| 词条 | Erasmus Middleton |
| 释义 |
Erasmus Middleton (1739–1805) was an English clergyman, author and editor. Early lifeHe was the son of Erasmus Middleton of Horncastle, Lincolnshire. At age 22 he underwent a religion conversion among Wesleyan Methodists in Horncastle. He was then sent to Joseph Townsend in Pewsey for tuition.[1] Expulsion from OxfordMiddleton entered Clare College, Cambridge as a sizar in 1765.[2] On 4 June 1767 he matriculated at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, but was expelled from the university in May 1768, along with five other members of the Hall, for publicly praying and preaching. The group were known as the "preaching tradesmen". At the time it was said that Selina, Countess of Huntingdon had sponsored them; in the case of two of the students, at least, there was a definite connection.[3][4] The Hall in the middle of the 18th century had only around a dozen students. Its tolerant Principal George Dixon had tried to raise numbers, and had no part in the expulsions, though he did not share the Calvinist tone of the beliefs of the group.[5] At this time the leader of the few evangelicals at Oxford was James Stillingfleet (1752–1768), a Fellow of Merton College. The group of Oxford Methodists met in a private home, led by him; there were five more students, with the six who were expelled. John Higson of St Edmund Hall complained to David Durell, who was then vice-chancellor.[6][7] The affair caused a furore, and some pamphleteering.[4] One of the charges against Middleton individually was that he had officiated at a service in the chapel of ease at Chieveley, though a layman.[8] The six students were defended by Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet.[9] In turn Thomas Nowell defended the university's actions, leading to further polemical exchanges.[10] One of Nowell's claims was that Middleton's acquaintance with Thomas Haweis was supposed to be enough to get him holy orders, refused by the Bishop of Hereford (Lord James Beauclerk) on the grounds of insufficient learning, through unspecified influence. The Chieveley incident was reported to date to three years earlier.[11] Two further prominent defenders of the students were George Whitefield and "The Shaver", the pseudonym of the Baptist minister John Macgowan, who waxed satirical against the academics.[12] Samuel Johnson pronounced his approval of the expulsions.[5] The matter was still a live one in 1806, after Middleton's death, with George Croft raking it up in the Anti-Jacobin Review. He traced some of the later history of Benjamin Kay, Thomas Jones and Thomas Grove (by then nonconformist minister settled at Walsall), three of the other students involved. He awarded George Dixon "indelible infamy", and said Middleton's edition of Leighton's works was "illiterate".[13] Jones had studied with John Newton before going to Oxford, and after being ordained became curate of Clifton, Bedfordshire.[14] Clerical careerMiddleton, nevertheless, had financial backing, from the banker William Fuller. He is said to have graduated B.D. at King's College, Cambridge in 1769 (doubted in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography).[15] He also obtained ordination, from James Traill, the bishop of Down and Connor.[16] He much later entered King's College, Cambridge, in 1783, as a fellow-commoner; but apparently did not graduate.[2] Middleton became minister at Dalkeith.[4] In 1770 he associated with Willielma Campbell, Lady Glenorchy, and was asked to be the opening preacher at her new chapel, St Mary's Chapel in Niddry's Wynd, Edinburgh.[17] Her plans to bring another of the expelled students, Thomas Grove, to one of her Scottish chapels as resident preacher, were later blocked in 1776 by the Church of Scotland.[18] Subsequently Middleton had a succession of positions in London, where he was curate to William Romaine.[19][20] In 1775 he was lecturer of St Leonard Eastcheap.[21] He was lecturer at St Luke's, Chelsea, and curate from 1787, under William Bromley Cadogan, who was rector there from 1775 to 1797.[19][22][23] He was lecturer of St. Benet, Gracechurch Street and St. Helen, Bishopsgate, and curate of St. Margaret's Chapel, Westminster.[4] He was also chaplain to the Countess of Crawford and Lindsay.[4] The Protestant AssociationDuring the late 1770s, Middleton was a close supporter of Lord George Gordon and the Protestant Association.[24] He has been credited with being the Association's founder.[25] At Gordon's trial, Middleton was a principal defence witness, and detailed the setting up of the Association, up to the date 12 November 1779, when Gordon took it over as President.[26] On Middleton's account the Association was formed in 1778.[27] The early London meetings in Coachmakers' Hall in imitation of the Scottish Protestant Association were open to all Protestants. They were procedurally lax but required civility, concentrated on opposition to Popery, and were made fun of by George Kearsley.[28] On the issue of the petition to parliament, the direct cause of the Gordon Riots of June 1780, Middleton's evidence was that he was Gordon's sole supporter on the Association's committee for proceeding immediately rather than delaying the presentation.[29] Last yearsIn 1804 Middleton was made rector of Turvey, Bedfordshire, through the patronage of the Fuller family.[15] He died on 25 April 1805.[4] WorksMiddleton wrote:[4]
Middleton edited The Gospel Magazine as Augustus Montague Toplady's successor, until 1783 when it was replaced by the New Spiritual Magazine.[15] He also published sermons.[4][31] In 1805 appeared his edition of the Works of Robert Leighton, 4 vols.[32] He also published the Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, by Martin Luther, issued with a Life of Luther, a work edited in 1850 by John Prince Fallowes. This version is based on the English translation of 1575.[33][34] That was a project of John Foxe, printed by Thomas Vautrollier, also issued with a life of Luther which is thought to be by Foxe himself.[35][36] Notes1. ^{{cite book|author=Erasmus Middleton|title=Evangelical Biography: Being a Complete and Fruitful Account of the Lives ... & Happy Deaths of Eminent Christians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA370|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1807|publisher=J. Stratford|page=370}} 2. ^1 {{acad|MDLN765E|Middleton, Erasmus}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=John R. Tyson|title=In the Midst of Early Methodism: Lady Huntingdon and Her Correspondence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoz2HQsfh5MC&pg=PA20|accessdate=14 September 2013|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5793-3|page=20 note 99}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite DNB|wstitle=Middleton, Erasmus|volume=37}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63892 |title=St. Edmund Hall |author=H. E. Salter and Mary D. Lobel (editors) |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1954 |work=A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford |accessdate=15 September 2013 }} 6. ^{{cite ODNB|id=28510|title=Walker, Samuel|first=J. S.|last=Reynolds}} 7. ^Josiah Henry Barr, Early Methodists under Persecution (1916?), pp. 178–80; [https://archive.org/stream/2earlymethodists00barruoft#page/178/mode/2up archive.org]. 8. ^{{cite book|author=Edwin Sidney|title=The Life of Sir Richard Hill, Bart., M. P. for the County of Shropshire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=od0yAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA115|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1839|publisher=R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside; sold by L. and G. Seeley|page=115}} 9. ^{{cite DNB|wstitle=Hill, Richard (1732-1808)|volume=26}} 10. ^{{cite DNB|wstitle=Nowell, Thomas|volume=41}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas Nowell|title=An Answer to a Pamphlet: Entitled Pietas Oxoniensis, in a Letter to the Author. Wherein the Grounds of the Expulsion of Six Members from St. Edmund-Hall are Set Forth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqJbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA25|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1769|publisher=at the Clarendon-Press. MDCCLXIX. Sold by Daniel Prince. And by John Rivington, London|page=25}} 12. ^Catharine K. Firman, A Footnote on Methodism in Oxford, Church History Vol. 29, No. 2 (Jun., 1960), pp. 161-166, at p. 163. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3161828 13. ^{{cite book|title=The Antijacobin Review: And Protestant Advocate: Or, Monthly Political and Literary Censor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJU3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA511|accessdate=15 September 2013|year=1806|publisher=Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, Paternoster-Row|pages=511–5}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=D. Bruce Hindmarsh|title=John Newton and the English Evangelical Tradition|year=2001|publisher=W. B. Eerdmans|isbn=0 8028 4741 2|pages=157–8}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite ODNB|id=18671|title=Middleton, Erasmus|first=Adam Jacob|last=Levin}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=Erasmus Middleton|title=Evangelical Biography: Being a Complete and Fruitful Account of the Lives ... & Happy Deaths of Eminent Christians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA370|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1807|publisher=J. Stratford|page=372}} 17. ^{{cite book|author=David Francis Bacon|title=Memoirs of eminently pious women of Britain and America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4crAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA290|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1833|publisher=D. McLeod|page=290}} 18. ^{{cite book|author1=Thomas Snell Jones|title=The life of ... Willielma, viscountess Glenorchy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PyMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA350|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1824|page=350}} 19. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Gospel magazine, and theological review. Ser. 5. Vol. 3, no. 1-July 1874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTMEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA126|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1839|page=126}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=Erasmus Middleton|title=Evangelical Biography: Being a Complete and Fruitful Account of the Lives ... & Happy Deaths of Eminent Christians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA370|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1807|publisher=J. Stratford|page=373}} 21. ^{{cite book|author1=Dr William Gibson|author2=William Gibson|title=The Church of England 1688-1832: Unity and Accord|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyel0pA36JgC&pg=PA205|accessdate=14 September 2013|date=4 January 2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-13462-7|page=205}} 22. ^{{cite book|author=Isabella Burt|title=Historical notices of Chelsea, Kensington, Fulham, and Hammersmith: With some particulars of old families. Also an account of their antiquities and present state|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASyAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA135|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1871|publisher=J. Saunders|page=135}} 23. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas Faulkner|title=An historical and topographical description of Chelsea, and its environs: interspersed with biographical anecdotes of illustrious and eminent persons who have resided in Chelsea during the three preceding centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_sqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA87|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1829|publisher=Printed for T. Faulkner|pages=87–}} 24. ^{{cite book|author1=Ian Haywood|author2=John Seed|title=The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ae9sYCAFJB4C&pg=PA49|accessdate=14 September 2013|date=1 March 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-19542-3|page=49 and p. 78}} 25. ^{{cite book|author=Eugene Charlton Black|title=The Association: British Extraparliamentary Political Organization, 1769-1793|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1Sw-IZGLJ4C&pg=PA151|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1963|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05000-6|page=151}} 26. ^{{cite book|author=Edmund Burke|title=Dodsley's Annual Register|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83BIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA231|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1791|publisher=J. Dodsley|page=231}} 27. ^J. H. Hexter, The Protestant Revival and the Catholic Question in England, 1778-1829, The Journal of Modern History Vol. 8, No. 3 (Sep., 1936), pp. 297-319, at p. 298. Published by: The University of Chicago Press. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1881538 28. ^Eugene Charlton Black, The Tumultuous Petitioners: The Protestant Association in Scotland, 1778-1780, The Review of Politics Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr., 1963), pp. 183-211, at pp. 201–2. Published by: Cambridge University Press for the University of Notre Dame du lac on behalf of Review of Politics. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405622 29. ^{{cite book|author=James Boswell|title=The Scots Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOERAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA233|accessdate=15 September 2013|year=1781|publisher=Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran|page=233}} 30. ^{{cite book|author1=Thomas Ellis|author2=Erasmus Middleton|author3=William Turnbull|title=The New Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; Or, an Universal System of Useful Knowledge ... The Theological, Philosophical, Critical, and Poetical Branches, by the Rev. Erasmus Middleton ... the Medicinal, Chemical, and Anatomical, by William Turnbull ... the Gardening and Botanical, by Thomas Ellis ... the Mathematical, &c. by John Davison ... and Other Parts by Gentlemen of Approved Abilities in the Respective Branches which They Have Engaged to Illustrate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYiMnQEACAAJ|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1778|publisher=The Authors}} 31. ^{{cite book|author=John Gadsby|title=Memoirs of the Principal Hymn-writers: & Compilers of the 17th, 18th, & 19th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gi5FAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62|accessdate=15 September 2013|year=1870|publisher=J. Gadsby|page=62}} 32. ^{{cite book|author=William Thomas Lowndes|title=The Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1aomAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA1096|accessdate=14 September 2013|year=1834|publisher=W. Pickering|page=1096}} 33. ^Vera J. Camden, "Most Fit for a Wounded Conscience": The Place of Luther's "Commentary on Galatians" in Grace Abounding, Renaissance Quarterly Vol. 50, No. 3 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 819-849, at p. 848. Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3039263 34. ^Renaissance Books, Renaissance Quarterly Vol. 33, No. 1 (Spring, 1980), pp. 154-160+162-164+166-173, at p. 172. Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2861577 35. ^{{cite book|author=James Joseph Kearney|title=The Incarnate Text: Imagining the Book in Reformation England|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MljY7HIUrQC&pg=PA155|accessdate=15 September 2013|year=2009|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4158-7|page=155}} 36. ^{{cite book|author=Joseph Kerman|title=The Elizabethan madrigal: a comparative study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHcMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA260|accessdate=15 September 2013|year=1962|publisher=The AMS|page=260|id=UCSC:32106001382743}}
8 : 1739 births|1805 deaths|18th-century English Anglican priests|English biographers|English lexicographers|People from Horncastle, Lincolnshire|Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge|Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford |
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