| 词条 | Quokka |
| 释义 |
| name = Quokka | taxon = Setonix brachyurus | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =[1] | image = Rottnest Quokka 2004 SeanMcClean.jpg | parent_authority = Lesson, 1842[2] | authority = (Quoy & Gaimard, 1830)[3] | range_map = Setonix brachyurus distribution.svg | range_map_caption = Geographic range }} The quokka ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɒ|k|ə}}), Setonix brachyurus, the only member of the genus Setonix, is a small macropod about the size of a domestic cat.[4] Like other marsupials in the macropod family (such as kangaroos and wallabies), the quokka is herbivorous and mainly nocturnal.[5] Quokkas are found on some smaller islands off the coast of Western Australia, particularly Rottnest Island, just off Perth, and also Bald Island near Albany, and in isolated scattered populations in forest and coastal heath between Perth and Albany. A small colony exists at the eastern limit of their range in a protected area of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, where they co-exist with the critically endangered Gilbert's potoroo.[6] DescriptionThe quokka weighs {{convert|2.5|to|5|kg|lb}} and is {{convert|40|to|54|cm|in}} long with a {{convert|25|to|30|cm|in|adj=mid|-long}} tail, which is fairly short for a macropod. It has a stocky build, well developed hind legs, rounded ears, and a short, broad head. Its musculoskeletal system was originally adapted for terrestrial bipedal saltation but over its evolution its system has been built for arboreal locomotion.[7] Although looking rather like a very small kangaroo, it can climb small trees and shrubs up to {{convert|1.5|m}}.[8] Its coarse fur is a grizzled brown colour, fading to buff underneath. The quokka is known to live for an average of ten years.[9] Quokkas have a promiscuous mating system.[10] After a month of gestation, females give birth to a single baby called a joey. Females can give birth twice a year and produce approximately seventeen joeys during their lifespan.[9] The joey lives in its mother’s pouch for six months. Once it leaves the pouch, the joey relies on its mother for milk for two more months and is fully weaned approximately eight months after birth.[9] Females sexually mature after roughly 18 months.[11] When a female quokka with a joey in her pouch is pursued by a predator, she may drop her baby onto the ground; the joey produces noises, which may serve to attract the predator’s attention while the mother escapes.[12] Discovery by EuropeansThe Dutch mariner Samuel Volckertzoon wrote of sighting "a wild cat" on Rottnest Island in 1658.[13] In 1696, Willem de Vlamingh mistook them for giant rats and named the island "Rotte nest", which comes from the Dutch word {{lang|nl|Rattennest}}, meaning "rat nest".[14] The word quokka is derived from a Nyungar word, which was probably {{lang|nys|gwaga}}.[15] EcologyIn the wild, its roaming is restricted to a very small range in the South-West of Western Australia, with a number of small scattered populations. There is one large population on Rottnest Island and a smaller population on Bald Island near Albany. The islands are free of certain predators such as foxes and cats. On Rottnest, quokkas are common and occupy a variety of habitats ranging from semi-arid scrub to cultivated gardens.[16] Prickly Acanthocarpus plants, which are unaccommodating for humans and other relatively large animals to walk through, provide their favorite daytime shelter for sleeping.[19] Additionally, they are known for their ability to climb trees.[9] DietLike most macropods, quokkas eat many types of vegetation, including grasses and leaves. A study found that Guichenotia ledifolia, a small shrub species of the family Malvaceae, is one of the quokka's favoured foods.[17] Rottnest Island visitors are urged to never feed quokkas, in part because eating "human food" can cause dehydration and malnourishment, both of which are detrimental to the quokka's health.[18] Despite the relative lack of fresh water on Rottnest Island, quokkas do have high water requirements, which they satisfy mostly through eating vegetation. On the mainland quokkas only live in the areas that have {{cvt|600|mm}} or more of rain per year.[19] PopulationAt the time of colonial settlement, the quokka was widespread and abundant with its distribution encompassing an area of about {{convert|41200|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} of south-west Western Australia, inclusive of the two offshore islands, Bald and Rottnest Island. Following extensive population declines in the twentieth century, by 1992 the quokka’s distribution on the mainland was reduced by more than 50% to an area of about {{convert|17800|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}.[24] Although numerous on the small offshore islands, the quokka is classified as vulnerable. On the mainland, where it is threatened by introduced predatory species such as foxes, cats and dogs, it requires dense ground cover for refuge. Clearfell logging, agricultural development, and housing expansion have reduced this habitat, thus contributing to the decline of the species, as has the clearing and burning of the remaining swamplands. Moreover, quokkas usually have a litter size of one and successfully rear one young each year. Although these animals are constantly mating, usually one day after their young is born, the small litter size paired with the restricted space and threatening predators contribute to the scarcity of these marsupials on the mainland.