“Estate satire”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Estate satire

释义

References

Estate satire is a genre of writing from 14th Century, Medieval literary works. The three Medieval estates were the Clergy (those who prayed), the Nobility (those who fought) and lastly the Peasantry (those who labored). These estates were the major social classes of the time and were typically gender specific to men, although the clergy also included nuns. Nevertheless, women were considered as a separate class in themselves,^[1] the best-known example being Geoffrey Chaucer's Wife of Bath. Estates satire praised the glories and purity of each class in its ideal form, but was also used as a window to show how society had gotten out of hand. The Norton Anthology of English Literature describes the duty of estates satire: "They set forth the functions and duties of each estate and castigate the failure of the estates in the present world to live up to their divinely assigned social roles".^[2]

The First Estate, the Church, consisted of those who ran the Catholic church and part of the country. They were the recipients of the tithe or the 10% tax given to the Church.

The Second Estate, the Nobility, were royalty, not including the King. They were never taxed but could collect taxes from the Third Estate, and had other special privileges.

The Third Estate, the Commons, is the largest, consisting of around 96% of the population (UCL). The commons included everyone who did not belong to the first two estates, primarily rural peasants and the urban bourgeois or middle class. They had none of the privileges or luxuries that the first two estates enjoyed, although the rise of capitalism in the late 14th Century resulted in the bourgeois having relatively more power.

Among 14th-century English authors, John Gower, William Langland, and Chaucer were three of the most prominent writers of the time to include estates satire in their works. Although Gower was more aggressive in his approach, Chaucer was more subtle and more successful, making himself to be the fool of the joke and subverting may of the conventions of the genre.^[3] Several Medieval authors used estates satire to express their disgust towards the hypocrisy of the three estates and their supposed virtuous ways.

References

1. ^Mann, Jill. Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973, p. 123.
2. ^{{cite web|title=Estates Satire|work=The Norton Anthology of English Literature|url=http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/middleages/topic_1/satire.htm|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|accessdate = 25 March 2015}}
3. ^Mann, Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire.

{{cite web|title=Estates Satire|work=The Norton Anthology of English Literature|url=http://www.wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/middleages/topic_1/satire.htm|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|accessdate = 25 March 2015}}
Mann, Jill. Chaucer and Medieval Estates Satire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
{{cite web|last=Schwartz|first=Debora|title=The Three Estates|url=http://cla.calpoly.edu/~dschwart/engl430/estates.html|publisher=CPSU|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820080933/http://cla.calpoly.edu/~dschwart/engl430/estates.html|archivedate=2012-08-20|df=}}
{{ cite journal

| title=THE WICKED AGE: MIDDLE ENGLISH COMPLAINT LITERATURE IN TRANSLATION
| editor1=George W. Tuma | editor2=Dinah Hazell | journal=Medieval Forum | year=2008
| url=https://www.sfsu.edu/~medieval/complaintlit/estates_intro.html
}}

2 : Medieval literature|Satire

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