1. History

2. Operational history
    Soviet Union  Syria  Angola/Cuba  India 

3. Operators
    Current operators  Former operators 

4. References

The Molniya (now Vympel) R-60 (NATO reporting name: AA-8 "Aphid") is a short-range lightweight infrared homing air-to-air missile designed for use by Soviet fighter aircraft. It has been widely exported, and remains in service with the CIS and many other nations.

History

The R-60 was initially developed for the MiG-23. Work began on the weapon, under the bureau designation K-60 (izdeliye 62), in the late 1960s. Series production began in 1973. It entered service with the designation R-60 (NATO reporting name "Aphid-A").

When introduced, the R-60 was one of the world's lightest air-to-air missiles, with a launch weight of {{convert|44|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. It has infrared guidance, with an uncooled Komar (Mosquito) seeker head. Control is by forward rudders with large rear fins. The distinctive canards on the nose, known as "destabilizers," serve to improve the rudders' efficiency at high angles of attack. The R-60 uses a small, {{convert|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}} tungsten expanding-rod surrounding a high explosive fragmentation warhead. Two different types of proximity fuze can be fitted: the standard Strizh (Swift) optical fuse, which can be replaced with a Kolibri active radar fuse. Missiles equipped with the latter fuse were designated R-60K.^[2]

According to Russian sources,{{which|date=October 2013}} practical engagement range is about {{convert|4000|m|yd|abbr=on}}, although "brochure range" is {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} at high altitude. The weapon was one of the most agile air-to-air missiles until the advent of thrust vectored missiles like the R-73 (missile) and AIM-9X. The R-60 can be used by aircraft maneuvering at up to 9g against targets maneuvering at up to 8g. A tactical advantage is the short minimum range of only {{convert|300|m|yd|abbr=on}}.

Soviet practice was to manufacture most air-to-air missiles with interchangeable IR-homer and semi-active radar homing (SARH) seekers – however, an SARH version of the R-60 was never contemplated due to the small size of the missile which makes a radar-homing version with an antenna of reasonable size impractical.

An inert training version, alternatively designated UZ-62 and UZR-60, was also built.

An upgraded version, the R-60M (NATO reporting name: "Aphid-B"), using a nitrogen-cooled seeker with an expanded view angle of ±20°, was introduced around 1982. Although its seeker is more sensitive than its predecessor, the R-60M has only limited all-aspect capability. Minimum engagement range was further reduced, to only {{convert|200|m|yd|abbr=on}}.^[3] The proximity fuzes had improved resistance to ECM, although both optical and radar fuzes remained available (radar-fuzed R-60Ms with the Kolibri-M fuze are designated R-60 km). The R-60M is {{convert|42|mm|in|abbr=on}} longer, and has a heavier, {{convert|3.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} continuous-rod warhead, increasing launch weight to {{convert|45|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. In some versions the warhead is apparently laced with about {{convert|1.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of depleted uranium to increase the penetrating power of the warhead.^[4]

The inert training version of the R-60M was the R-60MU.

Since 1999, a modified version of the weapon has been used as a surface-to-air missile (SAM) as part of the Yugoslav M55A3B1 towed anti-aircraft artillery system. It has also been seen carried on a twin rail mount on a modified M53/59 Praga armored SPAAG of (former) Czechoslovakian origin. These missiles have been modified with the addition of a first stage booster motor, with the missile's own motor becoming the sustainer. This was done in lieu of modifying the missile's motor for ground launch, as in the case of the US MIM-72 Chaparral.

The current Russian dogfight missile is the R-73 (missile) (AA-11 "Archer"), but large numbers of R-60 missiles remain in service.

Operational history

Soviet Union

On {{date|1978-4-20}} two R-60 missiles were fired at Korean Air Lines Flight 902 after a navigational error had caused it to fly into Russian airspace. One missile hit, detaching 4 meters of the left wing and killing 2 passengers. The plane made an emergency landing on a frozen lake.

