“Quiripi language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Quiripi language

释义

Affiliation and dialects
Attestation
Phonology
References
Bibliography
External links

{{Infobox language
|name=Quiripi
|altname=Wampano
|states=United States
|extinct=ca. 1900
|familycolor=Algic
|fam1=Algic
|fam2=Algonquian
|fam3=Eastern Algonquian
|iso3=qyp
|glotto=wamp1250
|glottorefname=Wampano
|map=Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png
|mapsize=300px
|mapcaption=The location of the Paugussett, Tunxis, Podunk, Quinnipiac, Mattabesic, Unquachog and their neighbors, c. 1600
}}Quiripi (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|r|ᵻ|p|iː}},^[1] also known as Quiripi-Unquachog, Quiripi-Naugatuck, and Wampano) was an Algonquian language formerly spoken by the indigenous people of southwestern Connecticut and central Long Island,^[2]^[3] including the Quinnipiac, Unquachog, Mattabesic, Podunk, Tunxis, and Paugussett (subgroups Naugatuck, Potatuck, Weantinock). It has been effectively extinct since the end of the 18th century,^[4] although Frank T. Siebert, Jr., was able to record a few Unquachog words from an elderly woman in 1932.^[5]

Affiliation and dialects

Quiripi is considered to have been a member of the Eastern Algonquian branch of the Algonquian language family.^[6]^[7] It shared a number of linguistic features with the other Algonquian languages of southern New England, such as Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot, including the shifting of Proto-Eastern Algonquian *{{IPA|/aː/}} and *{{IPA|/eː/}} to {{IPA|/ãː/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}}, respectively, and the palatalization of earlier *{{IPA|/k/}} before certain front vowels.^[8]^[9] There appear to have been two major dialects of Quiripi: an "insular" dialect spoken on Long Island by the Unquachog and a "mainland" dialect spoken by the other groups in Connecticut, principally the Quinnipiac.^[10]^[11]

Attestation

Quiripi is very poorly attested,^[12] though some sources do exist. One of the earliest Quiripi vocabularies was a 67-page bilingual catechism compiled in 1658 by Abraham Pierson, the elder, during his ministry at Branford, Connecticut,^[2]^[13] which remains the chief source of modern conclusions about Quiripi.^[3] Unfortunately, the catechism was "poorly translated" by Pierson,^[3] containing an "unidiomatic, non-Algonquian sentence structure."^[14] It also displays signs of dialect mixture.^[15] Other sources of information on the language include a vocabulary collected by Rev. Ezra Stiles in the late 1700s^[16] and a 202-word Unquachog vocabulary recorded by Thomas Jefferson in 1791,^[5] though the Jefferson vocabulary also shows clear signs of dialect mixture and "external influences."^[17] Additionally, three early hymns written circa 1740 at the Moravian Shekomeko mission near Kent, Connecticut, have been translated by Carl Masthay.^[18]

Phonology

Linguist Blair Rudes attempted to reconstitute the phonology of Quiripi, using the extant documentation, comparison with related Algonquian languages, as "reconstructing forward" from Proto-Algonquian.^[19] In Rudes' analysis, Quiripi contained the following consonant phonemes:^[20]

Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	{{IPA\|p}}	{{IPA\|t}}	{{IPA\|tʃ}}	{{IPA\|k}}
Fricative	{{IPA\|s}}	({{IPA\|ʃ}}){{ref\|a\|*}}	{{IPA\|h}}
Nasal	{{IPA\|m}}	{{IPA\|n}}
Rhotic	{{IPA\|r}}
Semivowel	{{IPA\|w}}	{{IPA\|j}}

a unlabeled

/ʃ/}} was a distinct phoneme only in the mainland dialect; in Unquachog it had merged with {{IPA|/s/}}}}

Quiripi's vowel system as reconstituted by Rudes was similar to that of the other Southern New England Algonquian languages. It consisted of two short vowels {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}, and four long vowels {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}, and {{IPA|/ʌ̃/}}.^[20]

References

1. ^Salwen (1978:175)
2. ^¹Rudes (1997:1)
3. ^¹²Goddard (1978:72)
4. ^Goddard (1978:71)
5. ^¹Rudes (1997:5)
6. ^Goddard (1978)
7. ^Mithun (1999:327)
8. ^Goddard (1978:75)
9. ^Rudes (1997:27)
10. ^Rudes (1997:6-7)
11. ^Costa (2007:116, 119)
12. ^Costa (2007:116, 118)
13. ^Mithun (1999:331)
14. ^Costa (2007:118)
15. ^Costa (2007:116)
16. ^Rudes (1997:4)
17. ^Costa (2007:120)
18. ^Rudes (1997:2)
19. ^Rudes (1997:6)
20. ^¹Rudes (2007:18)

Bibliography

{{aut|Costa, David J.}} (2007). "The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian." In Papers of the 38th Algonquian Conference, ed. H. C. Wolfart. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, pp. 81–127
{{aut|Goddard, Ives}} (1978). "Eastern Algonquian Languages." In Northeast, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 70–77
{{aut|Mithun, Marianne}} (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
{{aut|Pierson, Rev. Abraham}} (1980). Some Helps for the Indians 1658 Bilingual Catechism, reprinted in "Language and Lore of the Long Island Indians," Readings in Long Island Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Vol. IV. Stony Brook, NY: Suffolk County Archaeological Association.
{{aut|Rudes, Blair A.}} (1997). "Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the Dead: Phonological Preliminaries." Anthropological Linguistics (39)1:1-59
{{aut|Salwen, Bert}} (1978). "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period." In Northeast, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 160–176

External links

OLAC resources in and about the Quiripi language
Quiripi language

5 : Eastern Algonquian languages|Languages of the United States|Extinct languages of North America|Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands|Languages extinct in the 1900s

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