“Enterotype”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

An enterotype is a classification of living organisms based on its bacteriological ecosystem in the gut microbiome. The discovery of three human enterotypes was announced in the April 2011 issue of Nature by Peer Bork and his associates.^[1] They found that enterotypes are not dictated by age, gender, body weight, or national divisions.^[2] There are indications that long-term diet influences enterotype.^[3] Type 1 is characterized by high levels of Bacteroides, type 2 has few Bacteroides but Prevotella are common, and type 3 has high levels of Ruminococcus.^[1]^[4]^[5]

The value of classifying by enterotype has been challenged.^[6]^[7] Subsequent studies have ruled out existence of a Ruminococcus enterotype.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017}}

In a study of gut bacteria of children in Burkina Faso (in Africa), Prevotella made up 53% of the gut bacteria, but were absent in age-matched European children.^[8]

Studies also indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition—those who eat plenty of protein and animal fats typical of Western diet have predominantly Bacteroides bacteria, while for those who consume more carbohydrates, especially fibre, the Prevotella species dominate.^[9]

References

1. ^¹{{cite news|last=Zimmer|first=Carl|title=Bacteria Divide People Into 3 Types, Scientists Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/21/science/21gut.html |accessdate=21 April 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 April 2011 |quote=a group of scientists now report just three distinct ecosystems in the guts of people they have studied.}}
2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Arumugam M, Raes J |title=Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome |quote=Our knowledge of species and functional composition of the human gut microbiome is rapidly increasing, but it is still based on very few cohorts and little is known about variation across the world. By combining 22 newly sequenced faecal metagenomes of individuals from four countries with previously published data sets, here we identify three robust clusters (referred to as enterotypes hereafter) that are not nation or continent specific. |journal=Nature |date=April 2011 |volume=473 |issue=7346 |pages=174–80 |pmid=21508958 |doi=10.1038/nature09944 |pmc=3728647|display-authors=etal}}
3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY |year=2011 |title=Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6052 |pages=105–108 |doi=10.1126/science.1208344 |pmid=21885731 |pmc=3368382|display-authors=etal}}
4. ^{{cite news|last=Keim|first=Brandon|title=Gut-Bacteria Mapping Finds Three Global Varieties |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/04/gut-bacteria-types/ |accessdate=21 April 2011 |newspaper=Wired Magazine|date=20 April 2011}}
5. ^{{cite news |last=Coghlan |first=Andy |title=Each human has one of only three gut ecosystems |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20401-each-human-has-one-of-only-three-gut-ecosystems.html |accessdate=21 April 2011 |newspaper=New Scientist |date=20 April 2011}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Knights|first1=Dan|last2=Ward|first2=Tonya|last3=McKinlay|first3=Christopher|last4=Miller|first4=Hannah|last5=Gonzalez|first5=Antonio|last6=McDonald|first6=Daniel|last7=Knight|first7=Rob|title=Rethinking "Enterotypes"|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|date=8 October 2014|volume=16|issue=4|pages=433–437|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.013|pmid=25299329|pmc=5558460}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gorvitovskaia|first1=Anastassia|last2=Holmes|first2=Susan P.|last3=Huse|first3=Susan M.|title=Interpreting Prevotella and Bacteroides as biomarkers of diet and lifestyle|journal=Microbiome Journal|date=12 April 2016|volume=15|issue=4|pages=15|doi=10.1186/s40168-016-0160-7|pmid=27068581|pmc=4828855}}
8. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1005963107|title=Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa|year=2010|last1=De Filippo|first1=C.|last2=Cavalieri|first2=D.|last3=Di Paola|first3=M.|last4=Ramazzotti|first4=M.|last5=Poullet|first5=J. B.|last6=Massart|first6=S.|last7=Collini|first7=S.|last8=Pieraccini|first8=G.|last9=Lionetti|first9=P.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=107|issue=33|pages=14691–6|pmid=20679230|pmc=2930426}}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD |title= Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes |journal=Science |volume=334 |issue=6052 |pages= 105–8 |date=October 7, 2011 |pmc=3368382 |pmid=21885731 |doi= 10.1126/science.1208344 }}
10. ^{{Cite journal|journal=Nature Communications |date=November 13, 2012 |author1=Andrew H. Moeller |author2=Patrick H. Degnan |author3=Anne E. Pusey |author4=Michael L. Wilson |author5=Beatrice H. Hahn |author6=Howard Ochman |title=Chimpanzees and humans harbour compositionally similar gut enterotypes |volume=3 |doi=10.1038/ncomms2159 |issue=1179|pages=1179 |pmid=23149725 |pmc=3520023}}