[20] The quokka population on Rottnest Island is 8,000–12,000 (est. 2007). Snakes are the quokka's only predator on the island. The population on smaller Bald Island, where the quokka has no predators, is 600–1,000. There are an estimated 4,000 quokkas on the mainland, with nearly all mainland populations in groups of less than 50, although there is one declining group of over 700 in the southern forest between Nannup and Denmark.[21][22] In 2015 an extensive bushfire near Northcliffe nearly eradicated one of the local mainland populations, with an estimated 90% of the 500 quokkas dying.[23] At the end of summer and into autumn, there is a seasonal decline of quokkas on Rottnest Island, where loss of vegetation and reduction of available surface water can lead to starvation.[21][24] Human interactionThe quokka has little fear of humans and it is common for quokkas to approach people closely, particularly on Rottnest Island where there is a prevalent population of them. Even though quokkas have a reputation of the happiest animal on Earth, there a few dozens of cases annually reporting quokkas biting people, especially children.[25]. There are certain restrictions regarding feeding. It is illegal for members of the public to handle the animals in any way, and feeding, particularly of "human food", is especially discouraged as they can easily get sick. An infringement notice carrying a {{AUD|300|link=yes}} fine can be issued by the Rottnest Island Authority for such an offence.[26] The maximum penalty for animal cruelty is a {{AUD|50,000|link=no}} fine and a five-year prison sentence.[27][28][29] Quokkas can also be observed at several zoos and wildlife parks around Australia; some examples include Perth Zoo,[30] Sydney's Taronga Zoo[31] and Wildlife Sydney Zoo,[32] and Adelaide Zoo.[33] Physical interaction is generally not permitted without explicit permission from supervising staff. References1. ^{{Cite journal | author = de Tores, P. | author2 = Burbidge, A. | author3 = Morris, K. | author4 = Friend, T. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Setonix brachyurus | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2008 | page = e.T20165A9156418 | publisher = IUCN | date = 2008 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/20165/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20165A9156418.en | access-date = 12 January 2018}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Lesson|first1=R.-P.|title=Nouveau Tableau du Règne Animal: Mammifères|date=1842|publisher=Arthus Bertrand|location=Paris|page=194|chapter-url=http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/fs1/object/display/bsb10231569_00204.html|chapter=Groupe: Setonix}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Quoy|first1=[Jean René Constant]|last2=Gaimard|first2=[Joseph Paul]|title=Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe: Zoologie|date=1830|publisher=J. Tastu|location=Paris|pages=114–116|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2064170|chapter=Kangurus brachyurus|volume=1}} 4. ^{{MSW3 Groves|pages=69}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://wildlife.rottnestisland.com/land/fauna/quokka|title=Rottnest Island Wildlife|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/australian-endangered-species-gilberts-potoroo-11640|title=Australian endangered species: Gilbert's Potoroo|last=Sinclair|first=Elizabeth|work=The Conversation|access-date=2017-10-20|language=en}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Warburton |first1=Natalie M. |last2=Yakovleff |first2=Maud |last3=Malric |first3=Auréline |title=Anatomical adaptations of the hind limb musculature of tree-kangaroos for arboreal locomotion (Marsupialia : Macropodinae) |journal=Australian Journal of Zoology |date=2012 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=246–158 |doi=10.1071/ZO12059}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.arkive.org/quokka/setonix-brachyurus/|title=Quokka videos, photos and facts - Setonix brachyurus|website=Arkive|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320044432/https://www.arkive.org/quokka/setonix-brachyurus/|archive-date=2018-03-20|dead-url=yes|df=}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://australianmuseum.net.au/quokka|title=Animal Species: Quokka|last=Burrell|first=Sue|date=October 30, 2015|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 18, 2018}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last1=McLean |first1=Ian G. |first2=Natalie T. |last2=Schmitt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260798976 |title=Copulation and associated behavior in the quokka, Setonix brachyurus |journal=Australian Mammalogy |volume=21 |date=1999 |pages=139–142}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.animalfactguide.com/animal-facts/quokka/ |title=Quokka Facts | Quokkas | Australian Marsupials |publisher=Animalfactguide.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-25}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hayward|first1=M. W.|last2=Paul|first2=J.|last3=Augee|first3=M. L.|last4=Banks|first4=P. B.