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词条 Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy
释义

  1. History

     7th European Parliament  Formation for the 8th European Parliament  Events during 8th European Parliament 

  2. Membership

     8th European Parliament, 2014  Former Members 

  3. Leadership

  4. Political positions

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}{{Infobox European Parliament group
| name = Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy
| title = Europe of Freedom
and Direct Democracy
| image = EFDD group logo.png
| imagesize = 160px
| imagecaption = Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy Group logo
| from = 24 June 2014 (1st)
20 October 2014 (2nd)
| to = 17 October 2014 (1st)
| precededby = Europe of Freedom and Democracy
| englishabbr = EFDD
| frenchabbr = ELDD
| europarties = Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe (dissolved)
| formalname = Europe of freedom and direct democracy Group
| ideology = Euroscepticism[1][2][3]
| chairs = Nigel Farage (Brexit Party)
| meps = {{Composition bar|41|751|hex=#24B9B9}}
| website = http://www.efddgroup.eu/
}}

Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD or EFD2) is a populist Eurosceptic[4] political group in the European Parliament. The EFDD group is a continuation for the Eighth European Parliament of the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group that existed during the Seventh European Parliament, with significant changes to group membership.

In 2017, it was one of the seven political groups of the parliament. This group is opposed to European integration.[5] 24 out of its 47 MEPs were from the United Kingdom, representing the UK Independence Party. Until January 2017, the group had two co-presidents: Nigel Farage; an independent, and David Borrelli; from the Five Star Movement.[5] However, David Borrelli had to resign the co-presidency after a failed attempt of the Five Star Movements MEPs to change to the ALDE group.[6]

History

7th European Parliament

{{main|Europe of Freedom and Democracy}}

Formation for the 8th European Parliament

Following the 2014 European parliament elections, the Europe of Freedom and Democracy (EFD) group faced difficulties reforming for the 8th European Parliament, with various member parties and MEPs of the previous term's EFD either defecting to different parliamentary groups or failing to be re-elected.

On 4 June 2014, the Danish People's Party (Denmark) and Finns Party (Finland) were admitted into the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) and therefore were no longer attached to the EFD.[7][8]

On 12 June 2014, the Five Star Movement (M5S) of Italy, having been rejected by the Greens/EFA[9] and Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe[10] groups, offered its activists a limited-choice online referendum to choose a European Parliament group for the party, in which 78% of participating activists voted for the EFD.[11][12]

On 16 June 2014, Dutch MEP Bas Belder of the Reformed Political Party (SGP) moved from the EFD to the ECR group.[13]

The EFD group was reformed on 18 June 2014 with MEPs from existing member parties: the UK Independence Party (United Kingdom) and the Order and Justice (Lithuania), in addition to new affiliates: the Five Star Movement, the Sweden Democrats (Sweden), the Party of Free Citizens (Czech Republic), the Latvian Farmers Union (Latvia) and a French independent MEP, formerly of the National Front.[14][15]

On 24 June 2014, the EFD group name was revised to Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD), and David Borrelli of the Five Star Movement was chosen as the incoming group's new co-president.[16][17]

Events during 8th European Parliament

On 16 October 2014, it was announced that Iveta Grigule MEP from the Latvian Farmers Union had defected from EFDD to,the ALDE group, resulting in the collapse of the group because it was no longer composed of representatives from at least a quarter of the EU's Member States.[18][19] The criterion was restored on 20 October, with one Polish MEP, Robert Iwaszkiewicz from Congress of the New Right (KNP), joining the group,[20][21] although the other party's MEPs remained Non-Inscrits. On 24 January 2015, Amjad Bashir was suspended from UKIP pending a party investigation into financial fraud: Bashir defected to the Conservative Party within an hour of his suspension.[22] On 20 March 2015, Janice Atkinson was suspended from UKIP and later expelled on 23 March for alleged financial fraud.[23][24] Atkinson joined the Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF) group at its launch on 15 June 2015.[25]

On 8 April 2016, Alternative for Germany (AfD) MEP Beatrix von Storch left the ECR group to join EFDD.[26][27]

On 24 October 2016, Steven Woolfe left the group to sit as Non-Inscrits, followed by Diane James on 20 November 2016.

