“Railroad car”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A railroad car or railcar (American and Canadian English),{{efn|name=US usage}} railway wagon or railway carriage (British English and UIC), also called a train car or train wagon, is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system (a railroad/railway). Such cars, when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives, form a train. Alternatively, some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either single railcars or make up multiple units.

The term "car" is commonly used by itself in American English when a rail context is implicit. Indian English sometimes uses "bogie" in the same manner,^[1] though the term has other meanings in other variants of English. In American English, "railcar" is a generic term for a railway vehicle; in other countries "railcar" refers specifically to a self-propelled, powered, railway vehicle.

Although some cars exist for the railroad's own use – for track maintenance purposes, for example – most carry a revenue-earning load of passengers or freight, and may be classified accordingly as passenger cars or coaches on the one hand or freight cars (or wagons) on the other.

Passenger cars

In standard-gauge cars, seating is usually configured into ranges of between three and five seats across the width of the car, with an aisle in between (resulting in arrangements of 2+1, 2+2 or 3+2 seats) or at the side. Tables may be provided between seats facing one another. Alternatively, seats facing in the same direction may have access to a fold-down ledge on the back of the seat in front.

Passenger cars can take the electricity supply for heating and lighting equipment from either of two main sources: directly from a head end power generator on the locomotive via bus cables, or by an axle-powered generator which continuously charges batteries whenever the train is in motion.

Modern cars usually have either air-conditioning or windows that can be opened (sometimes, for safety, not so far that one can hang out), or sometimes both. Various types of onboard train toilet facilities may also be provided.

Other types of passenger car exist, especially for long journeys, such as the dining car, parlor car, disco car, and in rare cases theater and movie theater car. In some cases another type of car is temporarily converted to one of these for an event.

Observation cars were built for the rear of many famous trains to allow the passengers to view the scenery. These proved popular, leading to the development of dome cars multiple units of which could be placed mid-train, and featured a glass-enclosed upper level extending above the normal roof to provide passengers with a better view.

Sleeping cars outfitted with (generally) small bedrooms allow passengers to sleep through their night-time trips, while couchette cars provide more basic sleeping accommodation. Long-distance trains often require baggage cars for the passengers' luggage. In European practice it used to be common for day coaches to be formed of compartments seating 6 or 8 passengers, with access from a side corridor. In the UK, Corridor coaches fell into disfavor in the 1960s and 1970s partially because open coaches are considered more secure by women traveling alone.{{fact|date=July 2018}}

Another distinction is between single- and double deck train cars. An example of a double decker is the Amtrak superliner.

A "trainset" (or "set") is a semi-permanently arranged formation of cars, rather than one created "ad hoc" out of whatever cars are available. These are only broken up and reshuffled 'on shed' (in the maintenance depot). Trains are then built of one or more of these 'sets' coupled together as needed for the capacity of that train.

Often, but not always, passenger cars in a train are linked together with enclosed, flexible gangway connections through which passengers and crewmen can walk. Some designs incorporate semi-permanent connections between cars and may have a full-width connection, effectively making them one long, articulated 'car'. In North America, passenger cars also employ tightlock couplings to keep a train together in the event of a derailment or other accident.

Many multiple unit trains consist of cars which are semi-permanently coupled into sets: these sets may be joined together to form larger trains, but generally passengers can only move around between cars within a set. This "closed" arrangement keeps parties of travellers and their luggage together, and hence allows the separate sets to be easily split to go separate ways. Some multiple-unit trainsets are designed so that corridor connections can be easily opened between coupled sets; this generally requires driving cabs either set to the side or (as in the Dutch Koploper or the Japanese 285 series) above the passenger compartment. These cabs or driving trailers are also useful for quickly reversing the train.

Freight cars

Types of freight cars

Freight cars (US), goods wagons (UIC), or trucks (UK) exist in a wide variety of types, adapted to carry a host of goods. Originally there were very few types of cars; the flat car or wagon, and the boxcar (US/Canada), covered wagon (UIC) or van (UK), were among the first. Freight cars or goods wagons are generally categorized as follows:

Aluminium cars

The first two main-line all aluminum passenger cars were exhibited at the 1933-35 Chicago World's Fair by Pullman Company.^[3] Aluminum freightcars have a higher net-to-tare ratio of 4.9 than traditional steel based wagons, which have 3.65.^[4]

Non-revenue cars

Military cars

Mobile missile systems

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union fielded a number of trains that served as mobile missile silos. These trains carried the missile and everything necessary to launch, and were kept moving around the railway network to make them difficult to find and destroy in a first-strike attack. A similar rail-borne system was proposed in the United States of America for the LGM-30 Minuteman in the 1960s, and the Peacekeeper Rail Garrison in the 1980s, but neither were deployed.^[7] The Strategic Air Command's 1st Combat Evaluation RBS "Express" did deploy from Barksdale Air Force Base with radar bomb scoring units mounted on military railroad cars with supporting equipment, to score simulated thermonuclear bombing of cities in the continental United States.^[8]

Train-based ICBMs do offer some advantages over missiles in fixed silos, namely that the enemy can never be sure where they are—or, more accurately, where all of them are at any given moment. But as a 2014 RAND study^[9] pointed out, rail and truck launchers have their drawbacks. Maintaining a missile on a train is more difficult than in a silo, while rail lines and roads can be blocked by snow, which tends to restrict railroad ICBMs to warmer climates. In addition, because there are only a limited number of rail lines and highways in an area, enemy surveillance can focus on a few areas. And, once located, mobile missiles are more vulnerable than ICBMs in hardened silos.^[10]

See also

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordadvancedlearnersdictionary.com/dictionary/bogie|title=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries - Find definitions, translations, and grammar explanations at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|author=|date=|website=www.oxfordadvancedlearnersdictionary.com|accessdate=5 May 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807101435/http://www.oxfordadvancedlearnersdictionary.com/dictionary/bogie|archivedate=2011-08-07|df=}}
2. ^{{Cite news | first=Brad | last=Usatch | title=Railroading sees a bit of rebirth | url=https://bartonchronicle.com/a-railroad-runs-through-it/ | newspaper=The Chronicle | location=Barton, Vermont | pages=1A | date=November 23, 2016 | access-date=December 1, 2016 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165617/https://bartonchronicle.com/a-railroad-runs-through-it/ | archivedate=December 2, 2016 | df= }}
3. ^{{cite book|author=John H. White, Jr.|title=The American Railroad Passenger Car|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmZmOS5rm5MC&pg=PA163|year=1985|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-2743-3|pages=163|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505165406/https://books.google.com/books?id=VmZmOS5rm5MC&pg=PA163|archivedate=2018-05-05|df=}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=499949|title=ECONOMICS OF HEAVY AXLE LOADS|first=M.|last=Hargrove|date=30 November 1989|publisher=|accessdate=5 May 2018|via=trid.trb.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002427/https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=499949|archivedate=2 February 2017|df=}}
5. ^{{cite web| title = General Code of Operating Rules: Section 5.12: Protection of Occupied Outfit Cars| url = http://www.railroadcontrols.com/gcor/signals.html| accessdate = 2008-06-19| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20021228030809/http://www.railroadcontrols.com/gcor/signals.html| archivedate = 2002-12-28| df = }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.csxfan.railfan.net/dodx/|title=Index of /dodx|author=|date=|website=www.csxfan.railfan.net|accessdate=5 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103833/http://www.csxfan.railfan.net/dodx/|archivedate=4 March 2016|df=}}
7. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1960/September%201960/0960sac.aspx |title = Strategic Air Command |accessdate = 30 Aug 2010 |author = Gen. Thomas S. Power, USAF |date = September 1960 |format = PDF |publisher = Air Force Magazine |quote = A special SAC task force was established at Hill AFB, Utah, to conduct a series of deployments with a Minuteman Mobility Test Train. The first deployment ended June 27 after seven days of random travel over existing civilian rail facilities in the Ogden area. The test series will continue through the fall of 1960 with other rail movements in the Far West and Midwest.... |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120331195735/http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/1960/September%201960/0960sac.aspx |archivedate = 2012-03-31 |df = }}
8. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.mobileradar.org/Documents/radar_bomb_scoring.pdf |title = In regards to the SAC radar bomb scoring squadron mounted on railroad cars. |accessdate = 30 Aug 2010 |date = 22 Feb 2007 |format = PDF |publisher = Mobile Military Radar web site. |pages = 12K |quote = The trains were 21 cars long, 17 support and 4 radar cars. The radar cars were basically flat cars with the radar vans and equipment mounted on them. The other 17 consisted of a generator car, two box cars (one for radar equipment maintenance, and one for support maintenance). A dining car, two day-room cars, supply cars, admin car, and 4 Pullman sleepers.... The Commander had the very last room on the tail of the train.... The trains would go to some area in the U.S. which was selected for that period by a regular contracted locomotive which then just parked us there and left, usually pulled onto a siding. |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091752/http://www.mobileradar.org/Documents/radar_bomb_scoring.pdf |archivedate = 2011-07-27 |df = }}
9. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1210.html|title=The Future of the U.S. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Force|author=|date=5 May 2018|website=rand.org|accessdate=5 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419085552/https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG1210.html|archivedate=19 April 2018|df=}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://nationalinterest.org/blog/russias-nuclear-missile-death-train-arriving-2019-19581|title=Russia's Nuclear Missile 'Death Train' Arriving in 2019|first=Michael|last=Peck|date=|website=The National Interest|accessdate=5 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321165952/http://nationalinterest.org/blog/russias-nuclear-missile-death-train-arriving-2019-19581|archivedate=21 March 2018|df=}}