|year=2006|title=Mortality and survivorship of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)(Macropodidae: Marsupialia) in the northern jarrah forest of Western Australia|journal=Wildlife Research|volume=32|issue=8|pages=715-722|url=http://www.ibs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1617.pdf}} 13. ^{{cite book |last1=Flannery |first1=Tim |title=Chasing Kangaroos: A Continent, a Scientist, and a Search for the World's Most Extraordinary Creature |date=2008 |isbn=9781555848217 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=G-bHpcgSJb4C&pg=PT30 |language=en}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/quokka |title=Quokka |publisher=Australian Museum |date= |accessdate=2016-08-25}} 15. ^{{cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=R. M. W. |last2=Moore |first2=Bruce |last3=Ramson |first3=W. S. |last4=Thomas |first4=Mandy |date=2006 |title=Australian Aboriginal Words in English: Their Origin and Meaning |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-554073-5}} 16. ^{{cite web |date=2010 |title=A close encounter of the furry kind |publisher=Australian Geographic |url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/a-close-encounter-of-the-furry-kind.htm |accessdate=2010-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061955/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/a-close-encounter-of-the-furry-kind.htm |archive-date=2013-09-21 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 17. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Poole|first1=H. L.|last2=Mukaromah|first2=L.|last3=Kobryn|first3=H. T.|last4=Fleming|first4=P. A.|year=2015|title=Spatial analysis of limiting resources on an island: diet and shelter use reveal sites of conservation importance for the Rottnest Island quokka|journal=Wildlife Research|volume=41|issue=6|pages=510–521 |doi=10.1071/WR14083}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottnestisland.com/the-island/about-the-island/quokkas-and-wildlife |title=Quokkas and Wildlife |publisher=Rottnest Island |date= |accessdate=2016-08-25}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-17/quokkas-rottnest-island-smile-but-island-life-no-paradise/7930208 |title=Quokka smiles mask pain on Rottnest Island|work=Radio National |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |department=Off Track |date=17 October 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |last=Jones |first=Ann}} 20. ^{{cite web |last=Nocon |first=Wojtek |title=Sentonix Brachyurus |work=Quokka |publisher=University of Michigan |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Setonix_brachyurus/ |accessdate=30 September 2013}} 21. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=de Tores|first1=Paul |last2=Williams |first2=Richard |last3=Podesta |first3=Mia|last4=Pryde|first4=Jill|title=Quokka (Setonix brachyurus) Recovery Plan |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/4581df81-0041-4fc9-ba1b-aca7cb22246d/files/quokka-recovery-plan.pdf |publisher=Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia|accessdate=3 May 2017 |location=Bentley, WA |format=pdf|date=January 2013}} 22. ^{{cite web|last1=Bain|first1=Karlene|title=The ecology of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus)in the southern forests of Western Australia |url=http://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/files/9623707/THESIS_DOCTOR_OF_PHILOSOPHY_BAIN_Karlene_Tracy_10258658_2016.PDF |website=University of Western Australia |publisher=School of Animal Biology|accessdate=3 May 2017|location=Crawley, WA|format=pdf|date=June 2015}} 23. ^Mainland quokka population decimated after 2015 bushfire near Northcliffe - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Abc.net.au. Retrieved on 2016-12-24. 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=229 |website=Species Profile and Threats Database|title=Setonix brachyurus — Quokka Glossary |publisher= Department of the Environment |location=Canberra |accessdate=12 February 2017}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://rove.me/to/western-australia/quokka|title=Quokka|publisher=rove.me|accessdate=March 6, 2019}} 26. ^Rottnest Island Regulations 1988 (WA), rr 40 & 73; sched. 4 27. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-17/french-tourists-fined-for-burning-quokka-on-rottnest-island/6402032 |title=Quokka cruelty: French tourists fined after pleading guilty to burning animal on Rottnest Island - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2015-04-17 |accessdate=2016-08-25}} 28. ^Rottnest Island Regulations 2007 (WA), r 40 29. ^Squires, Nick (12 January 2003). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/1418673/Rare-marsupials-kicked-to-death-in-quokka-soccer.html "Rare marsupials kicked to death in 'quokka soccer'"]. The Daily Telegraph (London). 30. ^{{cite web|url=https://perthzoo.wa.gov.au/animal/quokka|title=Quokka - Perth Zoo|website=perthzoo.wa.gov.au}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=https://taronga.org.au/animal/quokka|title=Quokka|date=10 July 2010|website=taronga.org.au}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wildlifesydney.com.au/news/our-quokkas-have-arrived/|title=Our Quokkas Have Arrived (1)|website=www.wildlifesydney.com.au}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.adelaidezoo.com.au/animals/quokka/|title=Quokka Fact Sheet - Adelaide Zoo|website=adelaidezoo.com.au}} Bibliography
External links{{Commons|Setonix brachyurus|Quokka}}{{Wikispecies|Setonix brachyurus}}{{Wiktionary|quokka}}
7 : Mammals described in 1830|Macropods|Mammals of Western Australia|Marsupials of Australia|Rottnest Island|Vulnerable fauna of Australia|Monotypic mammal genera |
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