| 词条 | Esplanade Sandstone | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Esplanade Sandstone | image = USA 09855 Grand Canyon Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg | imagesize = 265px | caption = south view of Isis Temple, Grand Canyon, from 2-mi, on Tonto Trail, Tonto Platform uppermost vertical red cliff of Esplanade Sandstone (the lower large red vertical cliff is Redwall Limestone upon a lower shelf-cliff of grayish vertical Muav Limestone) | period = Early Permian | age = Lower Permian, {{fossil range|290|287}} | type = Geological formation | prilithology = sandstone | otherlithology = | namedfor = | namedby = | region = (southwest) Colorado Plateau Northern Arizona, Grand Canyon, basement rocks of Verde Valley, Arizona, & extreme southwest Utah | coordinates = | unitof = | subunits = | overlies = Wescogame Formation, (3rd member)-Supai Group | underlies = Hermit Formation-(Permian), Grand Canyon; (Hermit elsewhere in Arizona, (west) Oak Creek Canyon region, Sedona, AZ (townsite)) | thickness = {{convert|330|ft|m|sp=us}} approximate maximum[1] | extent = Grand Canyon | area = | map = | map_caption = }} The Lower Permian Esplanade Sandstone is a cliff-forming, resistant sandstone, dark red, geologic unit found in the Grand Canyon. The rock unit forms a resistant shelf in the west Grand Canyon, south side of the Colorado River, at the east of the Toroweap Fault, down-dropped to west, southeast of Toroweap Overlook (North Rim, at Lava Falls), and west of Havasupai. The red, sandstone shelf, The Esplanade is about 20-mi long. At Toroweap Overlook region, Toroweap Valley with Vulcan's Throne, Uinkaret volcanic field, the resistant Esplanade Sandstone is described in access routes exploring the Toroweap Lake area (Hike 17, Vulcans Throne).[4] The Esplanade Route-(trail), of the east Grand Canyon is also named for the Esplanade Sandstone. The coeval sandstone geologic unit from eastern Utah is the Cedar Mesa Sandstone.[5] Isis Temple and Hermosa Group, UtahIn Grand Canyon, Isis Temple landform, north of Grand Canyon Village (South Rim, 5-mi), contains a representative example of the Supai Group 'redbeds', and slope-former and cliff-former units that support the landform. The sequence of units below the white Coconino Sandstone prominence of Isis Temple are:
The Esplanade Sandstone is only found in Arizona, with the Hermosa Group being the equivalent coeval 'redbed' type geologic sequence found north and northeasterly in Utah-(parts of western border Colorado). Geologic sequenceThe Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian geologic sequence of the Supai Group common in the Grand Canyon:[9] The Pennsylvanian is the Late Carboniferous.
The Supai Group members were created from marine (oceanic) sequences of marine transgression, and regression, thus the alternating sandstone, siltsones, conglomerate subsections (facies); the subsections are not always a continuous transition into the above section, mostly due to ocean levels, falling, or rising, glaciation, or regional subsidence-(basins, etc.) or uplift of land. Today's Wasatch Front is the approximate lineage, NNE to SSW of the western coast region of North America from where the oceans transgressed. The ancient Antler Mountains-(Antler orogeny, off-shore volcanic island arch(es)), of ancient Nevada supplied material, from the west, off the 'ancestral' West Coast. The continent supplied material from the east, both directions supplying the offshore basin, the Cordilleran Basin which became part of the Basin and Range Province, in later epochs. Three other basins were involved in this history: southwest of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains was the Paradox Basin-(eastern Utah to Southwest Colorado), northeast was the Central Colorado Basin-(NW Colorado, NE Utah, SW Wyoming); the Oquirrh Basin was north-northwest, at present day northwest Utah. Supai Group and Hermosa Group, coeval unitsThe approximate coeval Supai and Hermosa Groups, Arizona, Utah, and northwest Colorado:[10]
Because marine transgressions cover distances, over time, the coeval units are separated by distance, and type of deposition material; the local subsidence, or uplift, as well as glaciation, and sea level changes, can cause variations in the deposition sequences of transgression-regressions. The ocean was to the west of the proto-North American continent, but also northwest, or southwest. References{{Commons category|Esplanade Sandstone}}{{Commons category|The Esplanade (Grand Canyon)}}{{Commons category|Supai Group}}{{Commons category|Supai Group 'redbeds'}}1. ^Blakey, Ranney, 2008. Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, p. XVIII. 2. ^Fay, O. and A.A. Graffham. Biostratigraphic and paleontological studies. Echinoderm faunas from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician) of Oklahoma: Lawrence, Kansas, University of Kansas Paleontological Institute Monograph 11 30-33 (1982) 3. ^Loeblich, A.R. jr. Bryozoa from the Ordovician Bromide Formation Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 16-4 (1942) 4. ^Lucchitta, 2001. Hiking Arizona's Geology, Hike 17, Vulcans Throne, pp. 138-142. 5. ^Blakey, Ranney, 2008. Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, pp. 42, 43-(map, 287 Ma). 6. ^Lucchitta, 2001. Hiking Arizona's Geology, Hike 3: Tanner Trail, pp. 78-82, p. 78. 7. ^Arizona Road & Recreation Atlas, Benchmark Maps, pp. 28-29, 62-63. 8. ^Chronic, 1983. Roadside Geology of Arizona, Kaibab-Toroweap-Coconino, 2 wedge-(trangressions) graphic (unnumbered, untitled): In mid-Permian time, a desert of windblown sand swept northern Arizona, creating the Coconino Sandstone (1). Then shallow Kaibab and Toroweap seas advanced from the west, each depositing a wedge of marine limestone bordered with nearshore sandstone, siltstone, and gypsum (2). Desert conditions still prevailed on the shores, so dune sandstone there is of the same age as the marine limestones and nearshore deposits., p. 207. 9. ^Blakey, Ranney, 2008. Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, p. XVIII. 10. ^Blakey, Ranney, 2008. Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, "Geologic X-sections", (cross-sections), p. XVIII. 11. ^Blakey, Ranney, 2008. Ancient Landscapes of the Colorado Plateau, 165 Ma map: (upper)-Carmel Formation, with Sundance Sea, p. 76, and p. 78.
See also
{{Geology of the Grand Canyon area}} 6 : Geologic formations of Arizona|Sandstone formations of the United States|Natural history of the Grand Canyon|Colorado Plateau|Permian Arizona|Cisuralian Series of North America |
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