off|disp=output only}} or approximately {{convert|36|impgal|l|3|abbr=off|disp=output only}}.[2] KilderkinThe kilderkin (from the Dutch for "small cask") is equal to half a barrel or two firkins.[3] ;Ale kilderkin The ale kilderkin likewise underwent various redefinitions. Initially 16 ale or beer gallons (73.94 L), it was redefined in 1688 as 17 ale or beer gallons (78.56 L) and again in 1803 as 18 ale or beer gallons (83.18 L). ;Beer kilderkin Until the adoption of the imperial system the beer kilderkin was defined as 18 ale or beer gallons. ;Imperial kilderkin With the adoption of the imperial system the kilderkin was redefined to be 18 imperial gallons, which is exactly {{convert|18|impgal|l|5|abbr=off|disp=output only}}[2] or approximately {{convert|18|impgal|cuft|3|abbr=off|disp=output only}}. The kilderkin is still currently used. It is the unit of choice of CAMRA, the Campaign for Real Ale, for calculating beer quantities for beer festivals in the UK. Ales are usually delivered in firkins, cider and other drinks are usually in boxes, bottles or other containers measured in gallons or litres, and all (except wine) are sold in pints or parts thereof. For CAMRA internal accounting, all are calculated in kilderkins. A kilderkin is a 144 pint container but there is not 144 pints of cask conditioned consumable beer in a kilderkin (see Firkins below for explaination). FirkinThe ale or beer firkin (from Middle Dutch {{lang|dum|vierdekijn}} meaning "fourth") is a quarter of an ale or beer barrel or half a kilderkin. This unit is much smaller than the wine firkin. Casks in this size (themselves called firkins) are the most common container for cask ale. ;Ale firkin From the mid 15th century until 1688 the ale firkin was defined as 8 ale or beer gallons (36.97 litres). In 1688 the ale firkin was redefined to be {{frac|8|1|2}} ale or beer gallons (39.28 L). In 1803 ale firkin was again redefined to be 9 ale or beer gallons (41.59 L), equivalent to the beer firkin. ;Beer firkin From the mid 15th century until 1824 the beer firkin was defined as 9 ale or beer gallons. ;Imperial beer or ale firkin The beer or ale firkin was redefined to be 9 imperial gallons in 1824. It is therefore exactly {{convert|9|impgal|L|5|abbr=off|disp=output only}}[2] or approximately {{convert|9|impgal|cuft|3|abbr=off|disp=output only}}. PinA pin is equal to half a firkin ({{convert|4.5|impgal|L|disp=or|abbr=on}}). Plastic versions of these casks are known as "polypins" and are popular in homebrewing and the off-trade (deliveries for home consumption). They are also popular at beer festivals where non-standard beers are sold. GallonOriginally the 282-cubic-inch ale or beer gallon was used. With the adoption of the imperial system in the United Kingdom and its colonies, the system was redefined in terms of the imperial gallon. Chart{{English brewery casks}}See also{{portal|Beer|England}}
References1. ^Oxford English Dictionary Online 2. ^1 2 3 This assumes the current 4.54609-litre definition of the imperial gallon. 3. ^How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement 4. ^https://www.gov.uk/hmrc-internal-manuals/beer-manual/beer3430 Notes{{reflist|group=nb}} 2 : Units of volume|Alcohol measurement |
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