On 9 January 2017, the Five Star Movement voted in an online referendum to leave EFDD in order to join the ALDE group; however, they were rejected by ALDE later the same day.[28][29] [30] In the aftermath, two MEPs left the group, with Marco Affronte defected to the Greens/EFA group, and Marco Zanni to the ENL group.[31] Other Five Star Movement MEPs pulled out of switching parliamentary group after threatened by party leader Beppe Grillo with a fine of €250,000.[31]

In October 2017, with change in the French Front National, Florian Philippot, president of the "Patriotes", Sophie Montel and Mireille d'Ornano join the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group[32].

On 13 February 2018, former group co-president David Borrelli left the M5S and moved to Non-Inscrits.[33]

On 3 July 2018, the 2 Sweden Democrats MEPs moved to European Conservatives and Reformists.[34]

In December 2018, Farage and multiple other MEPs left UKIP in protest over Gerard Batten's leadership. Batten in turn left the EFDD[35] and then withdrew the remaining further 6 UKIP MEPs.

Membership

8th European Parliament, 2014

Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy has 40 members as follows:

Member state Party MEPs Previous group Additional notes
{{CZE}} Party of Free Citizens1|21|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} N/A Jiří Payne
Joined after Petr Mach's resignation as MEP.[36]
{{FRA}} Independent MEP1|74|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} N/A Joëlle Bergeron
Former FN MEP
The Free French1|74|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} Non-Inscrits Aymeric Chauprade
Former FN MEP
The Patriots2|74|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} ENF Florian Philippot and Mireille d'Ornano
Former FN MEPs
Debout la France2|74|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} ENF Sylvie Goddyn and Bernard Monot
Former FN MEP
{{GER}} Alternative for Germany1|96|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} ECR Jörg Meuthen
{{ITA}} Five Star Movement11|73|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} N/A Six MEPs have left Five Star Movement since creation of EFDD
Independent MEPs3|73|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} EFDD Daniela Aiuto, Giulia Moi and Marco Valli
{{LTU}} Order and Justice1|11|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} EFD
{{POL}} Liberty1|51|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} N/ARobert Iwaszkiewicz[37]
{{UK}} UKIP EFDD Group MEPs3|73|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} EFDD Ray Finch, Margot Parker and Jill Seymour
Brexit Party9|73|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} EFDD, NI Tim Aker, Jonathan Bullock, David Coburn, Bill Etheridge, Nigel Farage, Nathan Gill, Diane James, Paul Nuttall and Julia Reid
Former UKIP MEPs
Social Democratic Party1|73|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} EFDD Patrick O'Flynn
Former UKIP MEP
Independent MEPs4|73|hex={{Europe of Freedom and Democracy/meta/color}}}} EFDD, NI Jonathan Arnott, Louise Bours, James Carver and William Dartmouth
Former UKIP MEPs

Former Members

Member state Party MEPs Moved to
{{FRA}} Former The Patriots; Now Independent Sophie Montel Non-Inscrits
{{ITA}} Former Five Star Movement; Now Independent Marco Affronte Greens-EFA
{{ITA}} Former Five Star Movement; Now Independent David Borrelli Non-Inscrits
{{ITA}} Former Five Star Movement; Now Independent Marco Zanni ENF
{{LVA}} Latvian Farmers' Union Iveta Grigule ALDE
{{LTU}} Former Order and Justice; Now Labour Party Valentinas Mazuronis ALDE
{{SWE}} Sweden Democrats Kristina Winberg ECR
{{SWE}} Sweden Democrats Peter Lundgren ECR
{{UK}} Former UKIP; Now Conservative Party Amjad Bashir ECR
{{UK}} Former UKIP; Now Independent Janice Atkinson ENF
{{UK}} Former UKIP; Now Independent Steven Woolfe Non-Inscrits
{{UK}} UKIP Gerard Batten ENF
{{UK}} UKIP Stuart Agnew ENF
{{UK}} UKIP Jane Collins ENF
{{UK}} UKIP Mike Hookem Non-Inscrits

Leadership

  • Chair: {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Nigel Farage
  • Chair of the Bureau: {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Roger Helmer
  • Vice-Chair: {{flagicon|France}} Joëlle Bergeron
  • Vice-Chair: {{flagicon|Italy}} Piernicola Pedicini
  • Vice-Chair: {{flagicon|Poland}} Robert Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz
  • Vice-Chair: {{flagicon|Lithuania}} Rolandas Paksas
  • Treasurer: {{flagicon|Italy}} Tiziana Beghin

Political positions

During the European Parliament debate about Catalan independence referendum in 2017, the EFDD, by the voice of Ray Finch considered that European Union should have made some intervention against Spain to protect Catalan independence. He considered that this referendum led to human rights abuses. According to him, people should have the right to vote even when the referendum is illegal.[38]

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Andreas Staab|title=The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gePMlsVzZI0C&pg=PA67|date=24 June 2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-00164-1|page=67–}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/eu.html|title=European Union|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2015|access-date=22 September 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608032858/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/eu.html|archivedate=8 June 2017}}
3. ^{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Chris|title=Realpolitik: EU dominated by German power play|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-eu-28103691|website=BBC.com|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=1 July 2014}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Christian B. Jensen|chapter=European elections 2014 and the USA: Is American indifference justified?|editor1=Michael Kaeding|editor2=Niko Switek|title=Die Europawahl 2014: Spitzenkandidaten, Protestparteien, Nichtwähler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kURvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA399|year=2015|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-658-05738-1|page=399}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/europe-28035100|title=Groups in the European Parliament|date=26 June 2014|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}
6. ^https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2017/01/11/news/nigel-esclusione-borelli-efdd-114470/
7. ^{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave |url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/ecr-group-takes-two-parties-from-farage/ |title=ECR group takes two parties from Farage |publisher=European Voice |date= |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
8. ^{{cite web|author=Henriette Jacobsen |url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/eu-elections-2014/eurosceptic-danes-and-finns-leave-farages-group-302612 |title=Eurosceptic Danes and Finns leave Farage's group |publisher=EurActiv |date= |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
9. ^{{cite web|last=Nielsen |first=Nikolaj |url=http://euobserver.com/eu-elections/124495 |title=EUobserver / Greens reject Beppe Grillo's offer to team up |publisher=Euobserver.com |date= |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.alde.eu/nc/press/press-and-release-news/press-release/article/alde-response-to-the-seven-conditions-of-the-movimento-5-stelle-43004/ |title=Press Release |publisher=Alde.eu |date=27 January 2014 |accessdate=10 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129103727/http://www.alde.eu/nc/press/press-and-release-news/press-release/article/alde-response-to-the-seven-conditions-of-the-movimento-5-stelle-43004/ |archivedate=29 January 2016 }}
11. ^{{cite web|author=Altri articoli dalla categoria » |url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2014/06/12/news/m5s_blog_grillo_si_vota_su_alleanze_ue-88731934/ |title=Alleanze in Europa, il M5S sceglie l'Ukip di Farage. Ma la base accusa: votazione pilotata |publisher=Repubblica.it |date= |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
12. ^{{cite web|author=europe online publishing house gmbh - europeonline-magazine.eu |url=http://en.europeonline-magazine.eu/1st-leaditaly-protest-party-to-form-eu-alliance-with-british-euroscepticsukipby-alvise-armellini-dpa_340836.html |title=1ST LEAD Italy protest party to form EU alliance with British eurosceptics UKIP By Alvise Armellini, dpa | EUROPE ONLINE |publisher=En.europeonline-magazine.eu |date=16 May 2014 |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
13. ^{{cite web|author=EurActiv.com |url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/eu-elections-2014/dutch-mep-joins-conservatives-farage-trouble-302835 |title=Dutch MEP joins Conservatives, Farage in trouble |publisher=EurActiv |date=17 June 2014 |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
14. ^{{cite web|author=Euobserver |url=http://euobserver.com/tickers/124651 |title=EUobserver / Farage creates eurosceptic group in EP |publisher=Euobserver.com |date= |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
15. ^{{cite web|author=James Crisp |url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/eu-elections-2014/le-pen-candidate-joins-farages-new-efd-group-302906 |title=Le Pen candidate joins Farage's new EFD group |publisher=EurActiv |date=18 June 2014 |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://tv.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2014/06/25/bruxelles-prima-riunione-gruppo-ukip-m5s-farage-e-borrelli-presidenti/285970/ |title=Bruxelles, prima riunione gruppo Ukip-M5S. Farage e Borrelli presidenti – Video Il Fatto Quotidiano TV |publisher=Tv.ilfattoquotidiano.it |date=25 June 2014 |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.internazionale.it/news/m5s/2014/06/24/alleuroparlamento-nasce-gruppo-efd-coppia-aperta-per-m5s-ukip/ |title=Internazionale » M5S » All’Europarlamento nasce gruppo Efd, "coppia aperta" per M5s-Ukip |publisher=Internazionale.it |date=24 June 2014 |accessdate=10 July 2014}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/news-room/content/20141016IPR74258/html/Opening-Schulz-warns-against-attempts-to-disrupt-Northern-Ireland-peace-process |title=Opening: Schulz warns against attempts to disrupt Northern Ireland peace process |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=14 May 2015}}
19. ^{{cite web|last=Keating |first=Dave |url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/efdd-group-collapses/ |title=Farage’s EFDD group collapses – POLITICO |publisher=Europeanvoice.com |date= |accessdate=14 May 2015}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.efdgroup.eu/news/press-releases/item/efdd-group-back-with-a-bang-normal-transmission-resumed |title=EFDD Group back with a bang. Normal transmission resumed |publisher=Efdgroup.eu |date= |accessdate=14 May 2015}}
21. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29692378 UKIP's alliance in Europe rescued by Polish MEP], BBC News, 20 October 2014
22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/11367754/Ukip-MEP-Amjad-Bashir-defects-to-Conservative-Party.html|title=Ukip MEP Amjad Bashir defects to Conservative Party|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|date= 24 January 2015|location=London|first=Tim|last=Ross}}
23. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-31976343 | work=BBC News | title=UKIP suspends MEP Janice Atkinson over expenses claim | date=20 March 2015}}
24. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32028343 | work=BBC News | title=UKIP's Janice Atkinson expelled from party | date=23 March 2015}}
25. ^{{cite web|author=Rowena Mason Political correspondent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/16/ex-ukip-janice-atkinson-joins-le-pen-led-eu-group |title=Ex-Ukip Janice Atkinson joins Le Pen-led EU group |publisher=The Guardian |date=16 June 2015 |accessdate=10 August 2016}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=https://euobserver.com/political/130891 |title=Germany's anti-euro party which became two |accessdate=8 April 2016}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=https://euobserver.com/political/132982 |title=Right-wing German MEP quits EU parliament group |accessdate=8 April 2016}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/09/five-star-movement-nigel-farage-meps-m5s-alde|title=Ukip's EU funding at risk after M5S quits Nigel Farage's Brussels group|first=Jennifer|last=Rankin|date=9 January 2017|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-italy-5star-ukip-idUKKBN14T1R6|title=EU's Liberals rebuff Italy's 5-Star bid to join parliamentary group|first=Gavin Jones and Julia|last=Fioretti|publisher=}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38558366|title=EU liberals refuse to unite with Italy Five Star Eurosceptics|website=BBC News}}
31. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/section/future-eu/news/grillo-blocks-further-5-star-defections/|title=Grillo blocks further 5 Star defections|website=EURACTIV.com}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europe1.fr/politique/au-parlement-europeen-florian-philippot-et-ses-allies-rejoignent-le-groupe-du-britannique-nigel-farage-3453812|title=Au Parlement européen, Florian Philippot et ses alliés rejoignent le groupe du britannique Nigel Farage|website=www.europe1.fr}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilpost.it/2018/02/13/david-borrelli-europarlamentare-del-m5s-considerato-braccio-destro-davide-casaleggio-passato-ai-non-iscritti/|title=Il M5S ha perso un pezzo importante - Il Post|date=13 February 2018|publisher=}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ecrgroup.eu/ecr-group-approves-two-new-members-peter-lundgren-and-kristina-winberg/|title=ECR Group - European Conservatives and Reformists Group|last=Reformists|first=European Conservatives and|website=ecrgroup.eu|language=en-US|access-date=4 July 2018}}
35. ^https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/uk-independence-party/nigel-farage/news/100404/ukip-boss-gerard-batten
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/search.html?country=CZ|title=Advanced search for a Member - MEPs - European Parliament - Czech Republic|website=www.europarl.europa.eu}}
37. ^Robert Iwaszkiewicz's biography, European Parliament, 30 November 2015
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/862764/European-Union-Catalonia-independence-Madrid-Spain-Barcelona|title=EU Collapse? Catalonia independence to rock Brussels' 'SHALLOW foundations', blasts UK MEP|first=Joe|last=Barnes|date=6 October 2017|publisher=}}

External links

  • Official website EFDD Group in the European Parliament
{{European Parliament groups}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Europe Of Freedom And Democracy}}

2 : European Parliament party groups|Euroscepticism
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