| 词条 | Euromaidan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|title=Euromaidan |partof=the Ukrainian crisis |image= File:Euromaidan collage.jpg |caption=Clockwise from top left: A large EU flag is waved across Maidan on 27 November 2013, opposition activist and popular singer Ruslana addresses the crowds on Maidan on 29 November 2013, Pro EU rally on Maidan, Euromaidan on European Square on 1 December, tree decorated with flags and posters, crowds direct hose at militsiya, plinth of the toppled Lenin statue |date={{start date|df=yes|2013|11|21}} – 23 February 2014 (Minor protests went on until 2 December 2014) |place=Ukraine, primarily Kiev (notably Maidan Nezalezhnosti) |causes= Main reason:
|goals=
|methods=Demonstrations, Internet activism, civil disobedience, civil resistance, hacktivism,[10] occupation of administrative buildings{{#tag:ref|Since 1 December 2013 Kiev's Town Hall has been occupied by Euromaidan-protesters; this forced the Kiev City Council to meet in the Solomianka Raion state administration building instead.[11]|group=nb}} |status= |result=
|side1={{flagicon|EU}} Supporters of the European integration of Ukraine
Parliamentary opposition parties:
Other parties:
Others:
|side2= Government of Ukraine
Government parties:
Others:
Political groups:
Militant groups:
|leadfigures1=Arseniy Yatsenyuk Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Petro Poroshenko Yuriy Lutsenko Oleksandr Turchynov Andriy Parubiy Andriy Sadovyi Ruslana[48][49] Tetiana Chornovol Dmytro Bulatov Dmytro Yarosh Refat Chubarov |leadfigures2=Viktor Yanukovych Mykola Azarov Serhiy Arbuzov Vitaliy Zakharchenko Oleksandr Yefremov Andriy Klyuyev Hennadiy Kernes Mikhail Dobkin Viktor Pshonka Olena Lukash Yuriy Boyko Leonid Kozhara Dmytro Tabachnyk |howmany1=Kiev: 400,000–800,000 protesters[50] 12,000 "self-defense sotnia"[51][52]Across Ukraine: 50,000 (Lviv)[57] 20,000 (Cherkasy)[58] 10,000+ (Ternopil)[53] other cities and towns |howmany2=Law enforcement in Kiev:
3,000–4,000 titushky[54] 20,000–60,000 (Kiev) 40,000 (Kharkiv)[55] 15,000 (Donetsk)[56] 10,000 (Simferopol)[57] 2,500 pro-Russia (Sevastopol)[58] |casualties1=
|casualties2=
|fatalities= |arrests= |detentions= |fined= |casualties_label= |notes= }}{{History of Ukraine}}{{Revolution sidebar}} Euromaidan ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|jʊər|ə|ˌ|m|aɪ|ˈ|d|ɑː|n|,_|ˌ|jʊər|oʊ|-}};{{refn|For Euro-, see eurocentric in: {{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editors=Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}}}{{refn|{{Dictionary.com|maidan}}}} {{lang-uk|Євромайдан}}, {{lang-ru|Евромайдан}}, {{transl|Cyrl|Yevromaidan}}, literally "Euro[pean] Square"{{refn|The term "Euromaidan" was initially used as a hashtag on Twitter.[79] A Twitter account named Euromaidan was created on the first day of the protests.[69] It soon became popular in the international media.[70] It is composed of two parts: "Euro" is short for Europe and "maidan" refers to Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square), the main square of Kiev, where the protests are centered.[71]|group=nb}}) was a wave of demonstrations and civil unrest in Ukraine, which began on the night of 21 November 2013 with public protests in Maidan Nezalezhnosti ("Independence Square") in Kiev. The protests were sparked by the Ukrainian government's decision to suspend the signing of an association agreement with the European Union, instead choosing closer ties to Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. The scope of the protests soon widened, with calls for the resignation of President Viktor Yanukovych and his government.[72] The protests were fueled by the perception of "widespread government corruption", "abuse of power", and "violation of human rights in Ukraine".[73] Transparency International named President Yanukovych as the top example of corruption in the world.[74] The situation escalated after the violent dispersal of protesters on 30 November, leading to many more protesters joining.[5] The protests led to the 2014 Ukrainian revolution. During the Euromaidan, there were protests and clashes with police throughout Ukraine, especially at the Maidan (central square) in Kiev, which was occupied and barricaded by protesters, along with some administrative buildings,[75] including Kiev City State Administration. On 8 December the crowd toppled a Lenin statue nearby. Protests and clashes increased in January, after the Ukrainian parliament passed a group of anti-protest laws. Protesters occupied government buildings in many regions of Ukraine. The protests climaxed in mid-February. Riot police advanced towards Maidan and clashed with protesters but did not fully occupy it. Police and activists fired live and rubber ammunition at multiple locations in Kiev. There was fierce fighting in Kiev on February 18–20, (see List of people killed during Euromaidan). As a result of these events, the Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine was signed on 21 February 2014 by the President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych and the leaders of the parliamentary opposition (Vitaly Klitschko, Arseny Yatsenyuk, Oleh Tyahnybok) under the mediation of the European Union and the Russian Federation. The signing was witnessed by the Foreign Ministers of Germany and Poland, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Radosław Sikorski, respectively, and the Director of the Continental Europe Department of the French Foreign Ministry, Eric Fournier.[76] Vladimir Lukin, representing Russia, refused to sign the agreement. Shortly after the agreement was signed, Yanukovych and other high government officials fled the country.[77] Protesters gained control of the presidential administration and Yanukovych's private estate. Afterwards, the parliament removed Yanukovych from office, replaced the government with Oleksandr Turchynov, and ordered that former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko be released from prison.[78] Events in Kiev were soon followed by the Crimean crisis and pro-Russian unrest in Eastern Ukraine. Despite the ousting of Yanukovych,[79] the installation of a new government, and the adoption of the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement's political provisions, the protests have sustained pressure on the government to reject Russian influence in Ukraine. OverviewThe demonstrations began on the night of 21 November 2013, when protests erupted in the capital, Kyiv, after the Ukrainian government suspended preparations for signing the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement with the European Union, to seek closer economic relations with Russia.[80] On 24 November 2013, clashes between protesters and police began. Protesters strived to break cordon. Police used tear gas and batons. Protesters also used tear gas and some fire crackers (according to the police, protesters were the first to use them).[81] After a few days of demonstrations an increasing number of university students joined the protests.[82] The Euromaidan has been characterised as an event of major political symbolism for the European Union itself, particularly as "the largest ever pro-European rally in history."[83] The protests continued despite heavy police presence,[84][85] regularly sub-freezing temperatures, and snow. Escalating violence from government forces in the early morning of 30 November caused the level of protests to rise, with 400,000–800,000 protesters, according to Russia's opposition politician Boris Nemtsov, demonstrating in Kiev on the weekends of 1 December[50] and 8 December.[86] In the preceding weeks, protest attendance had fluctuated from 50,000 to 200,000 during organised rallies.[87][88] Violent riots took place 1 December and 19 January through 25 January in response to police brutality and government repression.[89] Starting 23 January, several Western Ukrainian Oblast (province) Governor buildings and regional councils were occupied in a revolt by Euromaidan activists.[14] In the Russophone cities of Zaporizhzhya, Sumy, and Dnipropetrovsk, protesters also tried to take over their local government building, and were met with considerable force from both police and government supporters.[14] According to journalist Lecia Bushak writing in the 18 February 2014 issue of Newsweek magazine, EuroMaidan [had] grown into something far bigger than just an angry response to the fallen-through EU deal. It's now about ousting Yanukovych and his corrupt government; guiding Ukraine away from its 200-year-long, deeply intertwined and painful relationship with Russia; and standing up for basic human rights to protest, speak and think freely and to act peacefully without the threat of punishment.[90] A turning point came in late February, when enough members of the president's party fled or defected for the party to lose its majority in parliament, leaving the opposition large enough to form the necessary quorum. This allowed parliament to pass a series of laws that removed police from Kiev, cancelled anti-protest operations, restored the 2004 constitution, freed political detainees, and removed President Yanukovych from office. Yanukovych then fled to Ukraine's second largest city of Kharkiv, refusing to recognise the parliament's decisions. The parliament assigned early elections for May 2014.[91] In early 2019, a Ukrainian court found Yanukovych guilty of treason. Yanukovych was also charged with asking Vladimir Putin to send Russian troops to invade Ukraine after he had fled the country. The charges will have little real effect on Yanukovych, 68, who has lived in exile in the Russian city of Rostov since fleeing Ukraine under armed guard nearly five years ago.[92] BackgroundName historyThe term "Euromaidan" was initially used as a hashtag of Twitter.[71] A Twitter account named Euromaidan was created on the first day of the protests.[93] It soon became popular in the international media.[94] The name is composed of two parts: "Euro" is short for Europe and "maidan" refers to Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square), the large square in the downtown of Kiev, where the protests mostly took place. The word "Maidan" is a Turkish word meaning "square" or "open space" adopted by Ukrainians from the Ottoman Empire.[71] During the protests, the word "Maidan" acquired meaning as a revolution and overthrow of the government.[95] The term "Ukrainian Spring" is sometimes used, echoing the term Arab Spring.[96][97] Initial causes{{main|Ukraine–European Union relations|Russia–Ukraine relations}}On 30 March 2012 the European Union (EU) and Ukraine initiated an Association Agreement;[98] however, the EU leaders later stated that the agreement would not be ratified unless Ukraine addressed concerns over a "stark deterioration of democracy and the rule of law", including the imprisonment of Yulia Tymoshenko and Yuriy Lutsenko in 2011 and 2012.[99]{{#tag:ref|On 7 April 2013 a decree by Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych freed Yuriy Lutsenko from prison and exempted him from further punishment.[100]|group=nb}} In the months leading up to the protests Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych urged the parliament to adopt laws so that Ukraine would meet the EU's criteria.[101][102] On 25 September 2013 Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) Volodymyr Rybak stated he was sure that his parliament would pass all the laws needed to fit the EU criteria for the Association Agreement since, except for the Communist Party of Ukraine, "The Verkhovna Rada has united around these bills."[103] According to Pavlo Klimkin, one of the Ukrainian negotiators of the Association Agreement, initially "the Russians simply did not believe (the association agreement with the EU) could come true. They didn't believe in our ability to negotiate a good agreement and didn't believe in our commitment to implement a good agreement."[104] In mid-August 2013 Russia changed its customs regulations on imports from Ukraine[105] such that on 14 August 2013, the Russian Custom Service stopped all goods coming from Ukraine[106] and prompted politicians[107] and sources[108][109][110] to view the move as the start of a trade war against Ukraine to prevent Ukraine from signing a trade agreement with the European Union. Ukrainian Industrial Policy Minister Mykhailo Korolenko stated on 18 December 2013 that because of this Ukraine's exports had dropped by $1.4 billion (or a 10% year-on-year decrease through the first 10 months of the year).[105] The State Statistics Service of Ukraine reported in November 2013 that in comparison with the same months of 2012, industrial production in Ukraine in October 2013 had fallen by 4.9 percent, in September 2013 by 5.6 percent, and in August 2013 by 5.4 percent (and that the industrial production in Ukraine in 2012 total had fallen by 1.8 percent).[111] On 21 November 2013 a Ukrainian government decree suspended preparations for signing of the association agreement.[112][113] The reason given was that the previous months Ukraine had experienced "a drop in industrial production and our relations with CIS countries".[132]{{#tag:ref|On 20 December 2013 Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated that the public had not been given clear explanations by the authorities of the reason of the decree suspended preparations for signing of the association agreement.[114]|group=nb}} The government also assured "Ukraine will resume preparing the agreement when the drop in industrial production and our relations with CIS countries are compensated by the European market."[115] According to Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov "the extremely harsh conditions" of an IMF loan (presented by the IMF on 20 November 2013), which included big budget cuts and a 40% increase in gas bills, had been the last argument in favour of the Ukrainian government's decision to suspend preparations for signing the Association Agreement.[116][117] On 7 December 2013 the IMF clarified that it was not insisting on a single-stage increase in natural gas tariffs in Ukraine by 40%, but recommended that they be gradually raised to an economically justified level while compensating the poorest segments of the population for the losses from such an increase by strengthening targeted social assistance.[118] The same day IMF Resident Representative in Ukraine Jerome Vacher stated that this particular IMF loan is worth US$4 billion and that it would be linked with "policy, which would remove disproportions and stimulate growth".[119]{{#tag:ref|On 10 December President Yanukovych stated "We will certainly resume the IMF negotiations. If there are conditions that suit us, we will take that path."[139] However, Yanukovych also (once again) stated that the conditions put forward by the IMF were unacceptable "I had a conversation with U.S. Vice President Joseph Biden, who told me that the issue of the IMF loan has almost been solved, but I told him that if the conditions remained ... we did not need such loans."[120]|group=nb}} President Yanukovych attended the 28–29 November 2013 EU summit in Vilnius (where originally it was planned that the Association Agreement would be signed on 29 November 2013),[101] but the Association Agreement was not signed.[121][122] Both Yanukovych and high level EU officials signalled that they wanted to sign the Association Agreement at a later date.[123][124][125] In an interview with Lally Weymouth, Ukrainian billionaire businessman and opposition leader Petro Poroshenko said: "From the beginning, I was one of the organizers of the Maidan. My television channel—Channel 5—played a tremendously important role. ... On the 11th of December, when we had [U.S. Assistant Secretary of State] Victoria Nuland and [E.U. diplomat] Catherine Ashton in Kiev, during the night they started to storm the Maidan."[126] On 11 December 2013 the Prime Minister, Mykola Azarov, said he had asked for 20 Billion Euros (US$27) in loans and aid to offset the cost of the EU deal.[127] The EU was willing to offer 610 million euros (838 million US) in loans,[128] however Russia was willing to offer 15 billion US in loans.[128] Russia also offered Ukraine cheaper gas prices.[128] As a condition for the loans, the EU required major changes to the regulations and laws in Ukraine. Russia did not.[127] Public opinion about EuromaidanAccording to December 2013 polls (by three different pollsters) between 45% and 50% of Ukrainians supported Euromaidan, while between 42% and 50% opposed it.[153][154][129] The biggest support for the protest can be found in Kiev (about 75%) and western Ukraine (more than 80%).[153][130] Among Euromaidan protesters, 55% were from the west of the country, with 24% from central Ukraine and 21% from the east.[158] In a poll taken on 7–8 December, 73% of protesters had committed to continue protesting in Kiev as long as needed until their demands were fulfilled.[5] This number had increased to 82% as of 3 February 2014.[131] Polls also showed that the nation was divided in age: while a majority of young people were pro-EU, older generations (50 and above) more often preferred the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia.[132] More than 41% of protesters were ready to take part in the seizure of administrative buildings as of February, compared to 13 and 19 percent during polls on 10 and 20 December 2013. At the same time, more than 50 percent were ready to take part in the creation of independent military units, compared to 15 and 21 percent during the past studies, respectively.[131] According to a January poll, 45% of Ukrainians supported the protests, and 48% of Ukrainians disapproved of Euromaidan.[133] In a March poll, 57% of Ukrainians said they supported the Euromaidan protests.[134] A study conducted at Harvard University examining public opinion in regular and social media found that 74% of Russian speakers in Ukraine supported the Euromaidan movement, and a quarter opposed.[135] Public opinion about joining the EUAccording to an August 2013 study by a Donetsk company, Research & Branding Group,[136] 49% of Ukrainians supported signing the Association Agreement, while 31% opposed it and the rest had not decided yet. However, in a December poll by the same company, only 30% claimed that terms of the Association agreement would be beneficial for the Ukrainian economy, while 39% said they were unfavourable for Ukraine. In the same poll, only 30% said the opposition would be able to stabilise the society and govern the country well, if coming to power, while 37% disagreed.[137] Authors of the GfK Ukraine poll conducted 2–15 October 2013 claim that 45% of respondents believed Ukraine should sign an Association Agreement with the EU, whereas only 14% favoured joining the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia, and 15% preferred non-alignment. Full text of the EU-related question asked by GfK reads, "Should Ukraine sign the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, and, in the future, become an EU member?"[168][138] Another poll conducted in November by IFAK Ukraine for DW-Trend showed 58% of Ukrainians supporting the country's entry into the European Union.[139] On the other hand, a November 2013 poll by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology showed 39% supporting the country's entry into the European Union and 37% supporting Ukraine's accession to the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.[140] In December 2013, then Prime Minister of Ukraine Mykola Azarov refuted the pro-EU poll numbers claiming that many polls posed questions about Ukraine joining the EU, and that Ukraine had never been invited to join the Union, but only to sign the Association Agreement.[141][142] Comparison with the Orange RevolutionThe pro-European Union protests are Ukraine's largest since the Orange Revolution of 2004, which saw Yanukovych forced to resign as prime minister over allegations of voting irregularities. Although comparing the 2013 events in the same East-West vector as 2004, with Ukraine remaining "a key geopolitical prize in eastern Europe" for Russia and the EU, The Moscow Times noted that Yanukovych's government was in a significantly stronger position following his election in 2010.[143] The Financial Times said the 2013 protests were "largely spontaneous, sparked by social media, and have caught Ukraine's political opposition unprepared" compared to their well-organised predecessors.[144] The hashtag #euromaidan (Ukrainian #євромайдан, Russian #евромайдан), emerged immediately on the first meeting of the protests and was highly useful as a communication instrument for protesters.[145] Vitali Klitschko wrote in a tweet[146] "Friends! All those who came to Maydan [Independence Square], well done! Who has not done it yet – join us now!" The protest hashtag also gained traction on the VKontakte social media network, and Klitschko tweeted a link to a speech[147] he made on the square saying that once the protest was 100,000-strong, "we'll go for Yanukovych" – referring to President Viktor Yanukovych.[145] In an interview, opposition leader Yuriy Lutsenko, when asked if the current opposition was weaker than it was in 2004, argued that the opposition was stronger because the stakes were higher, "I asked each [of the opposition leaders]: 'Do you realise that this is not a protest? It is a revolution [...] we have two roads – we go to prison or we win.'"[148] Paul Robert Magocsi illustrated the effect of the Orange Revolution on Euromaidan, saying, Was the Orange Revolution a genuine revolution? Yes it was. And we see the effects today. The revolution wasn't a revolution of the streets or a revolution of (political) elections; it was a revolution of the minds of people, in the sense that for the first time in a long time, Ukrainians and people living in territorial Ukraine saw the opportunity to protest and change their situation. This was a profound change in the character of the population of the former Soviet Union.[149] Lviv-based historian Yaroslav Hrytsak also remarked on the generational shift, This is a revolution of the generation that we call the contemporaries of Ukraine's independence (who were born around the time of 1991); it is more similar to the Occupy Wall Street protests or those in Istanbul demonstrations (of this year). It's a revolution of young people who are very educated, people who are active in social media, who are mobile and 90 percent of whom have university degrees, but who don't have futures.[84] According to Hrytsak: "Young Ukrainians resemble young Italians, Czech, Poles, or Germans more than they resemble Ukrainians who are 50 and older. This generation has a stronger desire for European integration and fewer regional divides than their seniors."[150] In a Kyiv International Institute of Sociology poll taken in September, joining the European Union was mostly supported by young Ukrainians (69.8% of those aged 18 to 29), higher than the national average of 43.2% support.[151][152] A November 2013 poll by the same institute found the same result with 70.8% aged 18 to 29 wanting to join the European Union while 39.7% was the national average of support.[151] An opinion poll by GfK conducted 2–15 October found that among respondents aged 16–29 with a position on integration, 73% favoured signing an Association Agreement with the EU, while only 45% of those over the age of 45 favoured Association. The lowest support for European integration was among people with incomplete secondary and higher education.[153] Escalation to violenceThe movement started peacefully but later protesters felt justified in using violence after the government's crackdown on protesters which happened during the night of 30 November 2013. The Associated Press said on 19 February: {{quote|The latest bout of street violence began Tuesday when protesters attacked police lines and set fires outside parliament, accusing Yanukovych of ignoring their demands to enact constitutional reforms that would limit the president's power—a key opposition demand. Parliament, dominated by his supporters, was stalling on taking up a constitutional reform to limit presidential powers.Police responded by attacking the protest camp. Armed with water cannons, stun grenades and rubber bullets, police dismantled some barricades. But the protesters held their ground through the night, encircling the protest camp with new burning barricades of tires, furniture and debris.[154]}} In the early stages of Euromaidan, there was discussion about whether the Euromaidan movement constituted a revolution - or a staged 'Colour Revolution' by outside forces. At the time many protest leaders (such as Oleh Tyahnybok) had already used this term frequently when addressing the public. Tyahnybok called in an official 2 December press release for police officers and members of the military to defect to 'the Ukrainian revolution'.[155] In a Skype interview with media analyst Andrij Holovatyj, Vitaly Portnikov, Council Member of the "Maidan" National Alliance and President and Editor-in-Chief of the Ukrainian television channel TVi, stated "EuroMaidan is a revolution and revolutions can drag on for years" and that "what is happening in Ukraine goes much deeper. It is changing the national fabric of Ukraine."[156] Media outlets in the region dubbed the movement, Eurorevolution[157] ({{lang-ua|Єврореволюція}}). On 10 December Yanukovych said "Calls for a revolution pose a threat to national security."[158] Former Georgian president Mikhail Saakashvili has described the movement as "the first geopolitical revolution of the 21st century".[159] Political expert Anders Åslund commented on this aspect: Revolutionary times have their own logic that is very different from the logic of ordinary politics, as writers from Alexis de Tocqueville to Crane Brinton have taught. The first thing to understand about Ukraine today is that it has entered a revolutionary stage. Like it or not, we had better deal with the new environment rationally.[160] DemandsOn 29 November, a formal resolution by protest organisers proposed the following:[84]
The resolution stated that on 1 December, on the 22nd anniversary of Ukraine's independence referendum, that the group will gather at noon on Independence Square to announce their further course of action.[84] After the forced police dispersal of all protesters from Maidan Nezalezhnosti on the night of 30 November, the dismissal of Minister of Internal Affairs Vitaliy Zakharchenko became one of the protesters' main demands.[161] A petition to the US White House demanding sanctions against Viktor Yanukovych and Ukrainian government ministers gathered over 100,000 signatures in four days.[162][163][164][165] Ukrainian students nationwide have also demanded the dismissal of Minister of Education Dmytro Tabachnyk. On 5 December Batkivshchyna faction leader Arseniy Yatsenyuk stated, Our three demands to the Verkhovna Rada and the president remained unchanged: the resignation of the government; the release of all political prisoners, first and foremost; [the release of former Ukrainian Prime Minister] Yulia Tymoshenko; and [the release of] nine individuals [who were illegally convicted after being present at a rally on Bankova Street on December 1]; the suspension of all criminal cases; and the arrest of all Berkut officers who were involved in the illegal beating up of children on Maidan Nezalezhnosti.[166] The opposition also demanded that the government resumed negotiations with the IMF for a loan that they saw as key to helping Ukraine "through economic troubles that have made Yanukovych lean toward Russia".[167] Timeline of the events{{multiple image| align = right | image1 = Euromaidan 2013 Mstyslav Chernov-14.jpg | width1 = 185 | caption1 = Euromaidan-protestors on 27 November 2013, Kyiv, Ukraine | alt1 = Euromaidan-protestors on 27 November 2013, Kyiv, Ukraine | image2 = Riot police (Bekrut), defending the Kiev city council building, and protesters clash at Bankova str, Kiev, Ukraine. December 1, 2013-2.jpg | width2 = 185 | caption2 = Bulldozer clashes with Internal Troops on Bankova Street, 1 December 2013 | alt2 = Bulldozer clashes with Internal Troops on Bankova Street, 1 December 2013 }}{{Main|Timeline of the Euromaidan}} The Euromaidan protest movement began late at night on 21 November 2013, as a peaceful protest.[204] Riots in KievOn 30 November 2013, the protests were dispersed violently by the Berkut riot police units, sparking riots the following day in Kiev[168]. On 1 December 2013, protesters reoccupied the square and through December further clashes with the authorities and political ultimatums by the opposition ensued. This culminated in a series of anti-protest laws by the government on 16 January 2014, and further rioting on Hrushevskoho Street. Early February 2014 saw a bombing of the Trade Unions Building,[169] as well as the formation of "Self Defense" teams by protesters.[170] 1 December 2013 riots{{main|1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots}}11 December 2013 assault{{multiple image| align = right | image1 = Conquest of the Ministry of Justice, Euromaidan, January 27, 2014.jpg | width1 = 185 | caption1 = Protesters surround the Ministry of Justice, Kiev, 27 January 2014 | alt1 = Protesters surround the Ministry of Justice, Kiev, 27 January 2014 | image2 = | width2 = 185 | caption2 = Burning Berkut riot police officer on 20 January 2014 | alt2 = Burning Berkut on 20 January 2014 }}{{main|11 December 2013 Euromaidan assault}} 2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots{{main|2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots}}On 19 January, a Sunday mass protest, the ninth in a row, took place gathering up to 200,000 in central Kiev to protest against the new anti-protest laws, dubbed the Dictatorship laws. Many protesters ignored the face concealment ban by wearing party masks, hard hats and gas masks. Opposition leader Vitali Klitschko appeared covered with powder after he was sprayed with a fire extinguisher. Riot police and government supporters cornered a group of people who were trying to seize government buildings. The number of riot police on Hrushevskoho Street increased after buses and army trucks showed up. The latter resulted in the buses being burned as a barricade. The next day, a clean-up began in Kiev. On 22 January, more violence erupted in Kiev. This resulted in 8-9 people dead. 2014 Ukrainian revolution{{main|2014 Ukrainian revolution|Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine}}After a series of violent events towards protesters in Kiev leaving 100 of them dead[171] President Yanukovych signed the Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine. The next day he fled the country and was removed from office by the Rada on 22 February 2014.[172][173][174] Protests across Ukraine
A 24 November protest in Ivano-Frankivsk saw several thousand protestors gather at the regional administration building.[205] No classes were held in the universities of western Ukrainian cities such as Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk and Uzhhorod.[206] Protests also took place in other large Ukrainian cities: Kharkiv, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Luhansk, Lviv, and Uzhhorod. The rally in Lviv in support of the integration of Ukraine into the EU was initiated by the students of local universities. This rally saw 25–30 thousand protesters gather on Prospect Svobody (Freedom Avenue) in Lviv. The organisers planned to continue this rally 'till the 3rd Eastern Partnership summit in Vilnius, Lithuania, on 28–29 November 2013.[207] A rally in Simferopol, which drew around 300, saw nationalists and Crimean Tatars unite to support European integration; the protesters sang both the Ukrainian national anthem and the anthem of the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen.[208] 7 people were injured after a tent encampment in Dnipropetrovsk was ordered cleared by court order on 25 November and it appeared that thugs had undertaken to perform the clearance.[209][210] Officials estimated the number of attackers to be 10–15,[211] and police did not intervene in the attacks.[212] Similarly, police in Odessa ignored calls to stop the demolition of Euromaidan camps in the city by a group of 30, and instead removed all parties from the premises.[213] 50 police officers and men in plain clothes also drove out a Euromaidan protest in Chernihiv the same day.[214] On 25 November, in Odessa, 120 police raided and destroyed a tent encampment made by protesters at 5:20 in the morning. The police detained three of the protesters, including the leader of the Odessa branch of Democratic Alliance, Alexei Chorny. All three were beaten in the police vehicle and then taken to the Portofrankovsk Police Station without their arrival being recorded. The move came after the District Administrative Court hours earlier issued a ban restricting citizens' right to peaceful assembly until New Year. The court ruling places a blanket ban on all demonstrations, the use of tents, sound equipment and vehicles until the end of the year.[215] On 26 November, a rally of 50 was held in Donetsk.[216] On 28 November, a rally was held in Yalta; university faculty who attended were pressured to resign by university officials.[217] On 29 November, Lviv protesters numbered some 20,000.[218] Like in Kiev, they locked hands in a human chain, symbolically linking Ukraine to the European Union (organisers claimed that some 100 people even crossed the Ukrainian-Polish border to extend the chain to the European Union).[218][219] On 1 December, the largest rally outside of Kiev took place in Lviv by the statue of Taras Shevchenko, where over 50,000 protesters attended. Mayor Andriy Sadovy, council chairman Peter Kolody, and prominent public figures and politicians were in attendance.[220] An estimated 300 rallied in the eastern city of Donetsk demanding that President Viktor Yanukovych and the government of Prime Minister Mykola Azarov resign.[221] Meanwhile, in Kharkiv, thousands rallied with writer Serhiy Zhadan, during a speech, calling for revolution. The protest was peaceful.[222][223][224] Protesters claimed at least 4,000 attended,[225] with other sources saying 2,000.[226] In Dnipropetrovsk, 1,000 gathered to protest the EU agreement suspension, show solidarity with those in Kiev, and demand the resignation of local and metropolitan officials. They later marched, shouting "Ukraine is Europe" and "Revolution".[227] EuroMaidan protests were also held in Simferopol (where 150–200 attended),[228] and Odessa.[229] On 2 December, in an act of solidarity, Lviv Oblast declared a general strike to mobilise support for protests in Kiev,[230] which was followed by the formal order of a general strike by the cities of Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk.[231] In Dnipropetrovsk on 3 December, a group of 300 protested in favour of European integration and demanded the resignation of local authorities, heads of local police units, and the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU).[232] On 7 December it was reported that police were prohibiting those from Ternopil and Ivano-Frankivsk from driving to Kiev.[233] Protests on 8 December saw record turnout in many Ukrainian cities, including several in eastern Ukraine. On the evening, the fall of the monument to Lenin in Kiev took place.[234] The statue made out of stone was completely hacked to pieces by jubilant demonstrators. On 9 December, a statue of Vladimir Lenin was destroyed in the town of Kotovsk in Odessa Oblast.[235] In Ternopil, Euromaidan organisers were prosecuted by authorities.[236] The removal or destruction of Lenin monuments and statues gained particular momentum after the destruction of the Kyiv Lenin statue. Under the motto "Ленінопад" (Leninopad, translated into English as "Leninfall"), activists pulled down a dozen monuments in the Kyiv region, Zhytomyr, Chmelnitcki, and elsewhere, or damaged them during the course of the EuroMaidan protests into spring of 2014.[237] In other cities and towns, monuments were removed by organised heavy equipment and transported to scrapyards or dumps.[238] On 14 December, Euromaidan supporters in Kharkiv voiced their disapproval of authorities fencing off Freedom Square from the public by covering the metal fence in placards.[239] They have since 5 December been the victims of theft and arson.[240] A Euromaidan activist in Kharkiv was attacked by two men and stabbed twelve times. The assailants were unknown but activists told the Kharkiv-based civic organisation Maidan that they believe the city's mayor, Gennady Kernes, to be behind the attack.[241] On 22 December, 2,000 rallied in Dnipropetrovsk.[242] In late December, 500 marched in Donetsk. Due to the regime's hegemony in the city, foreign commentators have suggested that, "For 500 marchers to assemble in Donetsk is the equivalent of 50,000 in Lviv or 500,000 in Kiev."[243] On 5 January, marches in support of Euromaidan were held in Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, and Kharkiv; the latter three drawing several hundred and Donetsk only 100.[244] On 11 January 150 activists met in Kharkiv for a general forum on uniting the nationwide Euromaidan efforts. A church where some were meeting was stormed by over a dozen thugs, and others attacked meetings in a book store; smashing windows and deploying tear gas to stop the Maidan meetings from taking place.[245] On 22 January in Donetsk, two simultaneous rallies were held – one pro-Euromaidan and one pro-government. The pro-government rally attracted 600 attendees to about 100 from the Euromaidan side. Police reports claimed 5,000 attended to support the government, to only 60 from Euromaidan. In addition, approximately 150 titushky appeared and encircled the Euromaidan protesters with megaphones and began a conflict, burning wreaths and Svoboda Party flags, and shouted "down with fascists!", but were separated by police.[246] Meanwhile, Donetsk City Council pleaded with the government to take tougher measures against Euromaidan protesters in Kiev.[247] Reports indicated a media blackout took place in Donetsk.[248] In Lviv on 22 January, amid the police shootings of protesters in the capital, military barracks were surrounded by protesters. Many of the protesters included mothers whose sons are serving in the military, and pleaded with them not to deploy to Kiev.[249] In Vinnytsia on 22 January thousands protesters blocked the main street of the city and the traffic. Also, they brought "democracy in coffin" to the city hall, as a present to Yanukovych.[250] 23 January Odessa city council member and Euromaidan activist Oleksandr Ostapenko's car was bombed.[251]The Mayor of Sumy threw his support behind the Euromaidan movement on 24 January, laying blame for the civil disorder in Kiev on the Party of Regions and Communists.[252] The Crimean parliament repeatedly stated that because of the events in Kiev it was ready to join autonomous Crimea to Russia. On 27 February armed men seized the Crimean parliament and raised the Russian flag.[253] 27 February was latter declared a day of celebration for the Russian Spetsnaz special forces by Vladimir Putin by presidential decree.[254] In the beginning of March, thousands of Crimean Tatars in support of Euromaidan clashed with pro-Russian protesters in Simferopol. On 4 March 2014, a mass pro-Euromaidan rally was held in Donetsk for the first time. About 2,000 people were there. Donetsk is a major city in the far east of Ukraine and serves as Yanukovych's stronghold and the base of his supporters. On 5 March 2014, 7,000-10,000 people rallied in support of Euromaidan in the same place.[255] After a leader declared the rally over, a fight broke out between pro-Euromaidan and 2,000 pro-Russian protesters.[255][256] Occupation of administrative buildings{{main|2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations}}Starting on 23 January, several Western Ukrainian Oblast (province) Governor buildings and regional councils (RSA's{{#tag:ref|RSA stands for Regional State Administration.|group=nb}}) were occupied by Euromaidan activists.[14] Several RSA's of the occupied oblasts then decided to ban the activities and symbols of the Communist Party of Ukraine and Party of Regions in their oblast.[257] In the cities Zaporizhzhya, Dnipropetrovsk and Odessa protesters also tried to take over their local RSA.[258] Protests outside Ukraine{{see also|International reactions to the Euromaidan#Solidarity demonstrations and protests}}Smaller protests or Euromaidans have been held internationally, primarily among the larger Ukrainian diaspora populations in North America and Europe. The largest took place on 8 December in New York, with over 1,000 attending. Notably, in December 2013, Warsaw's Palace of Culture and Science,[259] Buffalo Electric Vehicle Company Tower in Buffalo,[260] Cira Centre in Philadelphia,[261] the Tbilisi City Hall in Georgia,[262] and Niagara Falls on the US/Canada border[263] were illuminated in blue and yellow as a symbol of solidarity with Ukraine. Antimaidan and pro-government rallies{{main|Antimaidan}}Pro-government rallies during Euromaidan have largely been credited as funded by the government. Several news outlets have investigated the claims to confirm that by and large, attendees at pro-government rallies do so for financial compensation and not for political reasons, and are not an organic response to the Euromaidan. "People stand at Euromaidan protesting against the violation of human rights in the state, and they are ready to make sacrifices," said Oleksiy Haran, a political scientist at Kyiv Mohyla Academy in Kiev. "People at Antimaidan stand for money only. The government uses these hirelings to provoke resistance. They won't be sacrificing anything."[264] Euromaidan groupsAutomaidan{{main|Automaidan}}Automaidan[265] was a movement within the Euromaidan, that sought the resignation of the Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych. It was made up mainly of drivers who would protect the protest camps and blockade streets. It organised a car procession on 29 December 2013 to the president's residence in Mezhyhirya to voice their protests at his refusal to sign the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement in December 2013. The motorcade was stopped a couple of hundred metres short of his residence. Automaidan was the repeated target of violent attacks by government forces and supporters. Self-defence groups{{Update section|date=July 2015}}On 30 November 2013, the day after the dispersion of Euromaidan, Euromaidan organisers, aided by groups such as Svoboda, created "Self-defence of the Maidan" – their own police force for protecting protesters from police and providing security within the city.[266][267] Head of Self-defence is Andriy Parubiy.[268] The groups are divided up into sotnias, or 'hundreds', which have been described as a "force that is providing the tip of the spear in the violent showdown with government security forces". The sotni take their name from a traditional form of Cossacks cavalry formation, and were also used in the Ukrainian People's Army, Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Ukrainian National Army etc.[269] Along with Mr. Parubiy's force, there are some "independent" divisions of enforcers (some of them are also referred to as sotnias and even self-defence), like the security of the Trade Unions Building until 2 January 2014,[270] Narnia and Vikings from Kiev City State Administration,[271] Volodymr Parasyuk's sotnia from Conservatory building,[272][273] etc. Mr. Parubiy officially asked such divisions to not call themselves Self-defence.[274] Pravy Sektor coordinates its actions with Self-defence and is formally a 23-rd sotnia,[275] although already had hundreds of members at the time of registering as a sotnia. Second sotnia (staffed by Svoboda's members) tends to dissociate itself from "sotnias of self-defence of Maidan".[276]CasualtiesDeaths{{main|List of people killed during Euromaidan}}The first of major casualties occurred on the Day of Unity of Ukraine, 22 January 2014. Four people permanently lost their vision,[277] and one man died by falling from a colonnade. The circumstances of his death are unclear. At least five more people were confirmed dead during the clashes on 22 January,[278] four people perished from gunshot wounds.[278] Medics confirmed bullet wounds to be from firearms such as a Dragunov sniper rifle (7.62mm) and possibly a Makarov handgun (9mm) in the deaths of Nihoyan and Zhyznevskyi.[279][280] There are photos of Berkut utilising shotguns (such as the RPC Fort), and reporters verified the presence of shotgun casings littering the ground.[281] Ukrainian Prosecutor General's Office confirmed two deaths from gunshot wounds in Kyiv protests.[282] "We are pursuing several lines of inquiry into these murders, including [that they may have been committed] by Berkut (special police unit) officers, Vitali Sakal, first deputy chief of the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's Main Investigative Directorate told a press conference in Kyiv on Friday...It was established that the weapons and cartridges that were used to commit these killings are hunting cartridges. Such is the conclusion of forensic experts. Most likely, it was a smoothbore firearm. I want to stress that the cartridges which were used to commit the murders were not used by, and are not in use of, the police. They have no such cartridges," said first deputy chief of the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's Main Investigative Directorate. The MVS has not ruled out that Berkut officers committed the killings.[283] On 31 January it was discovered that 26 unidentified, unclaimed bodies remained in the Kiev central morgue; 14 of which were from January alone.[284][285] Journalists revealed that a mass burial was planned on 4 February 2014.[284] The Kiev city administration followed on the announcement with its own statement informing that there are 14 such bodies; 5 from January.[286] On 18 and 19 February, at least 26 people were killed in clashes with police,[287] moreover, a self-defense soldier from Maidan was found dead. Journalist Vyacheslav Veremiy was murdered by pro-government Titushky and shot in the chest when they attacked his taxi. It was announced that an additional 40–50 people died in the fire that engulfed the Trade Union building after police attempted to seize it the night before.[288]{{Unreliable source?||date=February 2014}} On 20 February, gunfire killed 60 people, according to an opposition medical service.[289] In total, more than 100 people were killed and 2,500 injured in clashes with security forces. The death toll included at least 13 police officers, according to Ukrainian authorities.[290] Investigation into shooters/snipersHrushevskoho Street riot shootingsDuring the 2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots of 22–25 January, 3 protesters were killed by firearms. Oleh Tatarov, deputy chief of the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's Main Investigative Directorate under Yanukovych, claimed in January that "[t]he theory we are looking at is the killing was by unidentified persons. This is an official theory, and the unidentified persons could be various people, a whole host of them… It could have been motivated by disruptive behavior, or with the aim of provocation." He then claimed the cartridges and weapons used in the shootings were not police issue.[283] Forensics experts found that protesters were killed with both buckshot and rifle bullets,[291] while medics confirmed the bullet wounds to be from firearms such as the Dragunov sniper rifle (7.62×54mmR) and possibly 9×18mm Makarov cartridges.[292] A report published on 25 January by Armament Research Services, a speciality arms and munitions consultancy in Perth, Australia, stated that the mysterious cufflink-shaped projectiles presumably fired by riot police on Hrushevskoho Street at protesters during clashes were not meant for riot control, but for stopping vehicles, busting through doors and piercing armour. The bullets were reported to be special armour-piercing 12-gauge shotgun projectiles, likely developed and produced by the Spetstekhnika (Specialized Equipment) design bureau, a facility located in Kiev and associated with the Ministry of Internal Affairs.[293] On 31 January 2014, Vitali Sakal, first deputy chief of the Ukrainian Interior Ministry's Main Investigative Directorate told a press conference that "[w]e are pursuing several lines of inquiry into these murders, including [that they may have been committed] by Berkut (special police unit) officers."[283] On 31 January 2014 during a live broadcast on television channel "Rossiya", the far-right Russian politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky expressed threats towards the protesting events in Kiev stating the following: {{quote|Today our client in Kiev, the honored Viktor Federovych Yanukovych, he will show you the heat when the Olympiad ends. You will know what is Yanukovych. Right now he got sick just in case, but later it will be announced, "Spare no bullets!" And we will give bullets, instead of money we will give bullets.|author=Vladimir Zhirinovsky|source="Rossiya". 31 January 2014.[294] }}On 10 October 2014 Reuters published a report about their examination of Ukraine's probes into the Maidan shootings.[295] They have uncovered "serious flaws" in the case against Berkut (special police force) officers arrested by the new Ukrainian government and charged with murder of 39 unarmed protesters.[296] For example, as Reuters' own investigation found out, the senior among arrested officers was missing right hand after an accident 6 years ago. This dismissed main evidence presented by prosecutor, a photograph of a man holding his rifle with both hands. Other "flaws" according to Reuters included the fact that no one was charged with killing policemen and that the prosecutors and the minister in charge of the investigation all took part in the uprising. For example, the General Prosecutor of Ukraine Vitaly Yarema is known for hitting a traffic policeman in the face during the protests,[297] which he denied,[298] but a video of the incident appeared later and confirmed his involvement in the attack.[299] Snipers deployed during the climax of the protestsFollowing the revolution of 18–23 February that saw over 100 killed in gunfire, the government's new health minister, Oleh Musiy, a doctor who helped oversee medical treatment for casualties during the protests, suggested to The Associated Press that the similarity of bullet wounds suffered by opposition victims and police indicates the shooters were trying to stoke tensions on both sides and spark even greater violence, with the goal of toppling Yanukovych and justifying a Russian invasion. "I think it wasn't just a part of the old regime that (plotted the provocation), but it was also the work of Russian special forces who served and maintained the ideology of the (old) regime," he said, citing forensic evidence.[300] Hennadiy Moskal, a former deputy head of Ukraine's main security agency, the SBU, and of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, suggested in an interview published in the Ukrainian newspaper Dzerkalo Tizhnya that snipers from the MIA and SBU were responsible for the shootings, not foreign agents, acting on contingency plans dating back to Soviet times, stating: "Snipers received orders to shoot not only protesters, but also police forces. This was all done to escalate the conflict, to justify the police operation to clear Maidan."[301][302] The IBTimes reported that a telephone call between Estonian foreign minister Urmas Paet and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton had been intercepted in which Paet stated that a doctor named Olga stated that victims from both sides were shot by the same snipers and that Olga had photos of the shooting victims with the same "handwriting." Paet said he found it "really disturbing that now the new coalition [doesn't] want to investigate what exactly happened," and that "there is a stronger and stronger understanding that behind snipers it was not Yanukovych, it was somebody from the new coalition."[303] However, Paet later denied that he implicated the opposition in anything as he was merely relaying rumours he had heard without giving any assessment of their veracity, while acknowledging that the phone call was genuine.[304] A spokesperson for the US state department described the leaking of the call as an example of "Russian tradecraft".[305] Olga Bogomolets, the doctor, who allegedly claimed that protesters and Berkut troops came under fire from the same source, said she had not told Paet that policemen and protesters had been killed in the same manner, that she did not imply that the opposition was implicated in the killings, and that the government informed her that an investigation had been started.[306] A German TV investigation met one of the few doctors that treated the wounded of both sides. "The wounded that we treated, all had the same type of bullet wounds. The bullets were all identical. That's all I can say. In the bodies of the wounded militia, and the opposition." Lawyers representing relatives of the dead complained: "We haven't been informed of the type of weapons, we have no access to the official reports, and to the operation schedules. We have no documents to the investigation, state prosecutors won't show us any papers."[307]On 12 March 2014, Interior Minister Avakov has stated that the conflict was provoked by a 'non-Ukrainian' third party, and that an investigation was ongoing.[308] On 21 March 2014, Oleh Makhnitsky, Ukraine Parliamentary Commissioner for the supervision of the General Prosecutor of Ukraine and a member of the right-wing Svoboda party, stated that the government had identified the snipers shooting at the demonstrators in Kiev as "Ukrainian citizens," but did not release their names.[309] On 31 March 2014, the Daily Beast published photos and videos which appear to show that the snipers were members of the Ukrainian Security Services (SBU) "anti-terrorist" Alfa Team unit, who had been trained in Russia. The media suggested that it was not the Ukrainian riot police which fired on the protesters as previously believed, although the members of Alfa Team are Ukrainian citizens.[310][311] On 2 April, law enforcement authorities announced in a press conference they had detained nine suspects in the 18–20 February shootings of Euromaidan activists, acting Prosecutor General of Ukraine Oleh Makhnytsky reported. Among the detainees was the leader of the sniper squad. All of the detained are officers of the Kiev City Berkut unit, and verified the involvement of the SBU's Alfa Group in the shootings. Officials also reported that they plan to detain additional suspects in the Maidan shootings in the near future, and stressed that the investigation is ongoing, but hindered by the outgoing regime's destruction of all documents and evidence. Ukraine's Ministry of Internal Affairs confirmed that Viktor Yanukovych gave the order to fire on protesters on 20 February.[312][313] During the press conference, Ukraine's interior minister, chief prosecutor and top security chief implicated more than 30 Russian FSB agents in the crackdown on protesters, who in addition to taking part in the planning, flew large quantities of explosives into an airport near Kiev. Valentyn Nalyvaichenko, the interim head of Ukraine's SBU state security agency, said the agents were stationed in Kiev during the entire Euromaidan protests, were provided with "state telecommunications" while residing at an SBU compound, and in regular contact with Ukrainian security officials. "We have substantiated grounds to consider that these very groups which were located at an SBU training ground took part in the planning and execution of activities of this so-called antiterrorist operation," said Nalyvaichenko. Investigators, he said, had established that Yanukovych's SBU chief Oleksandr Yakymenko, who had fled the country, had received reports from FSB agents while they were stationed in Ukraine, and that Yakymenko held several briefings with the agents. Russia's Federal Security Bureau rejected the comments as "groundless accusations" and otherwise refused to comment.[314] In 2015 BBC published a story based on an interview with an anonymous sniper who said he was firing at anti-riot police from Conservatory (music academy) building on the morning of 20 January 2014. The sniper said he was recruited by a "former military" claiming to be working for Euromaidan leadership. These morning shots are said to have provoked return fire from police snipers that resulted in many deaths. Andriy Shevchenko from Euromaidan leadership said he received calls from anti-riot police command reporting that his people are being shot by sniper bullets from the areas controlled by the protesters. Another Euromaidan leader, Andriy Parubiy, said his team searched the Conservatory and found no snipers. He confirmed that many victims on both sides were shot by snipers, but they were shooting from other, taller buildings surrounding the Conservatory and was convinced they were snipers controlled by Russia.[315] Press and medics injured by police attacks{{see also|1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots|2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots}}A number of attacks by law enforcement agents on members of the media and medical personnel have been reported. Some 40 journalists were injured during the staged assault at Bankova Street on 1 December 2013. At least 42 more journalists were victims of police attacks at Hrushevskoho Street on 22 January 2014.[316] On 22 January 2014, Television News Service (TSN) reported that journalists started to remove their identifying uniform (vests and helmets), as they were being targeted, sometimes on purpose, sometimes accidentally.[317] Since 21 November 2013, a total of 136 journalists have been injured.[318]
ImpactKnown impact to date includes the following: Support for Euromaidan in UkraineAccording to a 4 to 9 December 2013 study[332] by Research & Branding Group 49% of all Ukrainians supported Euromaidan and 45% had the opposite opinion. It was mostly supported in Western (84%) and Central Ukraine (66%). A third (33%) of residents of South Ukraine and 13% of residents of Eastern Ukraine supported Euromaidan as well. The percentage of people who do not support the protesters was 81%in East Ukraine, 60% in South Ukraine{{#tag:ref|According to the Financial Times, people in East Ukraine and South Ukraine "tend to be more politically passive than their western counterparts. Locals say they still feel part of Ukraine and have no desire to reunite with Russia – nor are they likely to engage in conflict with the west".[333]|group=nb}}, in Central Ukraine 27% and in Western Ukraine 11%. Polls have shown that two-thirds of Kievans support the ongoing protests.[130] A poll conducted by the Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Fund and Razumkov Center, between 20 and 24 December, showed that over 50% of Ukrainians supported the Euromaidan protests, while 42% opposed it.[129] Another Research & Branding Group survey (conducted from 23 to 27 December) showed that 45% of Ukrainians supported Euromaidan, while 50% did not.[334] 43% Of those polled thought that Euromaidan's consequences "sooner could be negative", while 31% of the respondents thought the opposite; 17% believed that Euromaidan would bring no negative consequences.[334] An Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation survey of protesters conducted 7 and 8 December 2013 found that 92% of those who came to Kiev from across Ukraine came on their own initiative, 6.3% was organised by a public movement, and 1.8% were organised by a party.[5][335] 70% Said they came to protest the police brutality of 30 November, and 54% to protest in support of the European Union Association Agreement signing. Among their demands, 82% wanted detained protesters freed, 80% wanted the government to resign, and 75% want president Yanukovych to resign and for snap elections.[5][336] The poll showed that 49.8% of the protesters are residents of Kiev and 50.2% came from elsewhere in Ukraine. 38% Of the protesters are aged between 15 and 29, 49% are aged between 30 and 54, and 13% are 55 or older. A total of 57.2% of the protesters are men.[5][335] In the eastern regions of Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv, 29% of the population believe "In certain circumstances, an authoritarian regime may be preferable to a democratic one."[337][338] According to polls, 11% of the Ukrainian population has participated in the Euromaidan demonstrations, and another 9% has supported the demonstrators with donations.[339] Public opinion about Association AgreementAccording to a 4 to 9 December 2013 study[332] by Research & Branding Group 46% of Ukrainians supported the integration of the country into EU, and 36% into the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia. Most support for EU integration could be found in West (81%) and in Central (56%) Ukraine; 30% of residents of South Ukraine and 18% of residents of Eastern Ukraine supported the integration with EU as well. Integration with the Customs Union was supported by 61% of East Ukraine and 54% of South Ukraine and also by 22% of Central and 7% of Western Ukraine. According to a 7 to 17 December 2013 poll by the Sociological group "RATING", 49.1% of respondents would vote for Ukraine's accession to the European Union in a referendum, and 29.6% would vote against the motion.[398] Meanwhile, 32.5% of respondents would vote for Ukraine's accession to the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia, and 41.9% would vote against.[340] Political impactDuring the annual World Economic Forum meeting at the end of January 2014 in Davos (Switzerland) Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov received no invitations to the main events; according to the Financial Times's Gideon Rachman because the Ukrainian government was blamed for the violence of the 2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots.[341] A telephone call was leaked of US diplomat Victoria Nuland speaking to the US Ambassador to Ukraine, Geoffrey Pyatt about the future of the country, in which she said that Klitschko should not be in the future government, and expressed her preference for Arseniy Yatsenyuk, who became interim Prime Minister. She also casually stated "fuck the EU."[342][343] German chancellor Angela Merkel said she deemed Nuland's comment "completely unacceptable".[344] Commenting on the situation afterwards, State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki said that Nuland had apologised to her EU counterparts[345] while White House spokesman Jay Carney alleged that because it had been "tweeted out by the Russian government, it says something about Russia's role".[346]In February 2014 IBTimes reported, "if Svoboda and other far-right groups gain greater exposure through their involvement in the protests, there are fears they could gain more sympathy and support from a public grown weary of political corruption and Russian influence on Ukraine."[347] In the following late October 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election Svoboda lost 31 seats of the 37 seats it had won in the 2012 parliamentary election.[348][349] The other main far-right party Right Sector won 1 seat (of the 450 seats in the Ukrainian parliament) in the same 2014 election.[348] From 27 February 2014 till 12 November 2014 three members of Svoboda did hold positions in Ukraine's government.[350] On 21 February, after negotiations between the president Yanukovych and representatives of opposition with mediation of representatives of the European Union and Russia, the agreement "About settlement of political crisis in Ukraine" was signed. The agreement provided return to the constitution of 2004, that is to a parliamentary presidential government, carrying out early elections of the president until the end of 2014 and formation of "the government of national trust".[351] The Verkhovna Rada adopted the law on release of all detainees during protest actions. Divisions of "Golden eagle" and internal troops left the center of Kiev. On 21 February, at the public announcement leaders of parliamentary opposition of conditions of the signed Agreement, representatives of "Right Sector" declared that they don't accept the gradualness of political reforms stipulated in the document, and demanded immediate resignation of the president Yanukovych—otherwise they intended to go for storm of Presidential Administration and Verkhovna Rada.[352] On the night of 22 February activists of Euromaidan seized the government quarter[353] left by law enforcement authorities and made a number of new demands—in particular, immediate resignation of the president Yanukovych.[354] Earlier that day, they stormed into Yanukovych's mansion.[355] On 23 February 2014, following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, the Rada passed a bill that would have altered the law on languages of minorities, including Russian. The bill would have made Ukrainian the sole state language at all levels.[356] However, on the next week 1 March, President Turchynov vetoed the bill.[357] Human rights impactAccording to Eduard Dolinsky, executive director of the Kiev-based Ukrainian Jewish Committee, Ukrainian Jews overwhelmly supported the 2014 Euromaidan, however, its aftermath led to the raise of anti-semitism and social acceptance of previously marginal far-right groups, together with government's policy of historical negationism in regard to the WWII ethnic cleansing committed by the Ukrainian nationalist movement against the country's minorities.[358][359] Economic impactThe Prime Minister, Mykola Azarov, asked for 20 billion Euros (US$27 billion) in loans and aid from the EU[127] The EU was willing to offer 610 million euros (838 million US) in loans,[128] however Russia was willing to offer 15 billion US in loans.[128] Russia also offered Ukraine cheaper gas prices.[128] As a condition for the loans, the EU required major changes to the regulations and laws in Ukraine. Russia did not.[127] Moody's Investors Service reported on 4 December 2013 "As a consequence of the severity of the protests, demand for foreign currency is likely to rise" and noted that this was another blow to Ukraine's already poor solvency.[360] First deputy Prime Minister Serhiy Arbuzov stated on 7 December Ukraine risked a default if it failed to raise $10 billion "I asked for a loan to support us, and Europe [the EU] agreed, but a mistake was made – we failed to put it on paper."[361]On 3 December, Azarov warned that Ukraine might not be able to fulfill its natural gas contracts with Russia.[362] And he blamed the deal on restoring gas supplies of 18 January 2009 for this.[362] On 5 December, Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated that "money to finance the payment of pensions, wages, social payments, support of the operation of the housing and utility sector and medical institutions do not appear due to unrest in the streets" and he added that authorities were doing everything possible to ensure the timely financing of them.[363] Minister of Social Policy of Ukraine Natalia Korolevska stated on 2 January 2014 that these January 2014 payments would begin according to schedule.[364] On 11 December, the second Azarov Government postponed social payments due to "the temporarily blocking of the government".[365] The same day Reuters commented (when talking about Euromaidan) "The crisis has added to the financial hardship of a country on the brink of bankruptcy" and added that (at the time) investors thought it more likely than not that Ukraine would default over the next five years (since it then cost Ukraine over US$1 million a year to insure $10 million in state debt).[366] Fitch Ratings reported on 16 December that the (political) "standoff" had led to "greater the risk that political uncertainty will raise demand for foreign currency, causing additional reserve losses and increasing the risk of disorderly currency movement".[433] It also added "Interest rates rose sharply as the National Bank sought to tighten hryvnia liquidity."[367]First Deputy Finance Minister Anatoliy Miarkovsky stated on 17 December the Ukrainian government budget deficit in 2014 could amount to about 3% with a "plus or minus" deviation of 0.5%.[368] On 18 December, the day after an economical agreement with Russia was signed, Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated, "Nothing is threatening stability of the financial-economic situation in Ukraine now. Not a single economic factor."[369] However, BBC News reported that the deal "will not fix Ukraine's deeper economic problems" in an article titled "Russian bailout masks Ukraine's economic mess".[370] On 21 January 2014, the Kiev City State Administration claimed that protests in Kiev had so far caused the city more than 2 million US dollars worth of damage.[438] It intended to claim compensation for damage caused by all demonstrators, regardless of their political affiliation.[371] On 5 February 2014, the hryvnia fell to a five-year low against the US dollar.[372] On 21 February 2014, Standard & Poor's cut Ukraine's credit rating to CCC; adding that the country risked default without "significantly favourable changes".[373] Standard & Poor's analysts believed the compromise deal of the same day between President Yanukovych and the opposition made it "less likely Ukraine would receive desperately needed Russian aid, thereby increasing the risk of default on its debts".[374] Social impactIn Kiev, life continued "as normal" outside the "protest zone" (namely Maidan Nezalezhnosti).[375][376] "Euromaidan" was named Word of the Year for 2013 by modern Ukrainian language and slang dictionary Myslovo,[377] and the most popular neologism in Russia by web analytics company Public.ru.[378] Cultural impactAccording to a representative of the Kiev History Museum, its collection in the Ukrainian House on the night of 18–19 February, after it was recaptured by the police from the protesters.[379] Eyewitnesses report seeing the police forces plundering and destroying the museum's property.[380] Music of MaidanLeading Ukrainian performers sang a song Kozak System "Brat za Brata" ({{lang-en|"Brother for Brother"}}) to support protesters. Song was one of the unofficial anthems of Euromaidan.[381] Ukrainian-Polish band Taraka came up with a song dedicated to "Euromaidan" "Podaj Rękę Ukrainie" (Give a Hand to Ukraine). The song uses the first several words of the National anthem of Ukraine "Ukraine has not yet died".[382][383][384] Among other tunes, some remakes of the Ukrainian folk song "Aflame the pine was on fire" appeared ({{lang-uk|Горіла сосна, палала}}).[385][386] The Ukrainian band Skriabin created a song dedicated to the revolutionary days of Maidan.[387] Another native of Kiev dedicated a song to titushky.[388] DJ Rudy Paulenko created a track inspired by events on Maidan called "The Battle at Maidan".[389]Belarusian rock band Lyapis Trubetskoy's song "Daybreakers" was one of the unofficial anthems of Maidan.[390]Films of MaidanA compilation of short films about the 2013 revolution named "Babylon'13", was created.[391] Polish and Ukrainian activists created a short film, "Happy Kyiv", editing it with the Pharrell Williams hit "Happy" and some shoots of "Babylon'13".[392] On 5 February 2014, a group of activist cinematographers initiated a series of films about the people of Euromaidan.[393] The American filmmaker John Beck Hofmann made the film [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4052016/ Maidan Massacre], about the sniper shootings. It premiered at the Siena International Film Festival, receiving the Audience Award.[394] In 2014 Belarusian-Ukrainian filmmaker Sergei Loznitsa released the documentary Maidan. It was filmed by several cameramen instructed by Loznitsa during the revolution in 2013 and 2014 and depicts different aspects, from peaceful rallies to the bloody clashes between police and protesters.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} In 2015 Netflix released the Ukraine's Fight for Freedom about the Euromaidan protests. The documentary shows the protests from the start until the resignation of Viktor Yanukovych. The movie won the Grolsch People's Choice Documentary Award at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival.[395] Art of MaidanSome photo correspondents created numerous unique pictures of everyday life at Maidan.[396][397][398][399] Some artists expressed their solidarity with Maidan.[400] SportThe 2013–14 UEFA Europa League Round of 32 match of 20 February 2014 between FC Dynamo Kyiv and Valencia CF was moved by UEFA from Kiev's Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex to the GSP Stadium in Nicosia, Cyprus, "due to the security situation in the Ukrainian capital".[401][402] On 19 February, the Ukrainian athletes competing in the 2014 Winter Olympics asked for and were refused permission by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to wear black arm bands to honour those killed in the violent clashes in Kiev.[403] IOC president Thomas Bach offered his condolences "to those who have lost loved ones in these tragic events".[403] On 19 February 2014, alpine skier Bohdana Matsotska refused to further participate in the 2014 Winter Olympics in protest against the violent clashes in Kiev.[404] She and her father posted a message on Facebook stating "In solidarity with the fighters on the barricades of the Maidan, and as a protest against the criminal actions made towards the protesters, the irresponsibility of the president and his lackey government, we refuse further performance at the Olympic Games in Sochi 2014."[404] On 4 March 2014, the 2013–14 Eurocup Basketball Round of 16 game between BC Budivelnyk Kyiv and JSF Nanterre was moved to Žalgiris Arena in Kaunas, Lithuania. On 5 March 2014, another Round of 16 game between Khimik Yuzhny and Aykon TED Ankara was moved to Abdi Ipekci Arena in Istanbul.[405] Trends and symbolismA common chant among protesters is "Glory to Ukraine, Glory to Heroes!"[406] The chant has extended beyond Ukrainians and has been used by Crimean Tatars and Russians.[406][407] The red-and-black battle flag of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) is another popular symbol among protesters, and the wartime insurgents have acted as a large inspiration for Euromaidan protesters.[408] Serhy Yekelchyk of the University of Victoria says the use of UPA imagery and slogans was more of a potent symbol of protest against the current government and Russia rather than adulation for the insurgents themselves, explaining "The reason for the sudden prominence of [UPA symbolism] in Kiev is that it is the strongest possible expression of protest against the pro-Russian orientation of the current government."[409] The colours of the flag symbolise Ukrainian red blood spilled on Ukrainian black earth.[410] Reactions{{Main|Domestic responses to the Euromaidan|International reactions to the Euromaidan}}In a poll published on 24 February 2014 by the state-owned Russian Public Opinion Research Center, only 15% of those Russians polled said 'yes' to the question: "Should Russia react to the overthrow of the legally elected authorities in Ukraine?"[411] LegacyIn mid-October 2014, President Petro Poroshenko stated that 21 November (Euromaidan started on 21 November 2013) will be celebrated as "Day of Dignity and Freedom".[412] As of February 2019, the Ukrainian government has broken ground on a new Maidan memorial that will run the length of Institutska Street, now also known as Avenue Of The Heavenly Hundred. [413] See also
Notes1. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-nov-21-23-coverage-332423.html|title=EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine – Nov. 21–23 coverage|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=25 November 2013}} 2. ^{{cite news|last=Snyder|first=Timothy |title=Don't Let Putin Grab Ukraine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/opinion/dont-let-putin-grab-ukraine.html |accessdate=5 February 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 February 2014|quote=The current crisis in Ukraine began because of Russian foreign policy.}} 3. ^{{cite web|last=Calamur |first=Krishnadev |type=World Wide Web log |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/parallels/2014/02/19/279673384/four-things-to-know-about-whats-happening-in-ukraine |title=4 Things To Know About What's Happening in Ukraine |work=Parallels |publisher=NPR |date=19 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 4. ^{{cite news|type=editorial|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/one-ministers-dark-warning-and-the-ray-of-hope-332521.html |first=Danylo|last=Spolsky|title=One minister's dark warning and the ray of hope|newspaper=Kyiv Post|accessdate=27 November 2013}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/12/13/ukrainian-opposition-uses-polls-to-bolster-cause/ |title=Ukrainian opposition uses polls to bolster cause|publisher=Euronews|date=13 December 2013}} 6. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/ukrainian-opposition-calls-for-president-yanukovychs-impeachment-332241.html|title=Ukrainian opposition calls for President Yanukovych's impeachment|work=Kyiv Post|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=21 November 2013 |accessdate=27 November 2013}} 7. ^{{cite news|last=Herszenhorn|first=David M.|title=Thousands of Protesters in Ukraine Demand Leader's Resignation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/02/world/europe/thousands-of-protesters-in-ukraine-demand-leaders-resignation.html|accessdate=2 December 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 December 2013}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/two-petition-drives-take-aim-at-yanukovych-332501.html|first=Brian|last=Bonner|title=Two petition drives take aim at Yanukovych|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=21 November 2013|accessdate=27 November 2013}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/euromaidan-passes-an-anti-customs-union-resolution-333730.html|title=EuroMaidan passes an anti-Customs Union resolution|newspaper=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=15 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/12/1/7003926/|script-title=uk:Веб-сайт Кабміну теж уже не працює|trans-title=Cabinet Website also no longer works|newspaper=Ukrayinska Pravda |date=11 November 2013|accessdate=8 December 2013|language=uk}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/183570.html|title=Hereha closes Kyiv City Council meeting on Tuesday|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=24 December 2013}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/22/world/europe/ukraine-protests/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|title= Jailed Ukrainian opposition leader Yulia Tymoshenko has been freed from prison, says official from her political party.|publisher=CNN|date=22 February 2014}} 13. ^Dangerous Liasons, The Ukrainian Week (18 May 2015) 14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25932352|title=Ukraine's PM Azarov and government resign|publisher=BBC|date=28 January 2014|accessdate=28 January 2014}} 15. ^"Law on amnesty of Ukrainian protesters to take effect on Feb 17", Interfax-Ukraine (17 February 2014) 16. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/ukraine-lawmakers-consider-protester-amnesty/2014/01/29/ba31569c-88cc-11e3-a760-a86415d0944d_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130225132/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/ukraine-lawmakers-consider-protester-amnesty/2014/01/29/ba31569c-88cc-11e3-a760-a86415d0944d_story.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 January 2014 |title=Ukraine lawmakers offer protester amnesty |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=29 January 2014}} 17. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/01/30/ukraine-amnesty-law-fails-to-satisfy-protesters/ |title=Ukraine: Amnesty law fails to satisfy protesters |publisher=Euronews |date=30 January 2014 |accessdate=2 March 2014}} 18. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/halya-coynash-ruling-majority-takes-hostages-through-new-amnesty-law-335842.html |author=Halya Coynash |title=Ruling majority takes hostages through new 'amnesty law' |newspaper=Kyiv Post |date=30 January 2014 |accessdate=2 March 2014}} 19. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25955644 Ukraine parliament passes protest amnesty law]. BBC. 29 January 2014 20. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1417299/ukraines-yanukovich-goes-sick-leave-midst-political-crisis |title=Ukraine leader's sick leave prompts guessing game |newspaper=South China Morning Post |agency=Associated Press |date=30 January 2014}} 21. ^Ukraine president Viktor Yanukovych takes sick leave as amnesty, other moves fail to quell Kiev protests. CBS news. 30 January 2014 22. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/party-of-regions-communist-party-banned-in-ivano-frankivsk-and-ternopil-regions-335655.html |title=Party of Regions, Communist Party banned in Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil regions |work=Kyiv Post |date=27 January 2014 |accessdate=10 April 2014}} 23. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/activity-of-regions-party-communist-party-yanukovychs-portraits-banned-in-drohobych-337297.html |title=Activity of Regions Party, Communist Party, Yanukovych's portraits banned in Drohobych |work=Kyiv Post |date=21 February 2014 |accessdate=10 April 2014}} 24. ^Cabinet resumed preparations for the association with the EU {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312044346/http://www.ukrinform.ua/ukr/news/kabmin_vidnoviv_pidgotovku_do_asotsiatsiii_z_e_s_1913516 |date=12 March 2014 }}. Ukrinform. 2 March 2014 25. ^{{cite web|last=Novogrod |first=James |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ukraine-crisis/dozens-ukrainian-police-defect-vow-protect-protesters-n35241 |title=Dozens of Ukrainian Police Defect, Vow to Protect Protesters |publisher=NBC News |date=21 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 26. ^{{cite news|last=Nemtsova |first=Anna|title=Kiev's Military Guardian Angels|url= http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/13/ukraine-s-military-veterans-protect-kiev-protesters.html|work=The Daily Beast|date=13 December 2013|accessdate=16 December 2013}} 27. ^{{cite web|url= http://cun.org.ua/2013/v-yacheslav-berezovskiy-yevromaydani-ukrayini-stali-potuzhnim-ob-yednavchim-chinnikom/|script-title=uk:В'ячеслав Березовський: Євромайдани України стали потужним об'єднавчим чинником|trans-title=Vyacheslav Berezovsky: Euromaydan Ukraine became a powerful unifying factor|publisher=Cun|place=UA|date=2 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=uk}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/3270933-na-evromaidane-v-kyeve-sobralys-desiatky-tysiach-ukrayntsev|script-title=ru:На Евромайдане в Киеве собрались десятки тысяч украинцев|trans-title=Euromaydan in Kiev gathered tens of thousands of Ukrainians |publisher=Korrespondent.net|date=24 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013| language=ru}} 29. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/25192242.html|first=Vladimir|last= Ivakhnenko|script-title=ru:Майдан готовит Януковичу вече|trans-title=Square prepare Yanukovych Veche|newspaper=Svoboda|date=6 December 2013|accessdate=8 December 2013|language=ru}} 30. ^Об’єднані ліві йдуть з Майдану (18 March 2014) 31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newsru.ua/ukraine/26nov2013/podderjala.html|title=Українські студенти підтримали Євромайдан. У Києві та регіонах – страйки|trans-title=Ukrainian students supported Yevromaydan. In Kiev and regions – Strikes|newspaper=NEWSru|place=UA|date=26 November 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127120429/http://www.newsru.ua/ukraine/26nov2013/podderjala.html|archivedate=27 January 2016|df=dmy-all}} 32. ^{{cite news|url=http://qtmm.org/en/news/3787-mr-akhtem-chiygoz-crimean-tatars-leave-actively-to-kyiv-on-maidan-nezalezhnosti|title=Mr Akhtem Chiygoz: "Crimean Tatars Leave Actively to Kyiv on Maidan Nezalezhnosti"|date=3 December 2013}} 33. ^{{cite news|title=Danyluks group under fire for seizure of government buildings|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/danyluks-group-under-fire-for-seizure-of-government-buildings-335692.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post}} 34. ^{{cite news|url=http://tvi.ua/new/2013/12/01/pid_chas_shturmu_bankovoyi_postrazhdaly_vzhe_15_pravookhoronciv|trans-title=During the storm of Bankova already suffered 15 law enforcement officers|script-title=uk:Під час штурму Банкової постраждали вже 15 правоохоронців|newspaper=TVi|date=1 December 2013|language=Ukrainian|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217220515/http://tvi.ua/new/2013/12/01/pid_chas_shturmu_bankovoyi_postrazhdaly_vzhe_15_pravookhoronciv|archivedate=17 December 2014|df=dmy-all}} 35. ^{{cite news|url=http://interfax.com.ua/news/political/177921.html|script-title=ru:Митинг в поддержку действий президента по защите национальных интересов Украины прошел в Харькове |trans-title=Rally in support of the president's actions to protect the national interests of Ukraine took place in Kharkov|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=30 November 2013|accessdate=9 December 2013|language=ru}} 36. ^{{cite news|work=Dnepr|url=http://dnepr.comments.ua/news/2013/12/12/175543.html|script-title=ru:Днепропетровских бюджетников заставляют ехать в Киев на 'Антимайдан'|trans-title=Dnepropetrovsk state employees are forced to go to Kiev to 'Antimaydan'|publisher=Comments|place=UA|date=12 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013|language=ru}} 37. ^{{cite news|url=http://gazeta.ua/articles/life/_kozhnogo-privezenogo-na-stolichnij-antimajdan-oshukali-na-500-grn/531990|script-title=ru:Кожного привезеного на столичний "антимайдан" ошукали на 500 грн|newspaper=Gazeta|date=14 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013|language=ru}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://20committee.com/2014/02/03/meet-moscows-new-ukrainian-front/ |title=Meet Moscow's New "Ukrainian Front" | The XX Committee |publisher=20committee.com |date=3 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 39. ^{{cite news|url=http://kyiv.comments.ua/news/2013/11/29/141050.html|trans-title=Titushky go to the Euro-mandai with steel pipes|script-title=uk:На Євроманда "тітушки" йдуть з металевими трубами|publisher = Kyiv Comments|date=29 November 2013|accessdate=29 November 2013|language=uk}} 40. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/11/29/7003593/|trans-title=Anti-Euromaidan ended. Titushky await sign to go onto the Maidan?|script-title=uk:'Анти-євромайдан' завершився. 'Тітушки' чекають відмашки 'стартувати' на Майдан?|newspaper=Ukrayinska Pravda|date= 29 November 2013|accessdate=30 November 2013|language = Ukrainian}} 41. ^{{cite news|title=Tyagnibok Zaproponuvav rozformuvati Berkut|url=http://www.unn.com.ua/en/news/1279144-o-tyagnibok-zaproponuvav-rozformuvati-berkut|trans-title=Tiagnybok offered to disband 'Berkut'|newspaper=Ukrainian National News|date=2 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207083641/http://www.unn.com.ua/en/news/1279144-o-tyagnibok-zaproponuvav-rozformuvati-berkut|archivedate=7 February 2015|df=dmy-all}} 42. ^Responsibility for burning private vehicles of protesters was taken by the Red Sector {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501145324/http://tvi.ua/new/2014/02/01/vidpovidalnist_za_pidpaly_avtivok_avtomaydanivciv_vzyav_na_sebe_krasnyy_sektor |date=1 May 2015 }}. TVi. 1 February 2014 43. ^{{cite news|title=From Russia, 'Tourists' Stir the Protests|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/world/europe/russias-hand-can-be-seen-in-the-protests.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=3 March 2014}} 44. ^{{cite news|url= http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/126533.html |title=Ukrainian communists not to join other political forces in new parliament, says Symonenko|newspaper=Interfax-Ukraine|date=8 November 2012}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/radan_gs09/ns_dep?vid=1&kod=149|title=Result of parliamentary votes|publisher=Verkhovna Rada|language= uk}} 46. ^Luhansk administration is being guarded by Don Cossacks. 24tv. 26 January 2014 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2014/01/30/7012064/ |title=Друг Путина Хирург вывел байкеров на баррикады | Украинская правда |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 48. ^Musicians liven up EuroMaidan stage, Kyiv Post (29 November 2013) 49. ^{{uk icon}} Руслана Лижичко разом із однодумцями оголосила голодування на майдані Ruslana together with like-minded hunger strike on Maidan, TSN (25 November 2013) 50. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Whitmore|first=Brian|title=Putin's Growing Threat Next Door|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/12/putins-growing-threat-next-door/282103/|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=6 December 2013}} 51. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-monday-dec16-live-updates-333739.html|title=EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine – Dec. 16|newspaper=Kyiv Post| date=15 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://euromaidanpr.wordpress.com/2014/02/08/the-council-of-maidan-self-defense-organizes-united-revolutionary-army-throughout-ukraine/ |title=The Council of Maidan Self-Defense Organizes "United Revolutionary Army" throughout Ukraine | Euromaidan PR |publisher=Euromaidanpr.wordpress.com |date=8 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://zz.te.ua/ternopilskyj-evromajdan-zibrav-bilshe-10-tysyach-lyudej/| script-title=uk:Тернопільський Євромайдан зібрав більше 10 тисяч людей|trans-title=Ternopil Eeuromaydan brought together more than 10 thousand people|publisher=TE|place=UA|date=8 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013|language=uk}} 54. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/875021-v-mariinskom-parke-sobralos-okolo-3-4-tyisyach-titushek-nardep.html|script-title=uk:Мариинском парке собралось около 3–4 тысяч "титушек" – нардеп|trans-title=Mariinsky park were about 3–4 thousand "titushek" – People's Deputy|agency=UNIAN|date=22 January 2014 |accessdate=23 January 2014|language=uk}} 55. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:В Харькове провели масштабный провластный митинг|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/ukrainian/rolling_news_russian/2013/11/131130_ru_n_kharkiv_meeting.shtml|publisher=BBC News|date=30 November 2013|accessdate=30 November 2013|language=ru}} 56. ^{{cite web|url=http://gazeta.ua/ru/articles/life/_na-provlastnyj-miting-v-donecke-privezli-neskolko-desyatkov-avtobusov-neravnodus/529911 |title=На провластный митинг в Донецке привезли несколько десятков автобусов "неравнодушных"|publisher=Gazeta.ua|date=23 July 2013|accessdate=4 December 2013}} 57. ^{{cite web|url=http://crimea.ukraineinfo.net/main/nasha-zadacha-otstaivat--nacional-nye-interesy-stroit--evropu-v-krymu-i-v-ukraine-pavel-burlakov./|script-title=uk:Наша задача: отстаивать национальные интересы, строить Европу в Крыму и в Украине – Павел Бурлаков|trans-title=Our task: to defend national interests, to build Europe in the Crimea and in Ukraine – Paul Boatmen|work=Новости Крыма [Crimean News]|publisher=UkraineInfo|date=4 December 2013|accessdate=4 December 2013|language=uk|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207055102/http://crimea.ukraineinfo.net/main/nasha-zadacha-otstaivat--nacional-nye-interesy-stroit--evropu-v-krymu-i-v-ukraine-pavel-burlakov./|archivedate=7 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} 58. ^{{cite web|url= http://tsn.ua/politika/yevromaydani-v-ukrayini-zaporizhzhya-vrazhalo-kilkistyu-a-v-odesi-pam-yatnik-dyuku-odyagli-u-prapor-yes-321788.html |script-title=uk:ЄвромадаЇ в Україні: Запоріжжя вражало кількістю, а в Одесі пам'ятник Дюку "одягли" у прапор ЄС|trans-title=YevromadaYi in Ukraine Zaporozhye striking number, and in Odessa Monument to Duke "dressed" in the EU flag|publisher=TSN|place=UA|date=24 November 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013|language=uk}} 59. ^1 {{cite news|title=Around 780 people die during protests in Ukraine in reality, say volunteer doctors|url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/200152.html |agency=Interfax|date=10 April 2014}} 60. ^{{cite news|title=On Grushevskogo for Šutka postradali 1400 chelovek oppozitsiya|url=http://news.liga.net/news/politics/963736-na_grushevskogo_za_sutki_postradali_1400_chelovek_oppozitsiya_.htm|newspaper=Liga|quote=400+(50–100)+1400}} 61. ^{{cite news|title=Some 700 protestors hospitalized in past two months|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/some-700-protestors-hospitalized-in-past-two-months-335897.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=30 January 2014}} 62. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26312008 |title=BBC News - Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president |publisher=BBC News |date=23 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://censor.net.ua/news/278506/okolo_150_aktivistov_s_mayidana_ostayutsya_propavshimi_bez_vesti |title=Около 150 активистов с Майдана остаются пропавшими без вести - Беркут, избиение, евромайдан, Революция в Украине (30.03.14 18:12) « Политика Украины « Новости | Цензор.НЕТ |publisher=Censor.net.ua |date= |accessdate=2014-08-03}} 64. ^1 {{cite news|last=Grytsenko|first=Oksana|title='On The Brink of Civil War'|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/on-the-brink-of-civil-war-335933.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=31 January 2014}} 65. ^Список погибших в ходе акций протеста в Украине (январь-март 2014). Дополняется LB.ua, 15 March 2014 66. ^{{cite web|title=Clashes rage as 100,000 Ukrainians demand EU pact |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/20096349/clashes-rage-as-100-000-ukrainians-protest-eu-snub/ |publisher=Yahoo! |date=2 December 2013 |accessdate=24 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212174915/http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/20096349/clashes-rage-as-100-000-ukrainians-protest-eu-snub/ |archivedate=12 December 2013 }} 67. ^1 {{cite news|script-title=uk:Міліція повідомила, що госпіталізовано 75 її бійців |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/12/2/7004254/|newspaper=Ukrayinska Pravda|date=2 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=Ukrainian}} 68. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2013/12/3/7004536/|title=Medics were short on account of beat up police personnel (Медики недосчитались побитых демонстрантами милиционеров)|newspaper=Ukrayinska Pravda|date=3 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru}} 69. ^{{cite web|title=Євромайдан|url= https://www.twitter.com/euromaidan/status/403636218065211393|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=10 December 2013|date=21 November 2013}} 70. ^{{cite news|last=Chervonenko|first=Vitalii|title=Ukraine's EU options 'still open'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25087160|accessdate=2 December 2013|date=25 November 2013|publisher=BBC News}} 71. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Ukraine's Euromaidan: What's in a name?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/ukraines-euromaidan-whats-in-a-name/2013/12/02/707851c2-5b31-11e3-801f-1f90bf692c9b_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 72. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/12/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131212 Kiev protesters gather, EU and Putin joust], Reuters (12 December 2013) 73. ^Yanukovych Offers Opposition Leaders Key Posts , Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (25 January 2014) 74. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine-politics/transparency-international-names-yanukovych-worlds-most-corrupt-407875.html | title=Transparency International names Yanukovych world's most corrupt - Feb. 11, 2016| date=2016-02-11}} 75. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2013-12-09/revolution-euromaidan|title=Revolution on Euromaidan|journal=Foreign Affairs|date=2013-12-09}} 76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/891313-garantom-vyipolneniya-soglasheniya-ob-uregulirovanii-krizisa-v-ukraine-yavlyaetsya-narod-tombinskiy.html|title=Гарантом выполнения Соглашения об урегулировании кризиса в Украине является народ - Томбинский|work=unian.net}} 77. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/22/ukraine-tymoshenko-president-protests|title=Ukraine: 'The dictatorship has fallen.' But what will take its place?|last=Walker|first=Shaun|date=2014-02-22|work=The Observer|access-date=2019-02-23|last2=Salem|first2=Harriet|language=en-GB|issn=0029-7712}} 78. ^{{cite web|ssrn=2627417|title=The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law|publisher=The German Law Journal|date=6 July 2015|author=Boris N. Mamlyuk}} 79. ^{{cite web|last=Sindelar |first=Daisy |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/was-yanukovychs-ouster-constitutional/25274346.html |title=Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional? |publisher=Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty (Rferl.org) |date=23 February 2014 |accessdate=25 February 2014 |quote=[I]t is not clear that the hasty February 22 vote upholds constitutional guidelines, which call for a review of the case by Ukraine's Constitutional Court and a three-fourths majority vote by the Verkhovna Rada -- i.e., 338 lawmakers.}} 80. ^{{cite news |title=Ukraine drops EU plans and looks to Russia |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/11/ukraine-drops-eu-plans-looks-russia-20131121145417227621.html |accessdate =24 November 2013|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=21 November 2013}} 81. ^{{cite web |url=http://mir24.tv/news/politics/9354860 |script-title=ru:Митинги и столкновения на майдане продолжаются |publisher=МИР24 [MIR24] |language=Russian |trans-title=Protests and clashes continued in the Maidan |date=25 November 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203221710/http://mir24.tv/news/politics/9354860 |archivedate=3 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 82. ^Students in Ukraine threaten indefinite national strike, Euronews (26 November 2013) 83. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/12/12/does-europe-need-ukraine/ukraine-offers-europe-economic-growth-and-more|title=Ukraine Offers Europe Economic Growth and More |newspaper=The New York Times |date=12 December 2013|accessdate=21 January 2014}} 84. ^1 2 3 4 Live updates of the protests, Kyiv Post (27, 28 and 29 November 2013) 85. ^Protests continue in Kyiv ahead of Vilnius EU summit, Euronews (27 November 2013) 86. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25290959|title=Ukraine's capital Kiev gripped by huge pro-EU demonstration|publisher=BBC News|date=8 December 2013| accessdate=8 December 2013}} 87. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/22/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BL09220131222|author=Olzhas Auyezov and Jack Stubbs|title=Ukraine opposition urges more protests, forms political bloc|publisher=Reuters|date=22 December 2013|accessdate=24 January 2014}} 88. ^Ukraine pro-Europe protesters hold first big rally of 2014, Reuters (12 January 2014) 89. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/no-looting-or-anarchy-in-this-euromaidan-revolution-335296.html|title=No Looting or Anarchy in this Euromaidan Revolution|newspaper=Kyiv Post|accessdate=24 January 2014}} 90. ^{{cite news|title=Kiev's Minstrel of the Street Revolution|url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2014/02/21/kiev-s-minstrel-street-revolution.html |website=Newsweek |first=Lecia |last=Bushak |date=18 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304021040/http://mag.newsweek.com/2014/02/21/kiev-s-minstrel-street-revolution.html |archive-date=4 March 2014 |access-date=19 December 2016 |dead-url=yes}} 91. ^{{cite web|last=Fisher |first=Max |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/02/20/ukraines-parliament-just-threw-president-yanukovych-under-the-bus-thats-great-news/ |title=Ukraine's parliament just threw President Yanukovych under the bus. That's great news |work=Washington Post |date=20 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 92. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/25/ukraine-ex-president-viktor-yanukovych-found-guilty-of-treason|title=Ukraine's ex-president Viktor Yanukovych found guilty of treason|last=Roth|first=Andrew|date=2019-01-25|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-02-23|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}} 93. ^{{cite web|title=Євромандай|url=https://www.twitter.com/euromaidan/status/403636218065211393|publisher=Twitter|accessdate=10 December 2013|date=21 November 2013}} 94. ^{{cite news|last=Chervonenko|first=Vitalii|title=Ukraine's EU options 'still open'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25087160|accessdate=2 December 2013|date=25 November 2013|agency=BBC News}} 95. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/mar/20/fascism-russia-and-ukraine/ |title=Fascism, Russia, and Ukraine |author=Timothy Snyder |work=The New York Review of Books |date=20 March 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/174877 |title=Kerry in Moldova Supports Ukrainian 'Spring' |publisher=Israelnationalnews.com |date=6 December 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207232344/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/174877 |archivedate=7 February 2014 }} 97. ^{{cite web|last=Verger |first=Rob |url=http://www.newsweek.com/photo-essay-ukrainian-spring-224218 |title=Photo Essay: The Ukrainian Spring |work=Newsweek |date= 2013-12-09|accessdate=3 March 2014}} 98. ^European Neighbourhood Watch Issue 80 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913190204/http://www.ceps.eu/system/files/simplenews/2011/05/NWatch80.pdf |date=13 September 2014 }}, Centre for European Policy (March 2012) 99. ^Ukraine's jailed Tymoshenko calls off hunger strike, Kyiv Post (16 November 2012) 100. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22061269 Ukraine President Viktor Yanukovych pardons Yulia Tymoshenko allies], BBC News (8 April 2013) 101. ^1 "EU Commissioner Fule expects Rada to pass European integration bills on November 21", Interfax-Ukraine (20 November 2013) 102. ^Ukrainian president asks for laws to be passed to facilitate EU association agreement, Euronews (3 September 2013) 103. ^EU-Ukraine Association Agreement to be signed, Ukraine to go to Europe - speaker, Interfax (25 September 2013) 104. ^Klimkin: Russia trying to force renegotiation of Minsk deals, Kyiv Post (18 January 2015) 105. ^1 Eased Russian customs rules to save Ukraine $1.5 bln in 2014, says minister, Interfax-Ukraine (18 December 2013) 106. ^Ukraine's Employers Federation: Russia's customs service halts all Ukrainian imports. Kyiv Post. 14 August 2013. 107. ^Russia sets off trade war to prevent Ukraine from signing agreement with EU, says UDAR. Kyiv Post. 14 August 2013. {{cite news|title=Ukraine Leader Ignores Putin Warning on EU Path|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/reu-ukraine-ignores-putin-warning-eu/1736436.html|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=Voice of America|date=24 August 2013}} {{cite news|title=Russia hits at Ukraine with chocolate war|url=http://www.euractiv.com/europes-east/russia-hits-ukraine-chocolate-wa-news-529804|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=EurActiv|date=14 August 2013}} {{cite news|title=Trading insults|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21583998-trade-war-sputters-tussle-over-ukraines-future-intensifies-trading-insults|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=The Economist Newspaper|date=24 August 2013}} {{cite news|title=Putin warns Ukraine against EU pact|url=http://euobserver.com/foreign/121189|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=euobserver|date=23 August 2013}} {{cite news|title=Ukraine PM tells Russia to accept "reality" of EU trade deal|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/28/us-ukraine-russia-azarov-idUSBRE97R0JM20130828|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=28 August 2013}} {{cite news|title=Putin 'deserves medal' for pushing Ukraine towards EU|url=http://www.euractiv.com/europes-east/putin-deserved-medal-pushing-ukr-news-530038|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=Euractiv|date=30 August 2013}} {{cite news|title=О комплексе мер по вовлечению Украины в евразийский интеграционный процесс|url=http://gazeta.zn.ua/internal/o-komplekse-mer-po-vovlecheniyu-ukrainy-v-evraziyskiy-integracionnyy-process-_.html|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=Зеркало недели. Украина|date=16 August 2013}} [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/does-russia-have-a-secret-plan-for-ukraine/278894/ Does Russia Have a Secret Plan for Ukraine?], The Atlantic (21 August 2013) Caught in a Zeitnot, The Ukrainian Week (6 August 2013) 108. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25051141 Ukraine media see Kremlin pressure over EU], BBC News (22 November 2013) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25182823 Q&A: Stand-off in Ukraine over EU agreement], BBC News (29 December 2013) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25401179 Analysis: Russia's carrot-and-stick battle for Ukraine], BBC news (17 December 2013) 109. ^Eased Russian customs rules to save Ukraine $1.5 bln in 2014, says minister, Interfax-Ukraine (18 December 2013) Russia to lift restrictions on Ukrainian pipe imports - Ukrainian ministry, Interfax-Ukraine (18 December 2013) [https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/15/russia-ukraine-customs-idUSL6N0GG17S20130815 Russia tightens customs rules to force Ukraine into union], Reuters (15 August 2013) 110. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25411118 Russia cuts Ukraine gas price by a third], BBC News (17 December 2013) 111. ^Decline in industrial production in Ukraine in October 2013 slows to 4.9 percent, Kyiv Post (18 November 2013) 112. ^{{cite web|title=Ukraine drops EU plans and looks to Russia|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/11/ukraine-drops-eu-plans-looks-russia-20131121145417227621.html|publisher=aljazeera.com|accessdate=21 November 2013}} 113. ^Cox-Kwasniewski mission to continue until Eastern Partnership Summit, Interfax-Ukraine (21 November 2013) 114. ^Azarov: Ukraine would face crisis if it signed Association Agreement with EU, Interfax-Ukraine (21 December 2013) 115. ^1 Ukraine to resume preparing agreement with EU when compensation for production drop found – Boiko, Interfax-Ukraine (21 November 2013) 116. ^{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/23/world/europe/ukraine-blames-imf-for-collapse-of-accord-with-european-union.html|title=Ukraine Blames I.M.F. for Halt to Agreements With Europe|author=David M. Herszenhorn |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 November 2013|accessdate=10 December 2013}} 117. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/ambroseevans_pritchard/10469065/Historic-defeat-for-EU-as-Ukraine-returns-to-Kremlin-control.html|title=Historic defeat for EU as Ukraine returns to Kremlin control|author=Ambrose Evans-Pritchard|newspaper=Daily Telegraph|date=22 November 2013|accessdate=10 December 2013}} 118. ^MF not insisting on single-stage increase in tariffs, says resident representative in Ukraine, Interfax-Ukraine (7 December 2013) 119. ^IMF links loan amount to Ukraine with reforms {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125163213/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/news/imf_links_loan_amount_to_ukraine_with_reforms_314404 |date=25 January 2014 }}, Ukrinform (7 December 2013) 120. ^1 Ukraine to resume talks with IMF soon, says Yanukovych, Interfax-Ukraine (10 December 2013) 121. ^Ukraine fails to sign landmark deal at EU summit, Euronews (29 November 2013) 122. ^Ukraine's rejection of EU deal brings rival rallies at home, Euronews (29 November 2013) 123. ^Barroso: EU to continue its dialog with Ukraine on principles of mutual respect, transparency and responsibility, Interfax-Ukraine (29 November 2013) 124. ^EU and Ukraine say 'door still open' for future trade pact, Euronews (29 November 2013) 125. ^Yanukovych says Ukraine-EU deal is suspended, not cancelled, Euronews (29 November 2013) 126. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/interview-with-ukrainian-presidential-candidate-petro-poroshenko/2014/04/25/74c73a48-cbbd-11e3-93eb-6c0037dde2ad_story.html | title=Interview with Ukrainian presidential candidate Petro Poroshenko | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=25 April 2014 | accessdate=16 September 2018 | first=Lally | last=Weymouth }} 127. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url= https://www.cnbc.com/id/101265041 |title=EU talking to IMF, World Bank, others about Ukraine assistance |publisher=CNBC |date=11 December 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 128. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/101277705 |title=Ukraine leader seeks cash at Kremlin to fend off crisis |publisher=CNBC |date=17 December 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 129. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.ukrainebusiness.com.ua/news/11002.html|title=Poll reveals Ukrainian majority supports EuroMaidan|date=30 December 2013|accessdate=22 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125085358/http://www.ukrainebusiness.com.ua/news/11002.html#|archive-date=25 January 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 130. ^1 Ukraine protesters take rally to Yanukovich’s residence, Financial Times (29 December 2013) 131. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Poll discovers EuroMaidan evolution from dreamy to radical |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-discovers-euromaidan-evolution-from-dreamy-to-radical-336389.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=6 February 2014}} 132. ^{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/up-front/posts/2013/11/18-viktor-yanukovych-losing-europe-ukrainian-public-pifer-thoburn |title=Viktor Yanukovych: Losing Europe ... and Losing the Ukrainian Public? |publisher=Brookings Institution |date=18 November 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 133. ^{{cite news|title=Poll: More Ukrainians disapprove of EuroMaidan protests than approve of it|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/more-ukrainians-disapprove-of-euromaidan-protests-than-approve-of-it-poll-336461.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=7 February 2014}} 134. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/2014%20April%205%20IRI%20Public%20Opinion%20Survey%20of%20Ukraine,%20March%2014-26,%202014.pdf |title=Public Opinion Survey, Residents of Ukraine — March 14–26, 2014 |page=100 |accessdate=25 July 2014}} 135. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/harvard-study-shows-russian-speaking-ukrainians-backing-kyiv/2476908.html|title=Harvard Study Shows Russian-speaking Ukrainians Backing Kyiv|publisher=VOA|accessdate=23 October 2014}} 136. ^{{cite web|title=Большинство украинцев поддерживают ассоциацию с ЕС|url=http://zn.ua/POLITICS/bolshinstvo-ukraincev-podderzhivayut-associaciyu-s-es-128544_.html|publisher=Зеркало недели. Украина}} 137. ^{{cite web |author=Авдотья СкворцоваИнтернет издание – Ваш день |url=http://rb.com.ua/rus/projects/omnibus/8836/ |title="ЕВРОМАЙДАН – 2013" - R&B Group |publisher=Rb.com.ua |date= |accessdate=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221232523/http://rb.com.ua/rus/projects/omnibus/8836/# |archive-date=21 February 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 138. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gfk.ua/imperia/md/content/gfkukraine/pressreleases/20131112_gfk_rel_integration_ukr.pdf |title=Українці обирають Євросоюз |publisher= |date= |accessdate=26 March 2014}} 139. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/a-17230854|title=DW-Trend: більшість українців – за вступ до ЄС|work=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=8 December 2013}} 140. ^Poll: Ukrainian public split over EU, Customs Union options, Kyiv Post (26 November 2013) 141. ^{{cite web|url=http://podrobnosti.ua/power/2013/12/27/950651.html |title=Азаров: Украину никто не приглашает вступать в ЕС | Новости. Новости дня на сайте Подробности |publisher=Podrobnosti.ua |date= 2013-12-27|accessdate=3 March 2014}} 142. ^{{cite web|url=http://censor.net.ua/news/265152/vopros_o_vstuplenii_ukrainy_v_es_bessmyslennyyi_azarov |title=срыв евроинтеграции: Вопрос о вступлении Украины в ЕС - бессмысленный, - Азаров - Азаров, Евросоюз, Срыв ассоциации с ЕС, срыв евроинтеграции (27.12.13 21:31) " Политика Украи |publisher=Censor.net.ua |date= |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 143. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/ukrainian-protests-compared-to-2004-orange-revolution/490205.html|title=Ukrainian Protests Compared to 2004 Orange Revolution|newspaper=The Moscow Times|date=26 November 2013|accessdate=1 December 2013}} 144. ^{{cite web|last=Olearchyk|first=Roman |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4005fa5a-5913-11e3-9798-00144feabdc0.html|title=Ukraine protests hampered by fragmenting of political opposition|publisher=Financial Times|date=30 November 2013|accessdate=1 December 2013}} 145. ^1 {{cite news|author=BBC Trending |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-25050141 |title=BBC News - European Square: Hashtag of Ukraine protest |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=22 November 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2014|work=BBC News }} 146. ^{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Vitaliy_Klychko/status/403674179779969024 |title=Twitter / Vitaliy_Klychko: Друзі! Усі, хто |publisher=Twitter.com |date=21 November 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 147. ^{{cite web |url=http://vk.com/video182973058_167014663?list=45fca113816edfcb7c&og=1 |title=Кличко: Зберемо 100 000 і підемо в гості на Банкову |publisher=VK |date=22 November 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220091843/http://vk.com/video182973058_167014663?list=45fca113816edfcb7c&og=1# |archive-date=20 February 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 148. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/articles/2013/12/9/7005531/|title=Юрій Луценко: У нас дві дороги – у в'язницю або до перемоги|publisher=Ukrayinska Pravda|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013}} 149. ^{{cite web|last=Magocsi|first=Paul Robert|title=EuroMaidan vs. Orange Revolution, PR Magocsi (ЄвроМайдан)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owr9a-Vo5qk|publisher=UkeTube|accessdate=6 December 2013}} 150. ^In Ukraine, Protests Highlight 'Generational Rift', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (27 November 2013) 151. ^1 {{uk icon}} Which way Ukraine should go – which union should join?, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (3 October 2013) 152. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-ukrainian-public-split-over-eu-customs-union-options-332470.html|title=Poll: Ukrainian public split over EU, Customs Union options|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=26 November 2013 |accessdate=1 December 2013}} 153. ^1 {{cite web|title=Українці обирають Євросоюз|url=http://www.gfk.ua/public_relations/press/press_articles/011218/index.ua.html|publisher=GfK Ukraine|date=12 November 2013|accessdate=8 December 2013}} 154. ^"Ukraine president, protest leaders agree on truce", Associated Press via The Gainesville Sun (February 19, 2013). 155. ^{{cite web|last=Tyahnybok|first=Oleh|title=Oleh Tyahnybok: I appeal to law-enforcement agents who still have their honor – choose the side of the Ukrainian revolution!|url=http://en.svoboda.org.ua/news/comments/00008492/|newspaper=Svoboda|accessdate=2 December 2013}} 156. ^{{YouTube|VDftfd8nhUA|UkeTube}} 157. ^{{cite news |author=Anders Aslund |title=Euro Revolution in Ukraine |publisher=KyivPost |date=26 February 2014 |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/op-ed/anders-aslund-euro-revolution-in-ukraine-332865.html}} 158. ^Ukraine president slams calls for revolution, Al Jazeera (10 December 2013) 159. ^{{cite news|last=Saakashvili|first=Mikheil|title=Why the West Must Join the Ukraine Protesters |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303553204579346560862388416|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=27 January 2014}} 160. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.piie.com/realtime/?p=4222 |title=RealTime Economic Issues Watch | Yanukovych's Time Is Up in Ukraine; the West Must Prepare |publisher=Blogs.piie.com |date= 2014-01-31|accessdate=3 March 2014}} 161. ^Ukraine's interior minister has no intention to resign, Interfax-Ukraine (5 December 2013) 162. ^More than 100,000 people petition Obama for sanctions against Yanukovych. Kyiv Post. 30 November 2013 163. ^White House website petition against Yanukovych signed by 63,000. Voice of Russia. 164. ^The United States will not consider a petition against Yanukovych, but relations between the two countries deteriorate – O.Haran {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203012350/http://www.unn.com.ua/en/exclusive/1278200-ssha-ne-rozglyadatime-petitsiyu-proti-v-yanukovicha-ale-stosunki-mizh-krayinami-pogirshatsya-o-garan |date=3 December 2013 }}. unn.com 165. ^Petition for sanctions against Yanukovych gathers 45,000 votes. ZIK. 166. ^Yatseniuk: Current political crisis cannot be resolved through parliamentary methods, Interfax-Ukraine (5 December 2013) 167. ^Ukraine opposition: no talks unless government fired, CBC News (7 December 2013) 168. ^{{cite web|publisher=Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal|url=https://kse.ua/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/52673-106429-1-SM.pdf |title=The Winter of Our Discontent: Emotions and Contentious Politics in Ukraine during Euromaidan|author=Ivan Gomza and Nadiia Koval}} 169. ^{{cite web|author=T12:21+02:00 12:21 07.02.2014 |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/189212.html |title=Ukrainian Interior Ministry has questions about a Thursday blast at Trade Unions House in Kyiv |publisher=En.interfax.com.ua |date=20 October 2012 |accessdate=16 March 2014}} 170. ^{{cite news|title=Opposition leaders call for people to join self-defense teams to protect EuroMaidan|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/kyivs-weekly-sunday-rally-under-way-as-several-thousand-euromaidan-demonstrators-gather-336551.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=9 February 2014}} 171. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukraine-health-ministry-kyiv-unrest-death-toll-reaches-100-338563.html/ |title=Ukraine Health Ministry: Kyiv unrest death toll reaches 100 |work=Kyiv Post |accessdate=6 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://rt.com/news/ukraine-kiev-death-toll-955/ |archivedate=1 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy}} 172. ^{{cite web|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26302277|title=Ukraine conflict: Tymoshenko speech ends historic day of revolution|date=22 February 2014}} 173. ^{{cite web|work=Financial Times|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8faf984a-9bda-11e3-afe3-00144feab7de.html |title=Yanukovich toppled in new Ukrainian revolution|date=22 February 2014|author=Neil Buckley and Roman Olearchyk}} 174. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/yanukovych-man-sparks-revolution-ukraine-193436462.html |title=Yanukovych: The man who sparks revolution in Ukraine |agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=20 February 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://news.yahoo.com/yanukovych-man-sparks-revolution-ukraine-193436462.html |archivedate=1 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy}} 175. ^{{cite news|script-title=uk:Активісти пояснили, що рвучи политчину символіку провладної партії "прощаються з минулим". Більше читайте тут|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/yevromaydani-u-harkovi-porvali-prapor-partiyi-regioniv-323075.html|newspaper=TSN|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=8 December 2013|language=uk}} 176. ^1 {{cite news|title=EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Jan. 23 live updates)|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-jan-23-live-updates-335389.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=23 January 2014|accessdate=24 January 2014}} 177. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:Тернопільський Євромайдан зібрав більше 10 тисяч людей|url=http://zz.te.ua/ternopilskyj-evromajdan-zibrav-bilshe-10-tysyach-lyudej/|newspaper=ZZ TE UA|date=8 December 2013|accessdate=8 December 2013|language=ru}} 178. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:Днепропетровск: 15 тысяч людей спели гимн Украины / Гордон |url=http://gordonua.com/news/society/Dnepropetrovsk-15-tysyach-lyudey-speli-gimn-Ukrainy-12453.htmll|newspaper=Commentary|date=2 March 2014|accessdate=2 March 2014|language=ru}} 179. ^1 {{cite news|script-title=ru:Акции протеста проходят в десятках|url=http://www.unian.net/news/608623-aktsii-protesta-prohodyat-v-desyatkah-gorodov-ukrainyi.html|newspaper=UNIAN|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru}} 180. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/sumskoy-evromaydan-sobral-bolee-5-tysyach-chelovek--491345.html|script-title=ru:Сумской Евромайдан собрал более 5 тысяч человек |newspaper=Segodnya|date=24 January 2014|accessdate=25 January 2014|language=ru}} 181. ^1 {{cite news|script-title=ru:Хроника и карта революционной Украины|url=http://gordonua.com/news/maidan/Hronika-i-karta-revolyucionnoy-Ukrainy-6854.html|newspaper=Gordon UA|date=24 January 2014|language=ru}} 182. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/03/5/7017754/ |title=У Донецьку почалася масова бійка. Є постраждалі |work=Ukrayinska Pravda (Українська правда) |date=5 March 2014 |accessdate=5 March 2014}} 183. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:В Запорожье пошли на штурм ОГА|url=http://mignews.com.ua/ru/articles/153972.html |newspaper=Mignews|date=26 January 2014|accessdate=26 January 2014|language=ru}} 184. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/02/23/7015985/ |title=У Криму вимагали дострокових виборів і покарання чиновників за сепаратизм | Українська правда |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 185. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:В Ривне тысячи протестующих требуют от чиновников выйти из Партии регионов|url=http://podrobnosti.ua/podrobnosti/2013/12/02/945601.html|newspaper=Podrobnosti|date=2 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru}} 186. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.pn/ru/public/98168|script-title=ru:В центре Николаева прошла многотысячная акция "Защитим Украину вместе""|date=2 March 2014|accessdate=2 March 2014|language=ru}} 187. ^{{cite news|script-title=uk:Близько 3 000 закарпатців, попри дощ, вийшли на ЄвроМайдан у Мукачеві (ФОТО, Відео, Доповнено)|url=http://www.mukachevo.net/UA/News/view/83615|newspaper=mukachevo.net|date=24 November 2013|accessdate=24 November 2013|language=uk}} 188. ^{{cite web|url=http://uainfo.org/yandex/276747-odesskiy-maydan-odessity-rastyanuli-500-metrovyy-flag-ukrainy.html |title=Одесский Майдан: одесситы растянули 500-метровый флаг Украины " Вся правда из блогосферы на UAINFO |publisher=Uainfo.org |date= |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 189. ^1 {{cite news|script-title=uk:Хмельничани вимагають відставки голови облдержадміністрації|url=http://vsim.ua/Novyny-Hmelnytskogo/euromaidan/hmelnichani-vimagayut-vidstavki-golovi-oblderzhadministraciyi-10311744.html|newspaper=VSIM|date=24 January 2014|accessdate=24 January 2014 |language=uk}} 190. ^{{cite news|url=http://gordonua.com/news/maidan/V-Beloy-Cerkvi-sostoyalos-stihiynoe-antipravitelstvennoe-fakelnoe-shestvie-6885.html|script-title=ru:В Белой Церкви прошло факельное шествие с требованием отставки Януковича|language=ru|date=24 January 2014|accessdate=24 January 2014}} 191. ^{{cite news|title=The revolution in the field: a brief summary of Galicia (Революція на місцях: коротке зведення по Галичині)|url=http://galinfo.com.ua/news/148563.html |newspaper=Galinfo|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=1 December 2013|language=uk}} 192. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:Митинги проходят в Харькове, Виннице, Тернополе, Николаеве, Кировограде, Львове, Одессе, Полтаве|url=http://obozrevatel.com/politics/73920-mitingi-prohodyat-v-harkove-vinnitse-ternopole-nikolaeve-kirovograde-lvove.htm|newspaper=Obozrevatel|date=8 December 2013|accessdate=8 December 2013|language=ru}} 193. ^Две тысячи протестующих перекрыли центральную улицу Житомира Sergei Shevchuk 23 January 2014 {{ru icon}} 194. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:Народное вече в Кировограде собрало около тысячи человек |url=http://ru.tvi.ua/new/2013/12/08/narodnoe_veche_v_kirovograde_sobralo_okolo_tysyachi_chelovek_foto|newspaper=Tvi|date=8 December 2013|accessdate=8 December 2013|language=ru|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213071449/http://ru.tvi.ua/new/2013/12/08/narodnoe_veche_v_kirovograde_sobralo_okolo_tysyachi_chelovek_foto|archivedate=13 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} 195. ^{{cite news|script-title=uk:#Євромайдан у Кривому Розі|url=http://holoskr.com/patrotichno/172-yevromaydan-u-krivomu-roz.html|newspaper=Голос Криворіжжя|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=6 December 2013|language=uk|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033842/http://holoskr.com/patrotichno/172-yevromaydan-u-krivomu-roz.html|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} 196. ^{{cite news|script-title=uk:У Луганську на підтримку київського маршу вийшли близько тисячі людей|url=http://www.unian.ua/news/610289-u-lugansku-na-pidtrimku-kijivskogo-marshu-viyshli-blizko-tisyachi-lyudey.html|agency=UNIAN|date=9 December 2013|language=uk}} 197. ^{{cite news|url=http://uzhgorod.in/ua/novini/2014/yanvar/uzhgorod_hronika_garyachogo_dnya_fotoreportazh_viideo|author=Yosef Kish|script-title=uk:Ужгород: хроніка гарячого дня|date=24 January 2014|accessdate=25 January 2014|language=uk}} 198. ^{{cite news|script-title=uk:Хроніка дрогобицького євромайдану-2|url=http://www.drohobych.com.ua/2013/11/26/hronika-drohobytskoho-jevromajdanu-2/|newspaper=Дрогобицький Портал|date=26 November 2013|language=uk}} 199. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:Сегодня в Херсоне сторонники евроинтеграции собрались на Евромайдан в 17-й раз|url= http://www.t.ks.ua/node/3355|newspaper=Kherson Online|date=8 December 2013 |accessdate=8 December 2013|language=ru}} 200. ^{{cite web|url=http://censor.net.ua/news/268237/na_mitinge_v_mariupole_osudili_politiku_vlasti_fotoreportaj |title=мариуполь: На митинге в Мариуполе осудили политику власти. ФОТОрепортаж - Беркут, избиение, мариуполь, митинг, оппозиция, Евросоюз, Евромайдан, Революция в Украине 27.01.14 1 |publisher=Censor.net.ua |date= |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 201. ^{{cite news|script-title=uk:Міліція каже, що розганяти не буде|url=http://pik.cn.ua/6606/chernigivskiy-evromaydan-zalishaetsya-na-nich-militsiya-kazhe-shcho-rozganyati-ne-bude/|newspaper=Чернiгiвщина: події|date=23 November 2013|accessdate=23 November 2013|language=uk}} 202. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:В Измаиле состоялся свой Майдан|url=http://www.izmacity.com/novosti/sobitiya/7145-v-izmaile-sostoyalsya-svoj-majdan|publisher=izmacity.com|accessdate=23 February 2014|language=ru}} 203. ^{{cite news|script-title=uk:Активісти блокують у Василькові полк "Тигр" із Криму (доповнено)|url=http://daily.lviv.ua/news/polityka/aktyvisty-blokuyut-u-vasylkovi-tyhr-iz-krymu-2538|newspaper=Daily Lviv|date=4 December 2013|accessdate=6 December 2013|language=uk}} 204. ^{{cite news|script-title=uk:У Ялті організували Євромайдан, в Севастополі вимагали "посадити" опозицію|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/02/19/7014965/|newspaper=Ukrayinska Pravda|date=20 February 2014|accessdate=20 February 2014|language=uk}} 205. ^{{cite news|last= Interfax-Ukraine|title=Lviv students want EU deal signed|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/lviv-students-want-eu-deal-signed-332427.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=25 November 2013|accessdate=25 December 2013}} 206. ^{{cite news|last=Bershidsky|first=Leonid |url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/Ukrainians-protest-rejection-of-EU-for-Russia---233505141.html|title=Ukrainians protest rejection of EU for Russia|work=Winnipeg Free Press|date=16 April 2010|accessdate=27 November 2013}} 207. ^{{cite web|url=http://zik.ua/en/news/2013/11/24/rally_in_lviv_grows_to_25000_441889 |title=Rally in Lviv grows to 25,000|publisher=Zik.ua|date=24 November 2013 |accessdate=3 December 2013}} 208. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:В Крыму на Евромайдане спели гимн УПА|url=http://vesti.ua/krym/26256-v-krymu-na-evromajdane-speli-gimn-upa-i-potrebovali-otstavki-azarova|newspaper=VESTI|date=24 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru}} 209. ^{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/home/showSingleNews.do?cherez_pogromi_u_nametovomu_mistechku_dnipropetrovska_travmovani_7_lyudey&objectId=386489|script-title=uk:Через погроми у наметовому містечку Дніпропетровська травмовані 7 людей – Відео|language=uk|publisher=24tv.ua|date=11 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 210. ^{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/home/showSingleNews.do?yevromaydan_u_dnipropetrovsku_40_titushok_napali_na_nametove_mistechko_video&objectId=386434|script-title=uk:Євромайдан. У Дніпропетровську 40 "тітушок" напали на наметове містечко|language=uk|publisher=24tv.ua|date=11 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 211. ^{{cite web |url=http://24tv.ua/home/showSingleNews.do?proti_titushkiv_yaki_rozgromili_dnipropetrovskiy_yevromaydan_vidkrito_kriminalne_provadzhennya&objectId=386557 |script-title=uk:Проти "тітушків", які розгромили дніпропетровський Євромайдан, відкрито кримінальне провадження|language=uk|publisher=24tv.ua|date=11 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 212. ^{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/home/showSingleNews.do?yevromaydan_u_dnipropetrovsku_rozgromili_za_rishennyam_sudu_prote_militsiya_ne_vtruchalasya&objectId=386476|script-title=uk:Євромайдан у Дніпропетровську розгромили за рішенням суду, проте міліція не втручалася|language=uk|publisher=24tv.ua|date=11 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 213. ^{{cite web|url= http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/miliciya-znesla-yevromaydan-v-odesi-321818.html|title=Євромайдан в Одесі – Міліція знесла Євромайдан в Одесі – Новини України на 1+1 – ТСН.ua|publisher=Televiziyna Sluzhba Novyn|date=25 November 2013|accessdate=4 December 2013|language=uk}} 214. ^{{cite web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/u-chernigovi-znesli-yevromaydan-a-obureniy-protestuvalnik-namagavsya-sebe-pidpaliti-zmi-321918.html|title=У Чернігові знесли Євромайдан, а обурений протестувальник намагався себе підпалити – ЗМІ – Новини України на 1+1 – ТСН.ua|publisher=TSN|date=25 November 2013|accessdate=4 December 2013|language=uk}} 215. ^{{cite web|url=http://khpg.org/en/index.php?id=1385381658|title=Odessa EuroMaidan: Heavy-handed measures by police and their questionable back-up|publisher=khpg.org|date=25 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 216. ^{{cite web|url=http://gazeta.ua/ru/articles/politics/_evropa-grozit-ukraine-razvratom-russkij-blok-provel-v-donecke-antimajdan/528245|script-title=ru:Европа грозит Украине развратом – "Русский блок" провел в Донецке "антимайдан"|newspaper=Gazeta|date=26 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru}} 217. ^{{cite web|url=http://an.crimea.ua/page/news/52626/ |script-title=ru:В Ялте начали преследовать участников Евромайдана – Новости Крыма|publisher=An.crimea.ua|date=25 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203071015/http://an.crimea.ua/page/news/52626/|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} 218. ^1 Ukraine opposition demands leader resign after EU snub, Seven News (30 November 2013) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011730/http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/20081107/ukraine-opposition-demands-leader-resign-after-eu-snub/ |date=4 December 2013 }} 219. ^{{cite web|url=http://regionalna.tvp.pl/13153124/zywy-lancuch-poparcia-dla-protestujacych-na-ukrainie|title=Żywy łańcuch poparcia dla protestujących na Ukrainie – TVP Regionalna – Telewizja Polska S.A.|publisher= Regionalna.tvp.pl|date=29 November 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=pl}} 220. ^1 2 {{cite news|script-title=uk:Євромайдан Львів встановив кількісний рекорд|url=http://lvivexpres.com/news/2013/12/01/55102-yevromaydan-lviv-vstanovyv-kilkisnyy-rekord|newspaper=Lviv Expres|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=1 December 2013|language=uk|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011742/http://lvivexpres.com/news/2013/12/01/55102-yevromaydan-lviv-vstanovyv-kilkisnyy-rekord|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} 221. ^{{cite news|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|title=A rally of 300 in Donetsk demands Yanukovych's resignation|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/a-rally-of-300-in-donetsk-demands-yanukovychs-resignation-332735.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013}} 222. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:Жадан прошел по харьковскому Евромайдану "путь в Европу"|url=http://kharkov.comments.ua/news/2013/11/30/195135.html|newspaper=Kharkov Commentary|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=2 December 2013|language=ru|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206225957/http://kharkov.comments.ua/news/2013/11/30/195135.html#|archive-date=6 February 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 223. ^{{cite web|script-title=uk:Сергій Жадан закликав студентів на революцію #Євромайдан #Харків|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAwTwWTov4Y|publisher=Monitoring Maidan|accessdate=1 December 2013|language=uk}} 224. ^{{cite web|title=# Yevromaydan Kharkiv |date=1 December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAwTwWTov4Ye|publisher=Maidan Monitor|accessdate=2 December 2013}} 225. ^{{cite news|title=Харьковский Евромайдан заночует на площади Свободы|publisher=Vesti|url=http://vesti.ua/harkov/27340-harkovskij-evromajdan-dvinulsja-na-plowad-svobody|date=1 December 2013}} 226. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:На Евромайдан в Харькове вышли тысячи человек|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/regions/kharkov/na-evromaydan-v-harkove-vyshli-tysyachi-chelovek--478971.html|newspaper=Segodnya|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru}} 227. ^{{cite news|script-title=ru:В Днепропетровске около 1000 человек требовали отставки виновных в разгоне Евромайдана|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/regions/dnepr/v-dnepropetrovske-okolo-1000-chelovek-trebovali-otstavki-vinovnyh-v-razgone-evromaydana--478958.html|newspaper=Segodnya|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru}} 228. ^{{cite web|url=http://an.crimea.ua/page/news/52653/|script-title=ru:Крымский Евромайдан извинился за жестокость "Беркута" в Киеве – Новости Крыма|publisher=An.crimea.ua|date=1 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203090509/http://an.crimea.ua/page/news/52653/|archivedate=3 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} 229. ^{{cite web|author=Vladimir Ivahnenko and Ярослав Шимов|url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/25186433.html|script-title=ru:Хроника "Евромайдана" |publisher=Svoboda|date=2 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=ru}} 230. ^{{cite web|url=http://tsn.ua/politika/sogodni-u-bilshosti-oblrad-vidbudutsya-pozachergovi-sesiyi-cherez-situaciyu-v-ukrayini-323140.html|title=Сьогодні у більшості облрад відбудуться позачергові сесії через ситуацію в Україні – Політика – ТСН.ua |publisher=TSN|date=2 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=uk}} 231. ^{{cite news|script-title=uk:Три західні області оголосили страйк|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/12/2/7004262/ |newspaper=Ukrainska Pravda|date=2 December 2013|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=uk}} 232. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/25188964.html|script-title=uk:У Дніпропетровську євромайданівці вимагають відставки місцевої влади |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org|date=3 December 2013|accessdate=4 December 2013|language=uk}} 233. ^{{cite web|author=Новини |url=http://versii.if.ua/novunu/prikarpatska-militsiya-ne-puskaye-ivano-frankivskih-mitinguvalnikiv-do-kiyeva/|script-title=uk:Прикарпатська міліція не пускає Івано-Франківських мітингувальників до Києва|publisher=versii.if.ua|date=7 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013|language=uk}} 234. ^{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/12/08/world/europe/ukraine-protests/ |title=Lenin statue toppled in Ukraine protest |publisher=CNN |date=8 December 2013 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 235. ^{{cite web |url=http://odessa.comments.ua/news/2013/12/09/114051.html|script-title=ru:Одесского Ленина сокрушили вслед за киевским|publisher=Odessa.comments.ua|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013|language=ru}} 236. ^{{cite web|url=http://zn.ua/UKRAINE/v-ternopole-organizatory-evromaydana-podverglis-ugolovnomu-presledovaniyu-134650_.html|script-title=ru:В Тернополе организаторы Евромайдана подверглись уголовному преследованию – Украина|publisher=zn.ua|date=9 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013|language=ru}} 237. ^{{cite web|url=http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/leninopad-trivaye-vozhdya-skinuli-v-kanevi-mikolayevi-hersoni-336067.html |title=Ленінопад триває: вождя скинули в Каневі, Миколаєві, Херсоні - Новини України на 1+1 - ТСН.ua |publisher=Tsn.ua |date= 2014-02-22|accessdate=16 March 2014}} 238. ^{{cite web|author=Софія Середа |url=http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/25225395.html |title=В Україні – Ленінопад: пам'ятники вождю падають один за одним |publisher=Radiosvoboda.org |date= |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 239. ^{{cite web|url=http://kharkov.comments.ua/news/2013/12/14/160422.html|script-title=ru:Харьковчане недовольны забором на площади Свободы (ФОТО)|publisher=Kharkov.comments.ua|date=14 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013|language=ru|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125130733/http://kharkov.comments.ua/news/2013/12/14/160422.html#|archive-date=25 January 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 240. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2013/12/24/7008154/|title=In Kharkiv, the second burned car Euromaidan (У Харкові спалили другу машину Євромайдану)|newspaper=Ukrayinska Pravda|date=24 December 2013 |accessdate=24 December 2013 |language=uk}} 241. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/kharkiv-euromaidan-organizer-attacked-stabbed-video-334218.html|author=Christopher J. Miller|title=Unknown assailants beat and stab Kharkiv EuroMaidan organizer|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=25 December 2013 |accessdate=23 January 2014}} 242. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.unian.net/news/613773-v-dnepropetrovske-okolo-dvuh-tyisyach-chelovek-podderjali-veche-v-kieve.html|script-title=ru:В Днепропетровске около двух тысяч человек поддержали вече в Киеве|agency=UNIAN|date=22 December 2013|accessdate=23 January 2014|language=ru}} 243. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/alexander-j-motyl/free-donetsk|title=A Free Donetsk?|publisher=World Affairs |date=10 January 2014|accessdate=24 January 2014}} 244. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.liga.net/news/politics/955054-v_donetske_dnepropetrovske_kharkove_odesse_vyshli_na_evromaydan.htm |script-title=ru:В Донецке, Днепропетровске, Харькове, Одессе вышли на Евромайдан|date=5 January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014|language=ru}} 245. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/smashed-windows-tear-gas-accompany-euromaidan-forum-in-kharkiv-334870.html|author=Oksana Grytsenko|title=Smashed windows, tear gas accompany EuroMaidan forum in Kharkiv|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=11 January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014}} 246. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theinsider.com.ua/politics/52dfbb4e49bba/|script-title=uk:"Тітушки" вогнем розігнали Донецький Євромайдан|agency=The Insider|date=22 January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014|language=uk|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124232725/http://www.theinsider.com.ua/politics/52dfbb4e49bba/|archivedate=24 January 2014|df=dmy-all}} 247. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theinsider.com.ua/politics/52dfd23a4650b/|title=Донецька міськрада просить Януковича вжити жорсткі заходи|agency=The Insider|date=22 January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125135925/http://www.theinsider.com.ua/politics/52dfd23a4650b/|archivedate=25 January 2014|df=dmy-all}} 248. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/spilnotv.en/posts/472964822809973 |title=Facebook |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2 March 2014}} 249. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/01/22/mothers-block-their-soldier-sons-from-serving-in-kyiv/#.UuBB9HgMj1U.twitter|title=Mothers block their soldier sons from serving in Kyiv|publisher=Euronews|date=22 January 2014 |accessdate=23 January 2014}} 250. ^{{cite news|url=http://24tv.ua/home/showSingleNews.do?u_vinnitsi_aktivisti_perekrili_tsentralnu_vulitsyu_mista_ta_zablokuvali_oda&objectId=401391|script-title=uk:У Вінниці активісти перекрили центральну вулицю міста та заблокували ОДА|publisher=24Tv.ua|date=23 January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014|language=uk}} 251. ^Автомобиль одесского оппозиционера взорвали 23 January 2014 {{ru icon}} 252. ^{{cite news|url=http://lb.ua/news/2014/01/24/253044_mer_sum_fraktsiya_gorsovete.html|script-title=ru:Мэр Сум и его фракция в горсовете заявили о поддержке протестов|newspaper=LB|date=24 January 2014|accessdate=25 January 2014|language=ru}} 253. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/24/ukraine-crimea-russia-secession |title=Ukraine's Crimeans eye alliance with Russia |language=ru |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014|last1=Kiev |first1=Harriet Salem Shaun Walker in |last2=Harding |first2=Luke }} 254. ^{{cite web|last1=Zmeyev|first1=Maxim|title=PUTIN CONGRATULATES RUSSIAN SPECIAL FORCES ON CRIMEA ANNIVERSARY|url=http://www.newsweek.com/putin-congratulates-russian-special-forces-crimea-anniversary-561760|website=Newsweek|accessdate=20 November 2017|date=2017-02-27}} 255. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://novosti.dn.ua/details/219497/ |title=Новости Донбасса :: Митинг за мир и единство Украины в центре Донецка - все видео и фото до драки (обновлено) |publisher=Novosti.dn.ua |date= |accessdate=16 March 2014}} 256. ^{{cite web|url=http://donetsk.comments.ua/news/2014/03/05/195804.html |title=На площади Ленина пророссийские активисты напали на участников антивоенного митинга - Донецк.comments.ua |publisher=Donetsk.comments.ua |date= |accessdate=16 March 2014}} 257. ^1 Thousands mourn Ukraine protester amid unrest, Al Jazeera (26 January 2014) 258. ^1 2 3 4 5 [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25905031 Ukraine protests 'spread' into Russia-influenced east], BBC News (26 January 2014) 259. ^{{cite web|url=http://tvnwarszawa.tvn24.pl/informacje,news,palac-kultury-w-kolorach-flagi-ukrainy,107683.html|title=Pałac Kultury w kolorach flagi Ukrainy |publisher=Tvnwarszawa.tvn24.pl|accessdate=8 December 2013|language=pl}} 260. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=553676178055395|title=Euromaidan – Tijdlijnfoto's|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=8 December 2013}} 261. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrfcu.com/News/Articles/3077|title=Blue and Yellow for Ukraine – Cira Centre lights up|publisher=Ukrainian Selfreliance Federal Credit Union|accessdate=14 December 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215034027/https://www.ukrfcu.com/News/Articles/3077|archivedate=15 December 2013|df=dmy-all}} 262. ^{{cite news|title=Parliament Adopts Statement on Ukraine|url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=26777|accessdate=2 January 2014|newspaper=Civil Georgia|date=11 December 2013}} 263. ^{{cite news|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-1071422|title=Niagara Falls was blue and yellow|publisher=iReport|date=30 December 2013|accessdate=30 December 2013}} 264. ^{{cite news|last=Rudenko|first=Olga|title=Protesters: Ukraine paying for pro-government rallies|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/02/16/ukraine-government-protests/5435315/|newspaper=USA Today|date=16 February 2014}} 265. ^Winter on Fire: Ukraine's Fight for Freedom (Motion picture). 9 October 2015. 266. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/178662/far-right-groups-infiltrate-kievs-institutions-student-movement-pushes-back# |title="As Far-Right Groups Infiltrate Kiev's Institutions, the Student Movement Pushes Back" 4 Mar 2014 |journal=The Nation |date=4 March 2014 |accessdate=16 March 2014}} 267. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.pravda.com.ua/authors/parubiy/52c9757a27abd/ |script-title=uk:Закриваючи собою Майдан | Українська правда - Блоги |publisher=Blogs.pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=16 March 2014|language=uk}} 268. ^{{cite web |url=http://espreso.tv/new/2014/02/13/parubiy_rozpoviv_pro_istoriyu_stvorennya_ta_strukturu_samooborony_maydanu |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140308194413/http://espreso.tv/new/2014/02/13/parubiy_rozpoviv_pro_istoriyu_stvorennya_ta_strukturu_samooborony_maydanu |dead-url=yes |archive-date=8 March 2014 |script-title=uk:Парубій розповів про історію створення та структуру самооборони Майдану |publisher=Espreso.tv |date=13 February 2014 |accessdate=16 March 2014 |language=uk}} 269. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/world/europe/protesters-join-fight-in-kiev-100-at-a-time.html?smid=fb-share |title=Converts Join With Militants in Kiev Clash |author1=ANDREW HIGGINS |author2=ANDREW E. KRAMER |date=20 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 270. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XA3l0MCZVtg |title=Андрій Парубій на Hromadske.TV |publisher=YouTube |date=3 January 2014 |accessdate=16 March 2014|language=uk}} 271. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/02/17/7014136/ |script-title=uk:''Вікинги'' і ''Нарнія'' штурмували КМДА, бо не мали куди йти | Українська правда |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date= |accessdate=16 March 2014|language=uk}} 272. ^{{cite web |url=http://nru.org.ua/news/mediafaily/videohalereia/498-vystup-sotnyka-volodymyra-parasiuka-22-liutoho-na-maidani |script-title=uk:Виступ сотника Володимира Парасюка 21 лютого на Майдані |publisher=Nru.org.ua |date= |accessdate=16 March 2014 |language=uk |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316165730/http://nru.org.ua/news/mediafaily/videohalereia/498-vystup-sotnyka-volodymyra-parasiuka-22-liutoho-na-maidani |archivedate=16 March 2014 |df=dmy-all}} 273. ^{{cite web|url=http://grani.ru/people/2144/ |script-title=ru:Грани.Ру/Персоны/Владимир Парасюк |publisher=Grani.ru |date=28 February 2014 |accessdate=16 March 2014|language=ru}} 274. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samooboronaua.org/news.php/news/13/group/16 |title=Парубій підписав наказ "Про основні засади організації «Самооборони Майдану" - Новини - Самооборона Майдану |publisher=Samooboronaua.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-03}} 275. ^{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/home/showSingleNews.do?struktura_protestu_yevromaydan_predstavlyayut_ponad_10_grup_riznih_organizatsiy&objectId=406486 |script-title=uk:Структура протесту: Євромайдан представляють понад 10 груп різних організацій |language=uk|publisher=24tv.ua |date= |accessdate=16 March 2014}} 276. ^{{cite web|url=http://society.lb.ua/position/2014/02/08/254736_karas.html |title=Євген Карась: "Оголошення в розшук - помста за те, що ми зловили міліцейську спецгрупу, елітний "ескадрон смерті" - Хто не чув легенди - LB.ua |publisher=Society.lb.ua |date= |accessdate=16 March 2014|language=uk}} 277. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.unian.ua/politics/874855-chetvero-poterpilih-pislya-zitknen-na-grushevskogo-zalishilisya-bez-ochey-geraschenko.html#ad-image-0|title=Four victims after the clashes on Hrushevskoho were left without eyes (Четверо потерпілих після зіткнень на Грушевського залишилися без очей – Геращенко)|newspaper=UNIAN|date=21 January 2014|accessdate=21 January 2014|language=uk}} 278. ^1 {{cite news|url= http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/01/22/7010771/|title=Medics on Hrushevskoho inform about five people being dead (Лікарі на Грушевського повідомили про загибель 5 людей)|newspaper=Ukrayinska Pravda|date=22 January 2014|accessdate=22 January 2014|language=uk}} 279. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/875272-odnogo-iz-pogibshih-segodnya-zastrelil-snayper-vtorogo-ubili-iz-pistoleta-vrachi.html|title=One of the victims was shot today by a sniper, another was killed from a handgun – medics (Одного из погибших сегодня застрелил снайпер, второго убили из пистолета – врачи)|agency=UNIAN|date=22 January 2014|accessdate=22 January 2014|language=ru}} 280. ^{{cite news|url=http://espreso.tv/new/2014/01/22/likari_pidtverdyly_scho_odnoho_iz_protestuvalnykiv_vbyv_snayper|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140221172559/http://espreso.tv/new/2014/01/22/likari_pidtverdyly_scho_odnoho_iz_protestuvalnykiv_vbyv_snayper|dead-url=yes|archive-date=21 February 2014|title=Doctors have confirmed that a sniper killed one of the protesters (Лікарі підтвердили, що одного із протестувальників вбив снайпер)|agency=Espreso TV|date=22 January 2014|accessdate=15 May 2014|language=uk}} 281. ^{{cite news|title=Five killed, at least 300 injured, in police assaults on EuroMaidan protesters |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/five-killed-at-least-300-injured-in-police-assaults-on-euromaidan-protesters-335386.html |newspaper=Kyiv Post |date=22 January 2014 |accessdate=22 January 2014}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} 282. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainian-prosecutor-generals-office-confirms-two-deaths-from-gunshot-wounds-in-kyiv-protests-335378.html|title=Ukrainian Prosecutor General's Office confirmed two deaths from gunshot wounds in Kyiv protests|work=Kyiv Post|agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=22 January 2014|accessdate=22 January 2014}} 283. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Ukrainian investigators probe possible killing of three protesters by riot police|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/ukrainian-investigators-probe-possible-killing-of-three-protestors-by-riot-police-336015.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=31 January 2014}} 284. ^1 In the Central Morgue of Kiev – 26 unidentified bodies. Ukrayinska Pravda. 31 January 2014 285. ^List of all bodies {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204031115/http://www.svidomo.org/defend_article/24064 |date=4 February 2014}}. Svidomo. 31 January 2014 286. ^KMDA named another number of unidentified bodies. Urkayinska Pravda. 31 January 2014 287. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26265808 |title=Ukraine President Yanukovych sacks army chief amid crisis |publisher=BBC News |date=19 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 288. ^{{cite web |url=http://tvi.ua/new/2014/02/19/sobolyev_u_budynku_profspilok_zhorily_40_50_lyudey |title=Соболєв: У Будинку профспілок згоріли 40-50 людей |publisher=Tvi.ua |date=19 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302221620/http://tvi.ua/new/2014/02/19/sobolyev_u_budynku_profspilok_zhorily_40_50_lyudey |archivedate=2 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 289. ^{{cite web|author=Hashim Thaçi |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/20/ukraine-death-toll-rises-as-protesters-retake-maida/ |title=Dozens killed in Kyiv as Ukraine 'truce' shattered |publisher=Euronews.com |date=20 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 290. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-maidan-justice-victims-amnesty-fifth-anniversary/29779358.html|title=Amnesty International: Five Years After Euromaidan, Justice For The Victims 'Still Not Even In Sight'|last=|first=|date=19 February 2019|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|publisher=RFE/RL|archive-url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-maidan-justice-victims-amnesty-fifth-anniversary/29779358.html|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=23 February 2019}} 291. ^{{cite news|last=Grytsenko |first=Oksana |title=How many died on Jan. 22 and who took their lives? |newspaper=Kyiv Post |date=24 January 2014 |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/how-many-died-on-jan-22-and-who-took-their-lives-335485.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/how-many-died-on-jan-22-and-who-took-their-lives-335485.html |archivedate=1 December 2008}} 292. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/875272-odnogo-iz-pogibshih-segodnya-zastrelil-snayper-vtorogo-ubili-iz-pistoleta-vrachi.html |title=One of the victims was shot today by a sniper, another was killed from a handgun – medics |agency=UNIAN |language=ru |date=22 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.unian.net/politics/875272-odnogo-iz-pogibshih-segodnya-zastrelil-snayper-vtorogo-ubili-iz-pistoleta-vrachi.html |archivedate=1 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy}} 293. ^{{cite web |author=Christopher J. Miller |url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/report-lethal-car-stopper-ammunition-used-against-protesters-during-hrushevskoho-street-clashes-335579.html |title=Report: Lethal 'car stopper' bullets used against protesters during Hrushevskoho Street clashes |work=Kyiv Post |date=25 January 2014 |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/report-lethal-car-stopper-ammunition-used-against-protesters-during-hrushevskoho-street-clashes-335579.html |archivedate=1 December 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy}} 294. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512124627/http://argumentua.com/novosti/vy-eshche-uznaete-chto-takoe-yanukovich-zhirinovskii-zayavil-chto-posle-putinskoi-olimpiady- You will know what is Yanukovych!]. "Argument.ua". 31 January 2014 295. ^{{cite news|last=Steklow|first=Steve|title=Special Report: Flaws found in Ukraine's probe of Maidan massacre|publisher=Reuters|date=10 October 2014|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/10/us-ukraine-killings-probe-special-report-idUSKCN0HZ0UH20141010}} 296. ^{{cite web|title=About the reques by General prosecutor's office regarding permission for arrest of Berkut special company commander, suspected of killing 39 unarmed protesters. (in Ukrainian) |publisher=General prosecutor's office of Ukraine|date=4 October 2014|url=http://www.gp.gov.ua/ua/news.html?_m=publications&_c=view&_t=rec&id=145097}} 297. ^{{cite news|title=Member of parliament Yarema hit a traffic officer that was not letting cars on Maidan square in the face (in Russian)|publisher=Korrespondent.net|date=26 December 2013|url=http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/events/3280621-nardep-yarema-udaryl-v-lytso-ynspektora-ne-propuskavsheho-mashyny-na-maidan-hay}} 298. ^{{cite news|title=Member of parliament Yarema states he did not hit the traffic officer (in Ukrainian)|publisher=newsru.ua|date=27 December 2013|url=http://www.newsru.ua/arch/ukraine/27dec2013/ne_buv.html|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418185839/http://www.newsru.ua/arch/ukraine/27dec2013/ne_buv.html|archivedate=18 April 2015|df=dmy-all}} 299. ^{{cite news|title=A video of brawl involving a member of parliament and a traffic officer surfaced. (in Russian)|publisher=vesti-ukr.com|date=27 December 2013|url=http://vesti-ukr.com/kiev/31652-v-internete-pojavilos-video-draki-nardepa-s-sotrudnikom-gai}} 300. ^{{cite news|title=Russia, Ukraine feud over sniper carnage|url=https://news.yahoo.com/russia-ukraine-feud-over-sniper-carnage-203319580.html|newspaper=Associated Press|date=8 March 2014}} 301. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/2014/0308/Kiev-snipers-Who-was-behind-them|title=Kiev snipers: Who was behind them?|last=Eckel|first=Mike|date=8 March 2014|work=Christian Science Monitor|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=10 March 2014}} 302. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.zn.ua/internal/gennadiy-moskal-odnovremenno-snaypery-poluchili-ot-vlasti-ukazanie-rasstrelivat-ne-tolko-protestuyuschih-no-i-milicionerov-_.html |title=Original Dzerkalo Tizhnya/Zerkalo Nedeli interview |accessdate=2014-03-10 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310204230/http://www.zn.ua/internal/gennadiy-moskal-odnovremenno-snaypery-poluchili-ot-vlasti-ukazanie-rasstrelivat-ne-tolko-protestuyuschih-no-i-milicionerov-_.html |archivedate=10 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }} (in Russian and Ukrainian), 6 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014 303. ^Leaked call raises questions about who was behind sniper attacks in Ukraine, CNN, 6 March 2014. 304. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/05/us-estonia-eu-ukraine-idUSBREA2423O20140305 Estonia denies leaked call implicates Ukraine protesters in killings], Reuters, 5 March 2014. 305. ^{{cite news|last1=Macaskill|first1=Ewen|title=Ukraine crisis: bugged call reveals conspiracy theory about Kiev snipers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/05/ukraine-bugged-call-catherine-ashton-urmas-paet|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=20 November 2017|date=2014-03-05}} 306. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10677370/Ukraine-Russia-crisis-live.html | title=Ukraine crisis: March 5 as it happened, entry for 15.17 | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=5 March 2014}} 307. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ew9NPPtYScY], German Public TV ARD, Monitor 10 April 2014, ca. 7:45. 308. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/03/4/7017541/ |title=У кривавому побоїщі в Києві брала участь неукраїнська третя сила - Аваков |work=Ukrayinska Pravda |date=4 March 2014 |accessdate=12 March 2014}} 309. ^{{cite news|title=Snipers shooting at demonstrators in Kiev identified as Ukrainian citizens|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/world/724710|agency=ITAR-TASS News Agency|date=21 March 2014|accessdate=30 March 2014}} 310. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/Daily-Beast-Russian-snipers-Ukrainian-protesters/2014/03/31/id/562766/ |title=Daily Beast: Russian-Trained Snipers Killed Ukrainian Protesters |publisher=Newsmax.com |date= 2014-03-31|accessdate=2014-08-03}} 311. ^{{cite news|author=Jamie Dettmer |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/30/exclusive-photographs-expose-russian-trained-killers-in-kiev.html |title=Exclusive: Photographs Expose Russian-Trained Killers in Kiev |newspaper=The Daily Beast |date=30 March 2014 |accessdate=2014-08-03}} 312. ^{{cite web |url=http://euromaidanpr.com/2014/04/02/breaking-news-9-suspects-in-maidan-shootings-detained/ |title=BREAKING NEWS: 9 Suspects in Maidan Shootings Detained |publisher=Euromaidanpr.com |date=2014-07-26 |accessdate=2014-08-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140403041654/http://euromaidanpr.com/2014/04/02/breaking-news-9-suspects-in-maidan-shootings-detained/ |archivedate=3 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 313. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unian.net/politics/903462-prikaz-rasstrelivat-mitinguyuschih-otdaval-yanukovich-gpu.html |title=Приказ расстреливать митингующих отдавал Янукович - ГПУ : Новости УНИАН |publisher=Unian.net |date= |accessdate=2014-08-03}} 314. ^{{cite news|last=Olearchyk|first=Roman|title=Ukraine implicates Russian agents in deadly protester crackdown|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/396ba808-bb28-11e3-b2b7-00144feabdc0.html?siteedition=intl#axzz2xpllfvcF|newspaper=Financial Times|date=3 April 2014}} 315. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-31359021 |title=The untold story of the Maidan massacre |publisher=BBC |date=2015-02-12 |accessdate=2015-02-13 |author=Gabriel Gatehouse|work=BBC News }} 316. ^Only at Hrushevskoho suffered 42 journalists (Лише на Грушевського постраждали 42 журналісти). Ukrayinska Pravda. 22 January 2014 317. ^Journalists are disguising themselves as regular protesters for own safety. TSN. 22 January 2014 318. ^{{cite news|title=EuroMaidan rallies in Ukraine (Feb. 4 live updates)|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/euromaidan-rallies-in-ukraine-feb-4-live-updates-336225.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=4 February 2014}} 319. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/at-least-two-reporters-injured-by-stun-grenade-in-kyiv-335258.html|title=At least two reporters injured by stun grenade in Kyiv|newspaper=Kyiv Post |agency=Interfax-Ukraine|date=20 January 2014|accessdate=22 January 2014}} 320. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/watchdog-24-journalists-injured-in-protester-clashes-with-police-two-detained-335274.html|author=Mark Rachkevych |title=Watchdog: 26 journalists injured in police clashes, two detained|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=20 January 2014|accessdate=22 January 2014}} 321. ^Belarusian photocorrespondent in Kiev was shot. Belapan. 22 January 2014 322. ^Belarusian journalist suffered during the events in Kiev. naviny.by. 22 January 2014 323. ^In Kiev sniper wounded a journalist. Belarusian partizan. 22 January 2014 324. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/police-assault-journalist-providing-live-video-for-espresso-tv-335379.html|author=Nataliya Trach |title=Police assault journalist providing live video for Espresso TV|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=22 January 2014|accessdate=22 January 2014}} 325. ^Ukrainian president demands all detained reporters be released immediately, Interfax-Ukraine (24 January 2014) 326. ^Berkut shoots at medic with raised hands. Ukrayinska Pravda. 31 January 2014. (video no longer available) 327. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/estabrook/albums/72157640636759884 Over 1,600 photographs taken by Mark Estabrook of the EuroMaidan revolution in February 2014 in Kiev] 328. ^[https://www.mystatesman.com/news/local/wounded-austin-photographer-mark-estabrook-smuggled-out-kiev/ucRV0JeJywiGAFqfJOKcwK/ Austin photographer Mark Estabrook smuggled out of Kiev; Austin American Statesman; 19 February 2014.] 329. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/estabrook/13064787275/in/photolist-XsBVN8-kodGFe-kUH4TQ-kUus62/ Hospital xrays of Mark Estabrook's leg in Cologne, Germany, 19 February 2014.] 330. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/estabrook/13067249074/in/photolist-XsBVN8-kodGFe-kUH4TQ-kUus62/ Hospital xrays of Mark Estabrook's shoulder in Cologne, Germany, 19 February 2014.] 331. ^[https://www.n-tv.de/mediathek/videos/politik/US-Fotograf-wird-zum-Dokumentator-der-Gewalt-article12370651.html German television network ntv interview with Mark Estabrook on 3 February 2014 in Cologne, Germany.] 332. ^1 2 3 "EUROMAYDAN – 2013" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213064315/http://rb.com.ua/eng/projects/omnibus/8840/# |date=13 December 2013 }}, Research & Branding Group (10 December 2013) 333. ^Ukraine Q&A: How protests turned violent and what comes next, Financial Times (26 January 2014) 334. ^1 2 Half of Ukrainians don't support Kyiv Euromaidan, R&B poll, Interfax-Ukraine (30 December 2013) 335. ^1 {{cite news|title=Poll: Over 70 percent of Euromaidan participants are ready to protest for as long as is needed|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/poll-over-70-percent-of-euromaidan-participants-are-ready-to-protest-for-as-long-as-is-needed-333573.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post|date=13 December 2013|accessdate=14 December 2013}} 336. ^{{cite news|last=Rachkevych|first= Mark|title=Survey: EuroMaidan is grassroots movement, in danger of being 'radicalized'|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/content/kyiv/survey-euromaidan-is-grassroots-movement-in-danger-of-being-radicalized-333391.html|newspaper=Kyiv Post |date=10 December 2013|accessdate=10 December 2013}} 337. ^{{cite news|url=http://zn.ua/POLITICS/kazhdyy-pyatyy-ukrainec-hochet-zhit-v-avtoritarnom-gosudarstve-137102_.html|script-title=ru:Каждый пятый украинец хочет жить в авторитарном государстве|trans-title=Every Fifth Ukrainian Wants to Live in Sovereign State|date=21 January 2014|accessdate=29 January 2014|language=ru}} 338. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/poll.php?poll_id=612 |title=Ukraine, poll: Attitudes of the population of Ukraine towards democracy and authoritarianism (recurrent, 2004-2012) // Razumkov Centre |publisher=Razumkov.org.ua |date= |accessdate=3 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219184612/http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/poll.php?poll_id=612 |archivedate=19 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 339. ^{{cite web|url=http://24tv.ua/home/showSingleNews.do?v_aktsiyah_evromaydana_prinyali_uchastie_20_naseleniya__opros&objectId=510887&lang=ru|title=В акциях Евромайдана приняли участие 20% населения – опрос|author=24tv.ua}} 340. ^1 The socio-political situation in Ukraine: December 2013, Sociological group "RATING" (25 December 2013) 341. ^Davos leaves Ukraine PM out in the cold, Financial Times (23 January 2014) 342. ^{{cite news|title='Fuck the EU': US diplomat Victoria Nuland's phonecall leaked - video|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2014/feb/07/eu-us-diplomat-victoria-nuland-phonecall-leaked-video|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 February 2014}} 343. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26079957 |title=Ukraine crisis: Transcript of leaked Nuland-Pyatt call |publisher=BBC News |date=7 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 344. ^{{cite news|title=Angela Merkel: Victoria Nuland's remarks on EU are unacceptable|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/07/angela-merkel-victoria-nuland-eu-unacceptable|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 February 2014}} 345. ^{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/top-us-diplomat-europe-says-sorry-cursing-eu-212634089.html;_ylt=AwrTWfyAEfRSCGMAibHQtDMD/ |title=Top US diplomat for Europe sorry for cursing the EU |author=AFP |date=6 February 2014 |accessdate=6 February 2014 |publisher=news.yahoo.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302005254/http://news.yahoo.com/top-us-diplomat-europe-says-sorry-cursing-eu-212634089.html%3B_ylt%3DAwrTWfyAEfRSCGMAibHQtDMD/ |archivedate=2 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 346. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/06/us-russia-eu-victoria-nuland |title=US blames Russia for leak of undiplomatic language from top official |author=AFP |date=6 February 2014 |accessdate=6 February 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian}} 347. ^"Euromaidan: The Dark Shadows Of The Far-Right In Ukraine Protests", International Business Times, 19 February 2014. 348. ^1 Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110000000/http://utr.tv/eng/news-from-www-ukrinform-ua/327072-poroshenko_bloc_to_have_greatest_number_of_seats_in_parliament_327072.html |date=10 November 2014 }}, Ukrainian Television and Radio (8 November 2014) People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections - CEC {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112000000/http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/233404.html |date=12 November 2014 }}, Interfax-Ukraine (8 November 2014) Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament - CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (8 November 2014) 349. ^After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012) 350. ^Svoboda party members in Ukrainian government resign – Deputy Premier Sych, Interfax-Ukraine (12 November 2014) 351. ^{{cite web|url=http://ru.tvi.ua/new/2014/02/21/polnyj_tekst_soglasheniya_oppozicii_i_yanukovicha|title=Three leaders of opposition and the president of Ukraine signed the document on settlement of a political situation|publisher=|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322013009/http://ru.tvi.ua/new/2014/02/21/polnyj_tekst_soglasheniya_oppozicii_i_yanukovicha|archivedate=22 March 2014|df=dmy-all}} 352. ^{{cite web|url=http://euromaidan.rbc.ua/rus/-pravyy-sektor-nazval-soglashenie-s-yanukovichem-ocherednym-21022014160600|title="The Right Sector" is dissatisfied with the agreement with Yanukovych|publisher=}} 353. ^{{cite news |title=Protesters seize Ukraine president's office, take control of Kiev |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukraine-protesters-take-control-of-kiev-seize-presidents-office/ |website=CBS News |date=22 February 2015 |accessdate=9 October 2015}} 354. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/maydan-polnostyu-kontroliruet-kiev-parubiy-497737.html|title=Майдан полностью контролирует Киев - Парубий|work=segodnya.ua}} 355. ^{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Cullison |date=22 February 2014 |title=Ukrainians Flock to See Yanukovych's Mansion |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303775504579399421625373560 |website=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=10 October 2015}} 356. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/23/ukraine-crisis-western-nations-eu-russia |title=Western nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis |date=24 February 2014 |work=The Guardian |first=Ian |last=Traynor}} 357. ^{{cite news|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/world/europe/ukraine-turns-to-its-oligarchs-for-political-help.html?_r=0&referrer=|title=Ukraine Turns to Its Oligarchs for Political Help|author=Kramer, Andrew|date=2 March 2014}} 358. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/11/opinion/what-ukraines-jews-fear.html?_r=1 NY Times: What Ukraine's Jews Fear?] 359. ^JerusalemPost: Ukrainian Jewish Leader Says Community In Danger Of Extinction {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126055802/http://m.jpost.com/ |date=26 November 2016}} 360. ^Protests in Ukraine up risk of growth in foreign currency demand, says Moody's, Interfax-Ukraine (4 December 2013) 361. ^Ukraine needs $10 bln to avoid default – deputy PM, Interfax-Ukraine (7 December 2013) 362. ^1 Ukraine might not be able to fulfill gas contracts with Russia, says Ukrainian premier, Interfax-Ukraine (3 December 2013) 363. ^Money for pensions, wages, social payments short due to actions of protesters, says Ukrainian premier, Interfax-Ukraine (5 December 2013) 364. ^Korolevska: Payment of pensions in January to begin according to schedule, Interfax-Ukraine (2 January 2014) 365. ^Azarov: Full repayment of debt on social payments postponed until end of this year due to protests, Interfax-Ukraine (11 December 2013) 366. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-ukraine-idUSBRE9BA04420131211 Ukraine protesters defy police, leaders reject talks with president], Reuters (11 December 2013) 367. ^1 Fitch: Ukraine protests increase pressure on credit profile, Interfax-Ukraine (16 December 2013) 368. ^Ukraine's budget deficit in 2014 expected at 3% of GDP – Finance Ministry, Interfax-Ukraine (17 December 2013) 369. ^Nothing threatening Ukraine's economic, financial stability now – PM Azarov, Interfax-Ukraine (18 December 2013) 370. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25430980 Russian bailout masks Ukraine's economic mess], BBC News (18 December 2013) 371. ^1 Protests cause multi-mln-USD damage to Ukrainian capital: official, Xinhua News Agency (21 January 2014) 372. ^EU’s Ashton demands more urgency from Ukraine politicians, Euronews (6 February 2014) 373. ^[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-21/ukraine-likely-to-default-credit-rating-cut-to-ccc-s-p-says.html Ukraine Bonds Rally as Factions Sign Peace Pact to End Crisis], Bloomberg News (21 February 2014) 374. ^S&P downgrades Ukraine again over default fears, Euronews (21 February 2014) 375. ^Why Ukraine Is So Important, Business Insider (28 January 2014) 376. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25971830 Ukraine unrest: Life as normal outside Kiev protest camp], BBC News (31 January 2014) 377. ^«Євромайдан»— слово року, і не тільки в Україні, Газета.ua, 14 January 2014 {{uk icon}} 378. ^Євромайдан і Тітушко— неологізми року в Росії, Газета.ua, 14 January 2014 {{uk icon}} 379. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rbc.ua/rus/news/accidents/neizvestnye-razgrabili-fondy-muzeya-istorii-kieva-v-ukrainskom-20022014132000 |title=Неизвестные разграбили фонды Музея истории Киева в Украинском доме |publisher=Rbc.ua |date=20 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 380. ^{{cite web|url=http://society.lb.ua/culture/2014/02/19/256123_muzeynie_fondi_ukrainskom_dome.html |title=Фонды Музея истории Киева в Украинском доме полностью разгромлены (ДОПОЛНЕНО) |publisher=Society.lb.ua |date=19 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 381. ^{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63YaFOWH0lE|title=Brat za Brata (Брат за брата). Famous Ukrainian artists against the Regime.|date=1 December 2013|work=YouTube}} 382. ^All Polish TV channels simultaneously turned on a song in sign of support for Ukraine. TSN. 2 February 2014 383. ^All Polish TV channels simultaneously turned on a song in sign of support for Ukraine. Mirror Weekly. 2 February 2014 384. ^Band Taraka moved hearts. Polskie Radio. 4 February 2014 385. ^Aflame the tire was on fire: new eurohit. Video. Ukrayinska Pravda. 29 January 2014 386. ^New hit of the revolutionary Maidan: "Aflame the barrel was on smoke" {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140211230211/http://espreso.tv/new/2014/02/07/pisnya_prysvyachena_maydanivcyam_horila_bochka_dymila |date=11 February 2014 }}. espreso TV. 4 February 2014 387. ^Band Skriabin at night on 23 January wrote a song {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140211231452/http://espreso.tv/new/2014/01/23/skryabin_pidtrymav_ukrayinciv_i_zapysav_pisnyu |date=11 February 2014}}. espreso TV. 23 January 2014 388. ^Race car driver Mochanov dedicated his song to titushky {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20140211233026/http://espreso.tv/new/2014/02/05/avtohonschyk_mochanov_zapysav_pisnyu_pro_titushek |date=11 February 2014}}. espreso TV. 5 February 2014 389. ^{{YouTube|M4K4kQg0PZ8|DJ Rudy Paulenko created this track after being inspired by events on Independence Square}} 4 March 2014 390. ^{{uk icon}} Klitschko at concert "Lapis Trubetskoi" autographed and shook hands, Tablo ID (27.08.2014) 391. ^Babylon'13: 35 films about the life of Euromaidan. Ukrayinska Pravda. 24 December 2013 392. ^Happy Kyiv {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221181713/http://www.belsat.eu/en/wiadomosci/wideo/m%2C14728%2Chappy-kyiv-inspired-by-pharrell-williams-happy-eng-subs.html |date=21 February 2014}}. belsat. 10 February 2014 393. ^Group of activists-cinematographers initiated series of films about people of Euromaidan. Ukrayinska Pravda. 5 February 2014 394. ^{{citation |title=I vincitori del Terre di Siena International Film Festival |trans-title=The winners of the Terre di Siena International Film Festival |work=Antennaradioesse |date=6 October 2014 |accessdate=6 October 2014 |url=http://www.antennaradioesse.it/i-vincitori-del-terre-di-siena-international-film-festival/}} 395. ^{{cite web |last1=Rothmuller |first1=Sheryl |title=Winter on Fire: Ukraine's Fight for Freedom |url=https://www.emmys.com/awards/honors/ninth/honoree6 |website=Television Academy |accessdate=19 February 2019 |language=en}} 396. ^Revolution through eyes of photograph. Hanna Hrabarska. Ukrayinska Pravda. 11 February 2014 397. ^Revolution through eyes of photograph. Irakliy Dzneladze. Ukrayinska Pravda. 7 February 2014 398. ^Revolution through eyes of photograph. Vladyslav Musiyenko. Ukrayinska Pravda. 4 February 2014 399. ^Epeople: the best project about the faces of Euromaidan. Ukrayinska Pravda. 30 January 2014 400. ^Illustrator Sasha Godiayeva. Emotional protest. Ukrayinska Pravda. 5 February 2014 401. ^Dynamo to play Valencia in Cyprus, Euronews (19 February 2014) 402. ^Dynamo to play Valencia in Cyprus, UEFA (19 February 2014) 403. ^1 [https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/19/us-olympics-idUSBREA1G0GL20140219 Hockey heartache for hosts, Ukraine violence shocks Games], Reuters (19 February 2014) 404. ^1 Ukrainian Olympic alpine skier quits Sochi, blames Yanukovych for deaths on EuroMaidan, Kyiv Post (19 February 2014) 405. ^Budivelinik, Khimik home games moved, Eurocupbasketball(3 March 2014) 406. ^1 {{cite web|author=Допис by Alexey Tarasoff. |url=http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/02/27/7016440/ |title=Хокейні вболівальники Росії під час матчу кричали Слава Україні | Українська правда |publisher=Pravda.com.ua |date=27 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 407. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/557239/ |title=Crimean Tatars protest Crimean parliament's refusal to recognize new authorities |publisher=Nrcu.gov.ua |date=26 February 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310001901/http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/en/148/557239 |archivedate=10 March 2014 |df=dmy-all}} 408. ^{{cite news |title=Ukraine Radicals Steer Violence as Nationalist Zeal Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-11/ukraine-radicals-steer-violence-as-nationalist-zeal-grows.html |agency=Bloomberg News |date=11 February 2014}} 409. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nst.com.my/world/upa-controversial-partisans-who-inspire-ukraine-protesters-1.474365#ixzz2uUbUWYKi |title=UPA: Controversial partisans who inspire Ukraine protesters |work=New Straits Times |date=31 January 2014 |accessdate=16 March 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303045230/http://www.nst.com.my/world/upa-controversial-partisans-who-inspire-ukraine-protesters-1.474365#ixzz2uUbUWYKi |archivedate=3 March 2014 |df=dmy-all}} 410. ^{{cite web|url=http://donetsk.comments.ua/news/2014/01/18/194557.html |title="Свободовцы" послали Лукьянченко красно-черный флаг - Донецк.comments.ua |publisher=Donetsk.comments.ua |date=18 January 2014 |accessdate=3 March 2014}} 411. ^{{cite news |url=http://time.com/11952/putin-ukraine-crimea-russia/ |title=4 Reasons Putin Is Already Losing in Ukraine |work=Time |date=3 March 2014}} 412. ^1 {{cite news | url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/234303.html | title=Ukrainians to celebrate Day of Dignity and Freedom on November 21, Unity Day on January 22 | publisher=Interfax-Ukraine | date=13 November 2014 | accessdate=16 September 2018 }} {{cite news | url=http://www.newsru.com/world/22nov2013/ukr.html | title=Противники приостановки евроинтеграции Украины в ночи вышли на улицы Киева | trans-title=Opponents of suspension Ukraine's European integration in the night took to the streets of Kiev | publisher=NEWSru | language=ru | date=22 November 2013}} 413. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/ukrainians-rue-lack-of-justice-for-euromaidan-killings/29780996.html|title='It Was A Tragedy Then. We Have Another Tragedy Now.' Ukrainians Rue Lack Of Justice For Euromaidan Killings|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en|access-date=2019-02-23}} References{{reflist|25em}}External links{{Wiktionary|maidan}}{{Commons category|Euromaidan}}
Bibliography
25 : Euromaidan|2013 in international relations|2013 in Ukraine|2013 protests|2014 in international relations|2014 in Ukraine|2014 protests|21st-century revolutions|Articles containing video clips|Conflicts in 2013|Conflicts in 2014|Democratization|Hashtags|2010s in Kiev|Modern history of Ukraine|Political history of Ukraine|Political scandals in Ukraine|Protests in Ukraine|Revolutions in Ukraine|Riots and civil disorder in Ukraine|Russia–Ukraine relations|Ukraine–European Union relations|Ukrainian crisis|Ukrainian democracy movements|Ukrainian nationalism |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。