On 21 June 1978, a PVO MiG-23M flown by Pilot Captain V. Shkinder shot down two Iranian Boeing CH-47 Chinook helicopters that had trespassed into Soviet airspace, one helicopter being dispatched by two R-60 missiles and the other by cannon fire.

Syria

Several Russian reports affirm the AA-8 was widely used during the 1982 Lebanon war, and it was the main weapon used by the Syrians in air-to-air combat. Some Russian reports affirm that the R-60 was the most successful air-to-air missile deployed by the Syrians in Lebanon over the Bekaa Valley in 1982^[5][6] According to Israeli reports, the vast majority of air-to-air combat consisted of visual range dogfights, and this has been also confirmed by Russian sources. The Russian reports also mentioned that several F-4s, F-16, IAI Kfirs were destroyed by R-60s among other aircraft. Israel claims some F-4s and Kfirs were lost in 1982, but lists SAMs as responsible for all Israeli aircraft losses.

Angola/Cuba

On 27 September 1987, during Operation Moduler, two Cuban FAR MiG-23MLs intercepted Captain Arthur Piercy's Mirage F1CZ, which was damaged by either an R-23 or an R-60 fired head-on by Major Alberto Ley Rivas. The explosion destroyed the aircraft's drag chute and damaged the hydraulics. Piercy was able to recover to AFB Rundu, but the aircraft overshot the runway. The impact with the rough terrain caused Piercy's ejection seat to fire, but he failed to separate from the seat and suffered major spinal injuries.^[7][8]

On 7 August 1988, a BAe-125 owned by the Botswana government was carrying the President of Botswana, Quett Masire, and his staff to a meeting in Luanda. An Angolan MiG-23 pilot fired two R-60s at the plane. One missile hit the no. 2 engine, causing it to fall off the aircraft. The second missile then hit the falling engine. The crew was able to make a successful emergency landing on a bush strip at Cutio Bie.^[9]{{Citation needed|date=October 2011|reason=this verifies that the incident happened in 1989, but another cite is needed for the details}}

India

An Indian Air Force MiG-21 used an infrared homing R-60 to bring down a Pakistani Navy Breguet Atlantique in 1999 which intruded over Indian airspace. Part of the wreckage was found in contested territory, this incident is widely known as the Atlantique incident.

Operators

Current operators

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{{ANG}}

{{BUL}}

{{CRO}}

{{CUB}}

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{{IRN}}

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{{MYS}}

{{PRK}}

{{PER}}

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{{ROU}}

{{RUS}}

{{SVK}}

{{SRB}}

{{SYR}}

{{UKR}}

{{VIE}}

Former operators

{{CSK}}

Passed on successor states.

{{CZE}}

{{DDR}}

{{FIN}}

Was used on MiG-21Bis. Currently fitted on BAE Hawks.

{{GER}}

{{HUN}}

Used on MiG-29

{{flag|Iraq|1991}}

As of Saddam's Era.

{{USSR}}

Passed on successor states.

{{YUG}}

Passed on successor states.

References

Citations

Bibliography

• {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Yefim|title=Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two|year=2004|location=Hinckley, England|publisher=Midland Publishing|isbn=1-85780-188-1}}

• Donovan Sinclair
• Donovan, Stephen
• Donovan's tiger moth
• Donovan, Terence
• Donovan v Bierwirth
• Donovan v. Bierwirth
• Donovan Wilson
• Donovan Wolfington
• Donowitz, Mark
• Dono y 2
• Don Pablo Escobar
• Don Pacifico
• Don Pacifico affair and case
• Don Pacifico Incident
• Don Palmer (disambiguation)
• Don Palmer (rower)
• Don Papa Rum
• Don Parish
• Don Parish (American football)
• Don Parish (disambiguation)
• Don Parish (rugby)
• Don Parker (disambiguation)
• Don Parker (racing driver)
• Don Parmley
• Don Parrish (adventurer)