1. References

The European Kings Club (EKC) was a large-scale Ponzi scheme operated from 1991 to 1994 in Switzerland, Germany and Austria by the German nationals Damara and Harald Bertges and Hans Günther Spachtholz.^[1]

The EKC promised investors profit rates of 70% after buying "letters" for 1,400 Swiss francs each. In total, victims bought some two billion Deutsche Mark worth of EKC letters.^[1] Participation was particularly widespread in central Switzerland, where the scheme's operators successfully exploited popular mistrust in the banking system. In the cantons of Uri and Glarus, about one in ten citizens bought EKC letters.^[2]

The scheme collapsed in the autumn of 1994 when authorities in Germany and Switzerland arrested the EKC leadership and managed to seize about 500 million marks of the money paid by the EKC's victims.^[1] The collapse of the EKC led to public unrest in the heavily affected parts of Switzerland, where many participants, refusing to believe that they had fallen prey to a Ponzi scheme, organized public demonstrations in support of the EKC leadership, and prosecutors received death threats.^[2]

Damara Bertges, the EKC's leader, was convicted in 1997 by a German court to 8 years imprisonment for fraud and participation in a criminal organization, and was set free on probation after serving five years. Her husband Harald and their accomplice Spachtholz, as well as another associate, were each convicted to four and a half years of imprisonment.^[1]

References

• Complement component 2
• Complement component 3b
• Complement component 4
• Complement component 5
• Complement component 5a
• Complement component 6
• Complement component 7
• Complement component 8A
• Complement component 8B
• Complement component 8G
• Complement component 9
• Complement component receptor 1
• Complement component receptor 2
• Complement control protein
• Complement deficiency
• Complemented group
• Complement factor
• Complement factor B
• Complement factor b
• Complement factor d
• Complement factor D
• Complement factor H
• Complement factor h
• Complement factor I
• Complement Factor I