请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Rajya Sabha
释义

  1. Qualifications

  2. Limitations

     Money bills  Joint Sitting of the Parliament  No-confidence motion 

  3. Powers

     Union-states relations  Creation of All-India Services 

  4. Composition

      List of constituencies by States/Union Territories  

  5. Membership by party

  6. Officers

     Leader of the House  Leader of the Opposition 

  7. Secretariat

  8. Media

  9. See also

  10. References

  11. Further reading

  12. External links

{{For|lower house|Lok Sabha}}{{For|current list of Rajya Sabha members|List of current members of the Rajya Sabha}}{{Coord|28|37|0|N|77|12|30|E|display=title}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = red
| name = Rajya Sabha
Council of States
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Emblem of India.svg
| coa_caption = Emblem of India
| coa_res = 125px
| coa_alt = Emblem of India
| house_type = Upper house
| body = Parliament of India
| term_limits = 6 years
| leader1_type = Chairman
(Vice President)
| leader1 = Venkaiah Naidu[1]
| party1 =
| election1 = 11 August 2017
| leader2_type = Deputy Chairman
| leader2 = Harivansh Narayan Singh
| party2 = JD(U)
| election2 = 9 August 2018
| leader3_type = Leader of the House
| leader3 = Arun Jaitley
| party3 = BJP
| election3 = 2 June 2014[2]
| leader4_type = Leader of the Opposition
| leader4 = Ghulam Nabi Azad
| party4 = INC
| election4 = 8 June 2014[2]
| seats = 245 (233 Elected + 12 Nominated by the President)
1 Vacant (1 Elected Seat)[3]
| structure1 = Rajya Sabha, India Dec 2018.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| structure1_alt = Rajya Sabha
| political_groups1 =Government (101)National Democratic Alliance
  • {{Color box|#ff7900|border=darkgray}} BJP (73) {{ref|cap|}}
  • {{Color box|#009900|border=darkgray}} AIADMK (13)
  • {{Color box|#00c48f|border=darkgray}} JD(U) (6)
  • {{Color box|#ff9600|border=darkgray}} SAD (3)
  • {{Color box|#cc5500|border=darkgray}} SS (3)
  • {{Color box|#002bb4|border=darkgray}} RPI(A) (1)
  • {{Color box|#c900a5|border=darkgray}} BPF (1)
  • {{Color box|#870073|border=darkgray}} NPF (1)
Opposition (144)United Progressive Alliance (66)
  • {{Color box|#00cccc|border=darkgray}} INC (50)
  • {{Color box|#006c00|border=darkgray}} RJD (5)
  • {{Color box|#cd0000|border=darkgray}} DMK (4)
  • {{Color box|#0093AF|border=darkgray}} NCP (4)
  • {{Color box|#80dd2f|border=darkgray}} JD(S) (1)
  • {{Color box|#006c00|border=darkgray}} IUML (1)
  • {{Color box|#a50000|border=darkgray}} KC(M) (1)
Others (78)
  • {{Color box|#1bea29|border=darkgray}} AITC (13)
  • {{Color box|#841e00|border=darkgray}} SP (13)
  • {{Color box|#005f00|border=darkgray}} BJD (9)
  • {{Color box|#ffed00|border=darkgray}} TDP (6)
  • {{Color box|#ff89ce|border=darkgray}} TRS (6)
  • {{Color box|#FF0000|border=darkgray}} CPI(M) (5)
  • {{Color box|#0062ff|border=darkgray}} BSP (4)
  • {{Color box|#00b549|border=darkgray}} AAP (3)
  • {{Color box|#0062ff|border=darkgray}} YSRCP (2)
  • {{Color box|#8D0000|border=darkgray}} CPI (2)
  • {{Color box|#008970|border=darkgray}} JKPDP (2)
  • {{Color box|#004a00|border=darkgray}} INLD (1)
  • {{Color box|#ff0000|border=darkgray}} SDF (1)
  • {{Color box|#4f4f4f|border=darkgray}} Independent (6)
  • {{Color box|#000000|border=darkgray}} Nominated (4)
  • {{Color box|#BFBFBF|border=darkgray}} Vacant (1)

| voting_system1 = Single transferable vote
| last_election1 = 16 January, 23 March and 21 June 2018
| next_election1 = May – June 2019
| session_room = New Delhi government block 03-2016 img3.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| session_alt = view of Sansad Bhavan, seat of the Parliament of India
| meeting_place = Rajya Sabha chamber, Sansad Bhavan,
Sansad Marg, New Delhi, India - 110 001
| website = {{url|http://rajyasabha.nic.in}}
| footnotes = {{note|cap|†}}Out of 73 BJP members, 65 were elected and 8 were nominated
}}

The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by the members of States and union territories of India state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with a third of the members up for election every two years.[4]

The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held. However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, the former would normally hold the greater power. Joint sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare, and in the history of the Republic, only three such joint-sessions have been held; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act.

The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952.[5] The salary and other benefits for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha.

Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method. From 18 July 2018, Rajya Sabha MPs can speak in 22 Indian languages in House as the Upper House has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 official languages of India.[6]

Qualifications

Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must:[7]

  • Be a citizen of India.
  • Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution.
  • Be at least 30 years old.
  • Be elected by the Legislative Assembly of States and Union territories by means of Single transferable vote through Proportional representation.[8]
  • Not be a proclaimed criminal.
  • Not be a subject of insolvent, i.e. he/she should not be in debt that he/she is not capable of repaying in a current manner and should have the ability to meet his/her financial expenses.
  • Not hold any other office of profit under the Government of India.
  • Not be of unsound mind.
  • Possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.

In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge in various areas like arts and science. However, they are not entitled to vote in Presidential elections as per Article 55 of the Constitution.

Limitations

The Constitution of India places some restrictions on the Rajya Sabha which makes the Lok Sabha more powerful in certain areas.

Money bills

The definition of a money bill is given in article 110 of constitution of India. A money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha by a minister and only on recommendation of President of India. When the Lok Sabha passes a money bill then the Lok Sabha sends money bill to the Rajya Sabha for 14 days during which it can make recommendations. Even if Rajya Sabha fails to return the money bill in 14 days to the Lok Sabha, that bill is deemed to have passed by both the Houses. Also, if the Lok Sabha rejects any (or all) of the amendments proposed by the Rajya Sabha, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Houses of Parliament of India in the form the Lok Sabha finally passes it. This is because the Lok Sabha has largest number of representatives of peoples of India and so the Lok Sabha, the lower house is more powerful in comparison with Rajya Sabha, the upper house. Hence, Rajya Sabha can only give recommendations for a money bill but Rajya Sabha cannot amend a money bill this is to ensure that Rajya Sabha must not add any non money matters in money bill. Lok Sabha can reject all the recommendations of Rajya Sabha or can accept some or all of the recommendations. Decisions of the speaker of the Lok Sabha are final. There is no joint sitting of both the houses with respect to money bills, because all final decisions are taken by the Lok Sabha.[9]

Joint Sitting of the Parliament

Article 108 provides for a joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament in certain cases. A joint sitting can be convened by the President of India when one house has either rejected a bill passed by the other house, has not taken any action on a bill transmitted to it by the other house for six months, or has disagreed to the amendments proposed by the Lok Sabha on a bill passed by it. Considering that the numerical strength of Lok Sabha is more than twice that of Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha tends to have a greater influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Also, because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government, which already has a majority in Lok Sabha, the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority.

Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity, and have been convened three times in last 71 years, for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act, the latest time being in 2002:

  • 1961: Dowry Prohibition Act, 1958
  • 1978: Banking Services Commission (Repeal) Act, 1977
  • 2002: Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002

No-confidence motion

Unlike the Lok Sabha, a member of the Rajya Sabha cannot bring to the house a no-confidence motion against the government.

Powers

In the Indian federal structure, the Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature (hence the name, Council of States). For this reason, the Rajya Sabha is granted powers that protect the rights of States against the Union.

Union-states relations

The Constitution empowers the Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States. However, this can only be done if the Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by a two-thirds supermajority granting such a power to the Union Parliament. The union government cannot make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha.

Creation of All-India Services

The Rajya Sabha, by a two-thirds supermajority can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All-India Services common to both Union and States, including a judicial service.

Composition

Seats are allotted in degressive proportion to the population of each state or union territory, meaning that smaller states have a slight advantage over more populous states.[10] As the members are elected by the state legislature, smaller Union Territories which are not States and do not have legislatures cannot have representation in Rajya Sabha. Hence, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu & Lakshadweep do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President.[11][12]

As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States.[12] The present strength, however, is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by the President.[12] The 12 nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields, and are well known contributors in the particular field.

List of constituencies by States/Union Territories

State and Union Territory Seats
Andhra Pradesh[13] 11
Arunachal Pradesh 1
Assam 7
Bihar 16
Chhattisgarh 5
Goa 1
Gujarat 11
Haryana 5
Himachal Pradesh 3
Jammu and Kashmir 4
Jharkhand 6
Karnataka 12
Kerala 9
Madhya Pradesh 11
Maharashtra 19
Manipur 1
Meghalaya 1
Mizoram 1
Nagaland 1
National Capital Territory of Delhi 3
Nominated 12
Odisha 10
Puducherry 1
Punjab 7
Rajasthan 10
Sikkim 1
Tamil Nadu 18
Telangana[13] 7
Tripura 1
Uttar Pradesh 31
Uttarakhand 3
West Bengal 16
Total 245

Membership by party

{{Main|List of current members of the Rajya Sabha}}

Members of Rajya Sabha by their political party (As of 1 January 2019):[14]

AlliancesPartyMP
National Democratic Alliance
Seats: 101		Bharatiya Janata Party 73
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 13
Janata Dal (United) 6
Shiromani Akali Dal 3
Shiv Sena 3
Republican Party of India (A) 1
Bodoland People's Front 1
Naga People's Front 1
United Progressive Alliance
Seats: 66		Indian National Congress 50
Rashtriya Janata Dal 5
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 4
Nationalist Congress Party 4
Janata Dal (Secular) 1
Indian Union Muslim League 1
Kerala Congress (M) 1
Others
Seats: 78		All India Trinamool Congress 13
Samajwadi Party 13
Biju Janata Dal 9
Telangana Rashtra Samithi 6
Telugu Desam Party 6
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 5
Bahujan Samaj Party 4
Aam Aadmi Party 3
YSR Congress Party 2
Communist Party of India 2
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party 2
Indian National Lok Dal 1
Sikkim Democratic Front 1
Independents 6
Nominated 4
Vacant 1
Total 245

Officers

Leader of the House

{{main|Leader of the House (Rajya Sabha)}}

Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a position called Leader of the House. This is a cabinet minister – the Prime Minister if he is a member of the House, or another nominated Minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row.

Leader of the Opposition

{{main|Leader of the Opposition (India)}}

Besides the Leader of the House, who is leading the majority, there is also a Leader of the Opposition (LOP) – leading the opposition parties. The function was only recognized in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977. This is commonly the leader of the largest non-government party, and is recognized as such by the Chairman.

The following is the list of the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha:

Sr No NamePortraitTerm of officePolitical party
(Alliance)		Prime Minister
1 Shyam Nandan Mishra December 1969 March 1971INC (O)Indira Gandhi
2 M. S. Gurupadaswamy March 1971 April 1972
3 Kamalapati Tripathi 30 March 1977 15 February 1978INCMorarji Desai
4 Bhola Paswan Shastri 24 February 1978 23 March 1978INC (O)
5Kamalapati Tripathi23 March 19788 January 1980INC
Charan Singh
6 Lal Krishna Advani 21 January 1980 7 April 1980Janata Party Indira Gandhi
7P. Shiv Shankar18 December 19892 January 1991INC V. P. Singh
Chandra Shekhar
8 M. S. Gurupadaswamy 28 June 1991 21 July 1991Janata DalP. V. Narasimha Rao
9 S. Jaipal Reddy 22 July 1991 29 June 1992
10 Sikander Bakht 7 July 1992 23 May 1996BJP
11 Shankarrao Chavan 23 May 1996 1 June 1996INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee
12Sikander Bakht1 June 199619 March 1998BJP H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral
13 Manmohan Singh 21 March 1998 21 May 2004INC Atal Bihari Vajpayee
14 Jaswant Singh 3 June 2004 16 May 2009BJPManmohan Singh
15 Arun Jaitley 3 June 2009 26 May 2014
16 Ghulam Nabi Azad 8 June 2014 IncumbentINCNarendra Modi

Secretariat

The Secretariat of Rajya Sabha was set up pursuant to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament.

The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Chairman. The main activities of the Secretariat inter alia include the following :

(i) providing secretarial assistance and support to the effective functioning of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) possible to Members of Rajya Sabha;

(iv) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees;

(v) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications;

(vi) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; and

(vii) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees.

In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Chairman, Rajya Sabha is assisted by the Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat. Present secretary-general is Desh Deepak Verma, IAS.[15]

Media

Rajya Sabha Television (RSTV) is a 24-hour a day, seven day a week parliamentary TV channel fully owned and operated by the Rajya Sabha. The channel is aimed at providing in-depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs especially the functioning of and developments related to Rajya Sabha. During sessions of Parliament, apart from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha, RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments.[16]

See also

  • List of current members of the Rajya Sabha
  • Parliament of India
  • Lok Sabha

References

1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/venkaiah-naidu-sworn-in-as-vice-president/article19471240.ece|title=Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President|date=11 August 2017|work=The Hindu|location=New Delhi, India|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209173947/http://rstv.nic.in/rstv/aboutus.asp|archivedate=9 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA – AN INTRODUCTION|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/about_parliament/rajya_sabha_introduction.asp|publisher=rajyasabha.nic.in|accessdate=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816154510/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/about_parliament/rajya_sabha_introduction.asp|archivedate=16 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|title=MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA (STATE WISE LIST)|publisher=Rajya Sabha|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205185402/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/memberstatewise.aspx|date=18 July 2018|archivedate=5 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^{{cite web|last=Deshmukh|first=Yashwant|title=Crucial polls today: A guide to calculus of Rajya Sabha for dummies|website=Firstpost|date=11 June 2016|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-calculus-of-rajya-sabha-elections-for-dummies-a-brief-guide-2822478.html|accessdate=20 June 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619100417/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-calculus-of-rajya-sabha-elections-for-dummies-a-brief-guide-2822478.html|archivedate=19 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|title=OUR PARLIAMENT|publisher=Indian Parliament|accessdate=11 May 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517025653/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.html|archivedate=17 May 2011|df=dmy-all}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rajya-sabha-mps-can-now-speak-in-22-indian-languages-in-house/articleshow/65036650.cms|title=Rajya Sabha MPs can now speak in 22 Indian languages in House}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/council_state/council_state.asp|title=Council of States (Rajya Sabha) – rajyasabha.in|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618020042/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/council_state/council_state.asp|archivedate=18 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=HANDBOOK FOR RETURNING OFFICERS – FOR ELECTIONS TO THE COUNCIL OF STATES AND STATE LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/Handbook_For_Returning_Officers(Council_Elections).pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=2 August 2017|pages=400–426|date=1992|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110142301/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/HandBooks/Handbook_For_Returning_Officers%28Council_Elections%29.pdf|archivedate=10 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Website of the Rajya Sabha – Legislation|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/legislation/introduction.asp}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://india-seminar.com/2013/642/642_sidharth_chauhan.htm|title=642 Sidharth Chauhan, Bicameralism: comparative insights and lessons|publisher=|accessdate=15 May 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092647/http://india-seminar.com/2013/642/642_sidharth_chauhan.htm|archivedate=18 May 2015|df=dmy-all}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/faq/freaq1.asp#six|title=FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT RAJYA SABHA|publisher=Indian Parliament|accessdate=8 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130724045633/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/faq/freaq1.asp#six|archivedate=24 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}
12. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Composition of Rajya Sabha – Rajya Sabha At Work|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|website=rajyasabha.nic.in|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|accessdate=20 October 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020442/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf|archivedate=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^1 {{cite news|title=Rajya Sabha members alloted [sic] to Telangana, Andhra Pradesh|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-30/news/50211274_1_c-m-ramesh-telangana-palvai-govardhan-reddy|accessdate=21 October 2015|publisher=The Economic Times|date=30 May 2014|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209173947/http://rstv.nic.in/rstv/aboutus.asp|archivedate=9 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/partystrength.aspx|title=STRENGTHWISE PARTY POSITION IN THE RAJYA SABHA|publisher=Rajya Sabha|date=18 July 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606134311/http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/partystrength.aspx|archivedate=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.5/newsite/rssorgchart/sg.aspx|title=Secretary-General, Rajya Sabha}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=About Rajya Sabha TV|url=http://rstv.nic.in/rstv/aboutus.asp|publisher=Rajya Sabha|accessdate=19 May 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209173947/http://rstv.nic.in/rstv/aboutus.asp|archivedate=9 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}

Further reading

  • [https://www.jstor.org/stable/440115 The Nominated Members of India's Council of States: A Study of Role-Definition] J. H. Proctor, