| 词条 | Arsaces I of Parthia | ||||
| 释义 |
|name = Arsaces I {{lang|xpr|𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊}} |title = |image = Coin of Arsaces I (1), Nisa mint.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Coin of Arsaces I. The reverse shows a seated archer carrying a bow. A Greek inscription on the right reads ΑΡΣΑΚ[ΟΥ] (from the outside). The inscription below the bow is in Aramaic. |succession = King of the Arsacid dynasty |reign = 247 – 217 BC |coronation = |full name = |predecessor = |successor = Arsaces II |issue = Arsaces II |dynasty = |father = Phriapites |death_date = 217 BC |death_place = Parthia |religion = Zoroastrianism }} Arsaces I ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑr|s|ə|s|iː|z}}; from {{lang-grc-gre|Ἀρσάκης}}; in {{lang-xpr|𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊}} Aršak, {{lang-fa|اشک}} Ašk) was the first king of Parthia, as well as the founder and eponym of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia, ruling from 247 BC to 217 BC. The leader of the Parni, one of the three tribes of the Dahae confederacy, Arsaces founded his dynasty in the mid-3rd century BC when he conquered the satrapy of Parthia (now shared between Turkmenistan and Iran) from Andragoras, who had rebelled against the Seleucid Empire. He spent the rest of his reign consolidating his rule in the region, and successfully stopped the Seleucid efforts to reconquer Parthia. Due to Arsaces' achievements, he became a popular figure amongst the Arsacid monarchs, who used his name as a royal honorific. By the time of his death, Arsaces had laid the foundations of a strong state,{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=xxxiv}} which would eventually transform into an empire under his great-grand nephew, Mithridates I, who assumed the ancient Near Eastern royal title of King of Kings.[1] Arsaces was succeeded by his son Arsaces II. Literary sources are very scarce on Arsaces, and exclusively come from contradictory Greek and Roman accounts written centuries after his death. As a result, his reign is sparsely known. His existence was even questioned by modern scholars, until new studies and archaeological findings confirmed his identity in the 1960s. Name{{lang|la|Arsacēs}} is the Latin form of the Greek Arsákēs ({{lang|grc|Ἀρσάκης}}), itself from Parthian Aršak ({{lang|xpr|𐭀𐭓𐭔𐭊}}). The Old Persian equivalent is Aršaka- ({{lang|peo|𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎣}}). BackgroundThe sources regarding Arsaces' differ greatly. He is mostly known from Greek and Roman sources, who were hostile to him and his dynasty due to the later Roman–Parthian Wars.{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=22}} In Iranian national history his descent is traced back to several mythical figures, such as being an descendant of either Kay Kawad, Kay Arash, Dara the son of Homay, or Arash, the heroic archer-figure. The affiliation of Arsaces with Arash is due to the resemblance in their names and Arsaces' coins imitating him as a bowman.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|p=525}} According to Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, Arsaces was a bandit of low birth, who invaded and conquered Parthia, killing its satrap Andragoras, who had recently declared independence from the Seleucid Empire.[2] According to the Greek geographer Strabo, Arsaces was a Scythian or a Bactrian chieftain, who became the leader of the Parni, one of the three tribes of the Dahae confederacy.[3] The Dahae had originally lived between the Jaxartes in the 4th-century BC, but gradually moved southward to the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea, close to the Seleucid borders.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|p=525}}{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=22}} The theory of Arsaces being an Parni chieftain is supported by most scholars.{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=168}}{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|p=525}} The Parni were an eastern Iranian tribe, who practised Iranian polytheism.{{sfn|Boyce|1986|pp=540-541}} By the middle of the 3rd-century BC, however, they had been assimilated into the local Parthian culture; they adopted Parthian, a northwestern Iranian language, and became adherents of the Zoroastrianism religion, even giving themselves Zoroastrian names, such as Arsaces' father, Phriapites, whose name was derived from Avestan *Friya pitā ("father-lover").{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|p=525}}{{sfn|Boyce|1986|pp=540-541}}{{sfn|Lecoq|1986|p=151}} The Parni were not the only to migrate to Parthia, as the region was constantly receiving new waves of Iranian migrants from the north.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=20}} ReignAccessionIn c. 250 BC, Arsaces and his Parni followers seized Astauene, which lay near the Atrek valley.{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=168}} A few years later, probably in c. 247 BC, Arsaces was crowned king in Asaak, a city which he had founded, and which served as the Arsacid royal necropolis.{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=179-180}} His coronation at Asaak is generally presumed to mark the start of the Arsacid dynasty.{{sfn|Schippmann|1986|pp=525–536}} Around 245 BC, Andragoras, the Iranian governor of the Seleucid province of Parthia, proclaimed his independence from the Seleucid monarch Seleucus II Callinicus ({{reign|246|225 BC}}), and made his governorate an independent kingdom.{{sfn|Schippmann|1986|pp=525–536}} Following the secession of Parthia from the Seleucid Empire and the resultant loss of Seleucid military support, Andragoras had difficulty in maintaining his borders, and about 238 BC—under the command of Arsaces and his brother Tiridates I{{sfn|Curtis|2007|p=7}}{{sfn|Bivar|1983|p=29}} the Parni invaded Parthia and seized control of Astabene (Astawa) from Andragoras, the northern region of that territory, the administrative capital of which was Kuchan.{{sfn|Bickerman|1983|p=19}} A short while later the Parni seized the rest of Parthia from Andragoras, killing him in the process. The neighbouring province of Hyrcania was shortly conquered by the Parni as well.[4] A recovery expedition by the Seleucids under Seleucus II was made in 230 BC, which proved problematic for Arsaces, who was at the same time at war with the Greco-Bactrian ruler Diodotus II ({{reign|239|230 BC}}). In order to avoid fighting on two fronts, Arsaces quickly concluded a peace treaty with Diodotus.{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=168}} Nevertheless, he was unable to stop expedition of the Seleucids, and was forced to leave Parthia for Central Asia, where he took refuge with the Apasiacae.{{sfn|Schmitt|1986|pp=151-152}} The Seleucid conquest proved to be short-lived; due to issues in the western portions of the Seleucid Empire, Seleucus II was forced to leave Parthia, which gave Arsaces the opportunity to regain his lost territories, and most likely also expand his dominion further south.{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=168}} He also made an alliance with the Greco-Bactrians.{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=169}} According to the Roman historian Justin, Arsaces "settled the Parthian government, levied soldiers, built fortresses, and strengthened his towns."[4] Apart from Asaak, he also founded the city of Dara in Mount Zapaortenon, a place in Parthia.{{sfn|Weiskopf|1993|pp=671-672}} Nisa, likewise founded by Arsaces, would be then used as the royal residence of the Arsacids till the 1th-century BC.{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=179-180}} SuccessionFor a long time, the line of succession of Arsaces, and to some extent his historicity, had been unclear. The now-deprecated narrative of the foundation of the Arsacid dynasty by Arsaces and his brother Tiridates, who led the Parni in revolt together, was established by Jean Foy-Vaillant in 1725. He and generations of scholars thought that after Arsaces' death, Tiridates succeeded him as king of the Arsacid dynasty.[5][6] This led to some different theories, including one that considered Arsaces a legendary figure, whilst attributing the foundation of the Arsacids to Tiridates.{{sfn|Bivar|1983|p=29, 30}} Between 1957–1962 Józef Wolski published a series of articles with the opposite view: he regarded Arsaces as the founder of the Arsacids, and Tiridates as legendary.[7] This theory has since been supported—with minor divergences—by most scholars, until its confirmation by the discovery in Nisa of an ostracon bearing the name of Arsaces.{{sfn|Bivar|1983|p=30}} Moreover, numismatic data and recent analysis of the sources have led to the conclusion that the character of Tiridates is indeed fictional, and that Arsaces continued to rule until his death in 217 BC, where he was succeeded by his son, Arsaces II.{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=169}} CoinageIn essence, Arsaces' coins "provided the prototype for all subsequent Arsacid coinage, although itself undergoing a few changes".{{sfn|Rezakhani|2013|p=766}} Khodadad Rezakhani adds that his coins took many stylistic elements from Seleucids and earlier Achaemenid satrapal issues, but he nonetheless made several innovations that differentiated them from those of his predecessors.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2013|pp=766-767}} According to Alireza Shapour Shahbazi, on his coins, Arsaces "deliberately diverges from Seleucid coins to emphasize his nationalistic and royal aspirations";{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|p=525}} the typical Seleucid figure of Apollo seated on the omphalos and holding a bow is replaced by an archer imitating Arsaces,{{efn|According to Fabrizio Sinisi, scholars are divided about the identity of the archer. According to Sinisi, the archer might represent a so-called "deified" ancestor of the Arsacids or simply the Arsacid king himself. Sinisi notes: "A definite answer is difficult, but as the link with the Seleucid Apollo on omphalos is still not obviously apparent in this phase, since the Parthian archer is seated on a stool, the already noted Achaemenid connections might perhaps be stressed: these would in fact provide a context for the seated archer figure, for the karen title, and for the obverse head with the soft cap as well. That the living Arsaces might have tried to represent himself as heir of the old Iranian empire of course in no way excludes that his memory could later have been subject to some kind of special homage, but the character of the Iranian royal ancestor cult still remains problematic".{{sfn|Sinisi|2012|p=280}}}} who is seated on a stool (done in the same fashion as some Achaemenid satraps, such as Datames) whilst wearing Sakaian clothing and a soft cap, known as the bashlyk.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|p=525}} Some of the inscriptions on his coins calls him kārny{{efn|Also spelled krny or karen.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2013|p=767}}{{sfn|Sinisi|2012|p=280}} According to David Sellwood, this Aramaic word may be cognate with the family name "Karen", but he adds that in "Achaemenian usage", it was the equivalent of οτρατηγόs, and thus "close to our assumed meaning for autocrat".{{sfn|Sellwood|1983|p=280}}}} (the Greek equivalent being autokrator), which was a title carried by prominent Achaemenid military leaders, such as Cyrus the Younger.{{sfn|Shahbazi|1986|p=525}}{{efn|Rezakhani notes that the earliest coins of Arsaces bear the inscription ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ. These particular coins are reportedly the only attestations to the usage of this title by the Arsacids. Rezakhani states that it might suggest "an initial submission to Seleucid suzerainty, as the title suggests that Arsaces I thought of himself as the appointed military governor of Parthia, a fact that might also show his self-understanding as the successor of Andragoras, the rebellious Seleucid satrap of Parthia". According to the same rationale, Rezakhani notes that "some issues from Nisa, in addition to including the name of Arsaces in Greek, bear Aramaic krny, an Achaemenid military title for Arsaces, replacing any Greek titles".{{sfn|Rezakhani|2013|p=767}}}} Arsaces seemingly used the city he had founded–Nisa, as a site for his coin mints.{{sfn|Curtis|2007|p=8}} The coins of Arsaces were minted in both silver and bronze.{{sfn|Rezakhani|2013|p=766}} Arsaces' silver drachms (which would become the main denomination of the Arsacids) depict his unbeard profile on the obverse, looking to the right, similar to depictions of Seleucid royals on coins.{{sfn|Sinisi|2012|pp=276, 279}} According to Fabrizio Sinisi, similarly, the seated archer on the reverse is turned to the left.{{sfn|Sinisi|2012|p=279}} The Greek legend ΑΡΣΑΚΟΥ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣ is inscribed in two vertical lines on the sides of the drachms, in similar fashion to Seleucid coins.{{sfn|Sinisi|2012|pp=279-280}} Regardless of these features, Sinisi notes that Arsaces' coins are "immediately recognizable as issued by a non-Greek ruler".{{sfn|Sinisi|2012|p=280}} For instance, Arsaces wears the pointed soft cap on the obverse, similar to coins of the Achaemenid era, as does the archer on the reverse who is dressed in an Iranian riding costume.{{sfn|Sinisi|2012|p=280}} LegacyArsaces' prestige endured long after his death. An everlasting fire in his honour was still guarded in the city of Asaak more than two centuries after his death, as reported by Isidore of Charax.[8] This indicates that the act of declaring a king had a religious importance.{{sfn|Frye|1984|p=217}} It most likely served as the dynastic fire of the Arsacids, possibly created in order to highlight that they were heirs to the Achaemenid Empire.{{sfn|Boyce|2001|p=87}} Due to his achievements he became known as the "father of the nation", and his name became a royal honorific that was used by all the Arsacid monarchs out of admiration for his achievements.{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=169}}{{sfn|Kia|2016|p=23}}{{efn|Rezakhani notes: "Although all Arsacid kings had their own personal names, attested in Greco-Roman sources and occasionally in the Babylonian astronomical diaries, they universally used the title Arsaces as their regnal name, supposedly in honor of Arsaces I, although even that dynastic founder might have had the personal name Tiridates (Parth. *trd’t), making Arsaces a clan name of the dynasty. In fact, in the absence of narrative sources for Arsacid history and the prominence often given to numismatic evidence for reconstructing Arsacid history, the universal use of the title Arsaces poses a particular hindrance to our understanding of the history of the dynasty."{{sfn|Rezakhani|2013|page=767}}}} A fictitious claim was later made from the 2nd-century BC onwards by the Arsacids, which represented Arsaces as an descendant of the Achaemenid king of kings, Artaxerxes II of Persia ({{reign|404|358 BC}}).{{sfn|Dąbrowa|2012|p=179}} The family of Arsaces would rule for four and a half centuries, till it was toppled by the Sasanian Empire in 224 AD. Even then, however, the descendants of Arsaces continued to wield considerable influence and authority; one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran, the House of Karen, produced several major figures in Iranian history, such as the 6th-century vizier Bozorgmehr, and the 9th-century prince and rebel Mazyar ({{reign|817|839}}).{{sfn|Pourshariati|2017}} The Arsacids also played an important role in the history of the Caucasus; the principalities of Armenia, Caucasian Albania and Iberia were ruled by branches of the Arsacid dynasty. According to Procopius, even as late as the 6th-century the Armenian nobility still remembered their Arsacid heritage and the character of Arsaces.{{sfn|Pourshariati|2008|p=44}} Family tree
({{reign|247|217 BC}})|boxstyle_ARS=background-color:#ff9;|UNK=Unknown|border=1}}{{Familytree| | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | UNL = Unnamed woman | border=1}}{{Familytree| | | | | | | |AR2| |UNK| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | AR2 = Arsaces II ({{reign|217|191 BC}})|UNK=Unknown|boxstyle_AR2=background-color:#ff9;||boxstyle_CA=background-color:#ff9;|border=1}}{{Familytree| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | || border=1}}{{Familytree| | | | | | | | | | | |PHR| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PHR = Phriapatius ({{reign|191|176 BC}})|boxstyle_PHR=background-color:#ff9;| border=1}}{{Familytree| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | border=1}}{{Familytree| | | | | | | |PHR| |MIT| |ART| | | | | | | | | | | | | | PHR = Phraates I ({{reign|176|171 BC}})| MIT = Mithridates I ({{reign|171|132 BC}})| ART = Artabanus I ({{reign|127|124/3 BC}})||boxstyle_PHR=background-color:#ff9;|boxstyle_ART=background-color:#ff9;|boxstyle_MIT=background-color:#F7BE81;|border=1}}{{Familytree/end}} Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^{{harvnb|Dabrowa|2012|p=179}}; {{harvnb|Schippmann|1986|pp=525–536}} 2. ^Marcellinus, xxvii. 6. 3. ^Strabo, xi. 9. 4. ^1 Justin, xli. 5. 5. ^Vaillant, Arsacidarum imperium, vol. I, pp. 1ff. 6. ^Wolski (1962), pp. 139–142, for a summary of the old historiography since Vaillant. 7. ^Wolski (1959) and (1962), p. 145. The author's main argument was that Justin was misunderstood in previous studies, which also relied too much on Arrian—a Greek historian whose work comprises numerous mistakes. 8. ^Isidore of Charax, 11. BibliographyAncient works
Modern works
5 : 217 BC deaths|Parthian kings|3rd-century BC rulers in Asia|3rd-century BC births|3rd-century BC Iranian people |
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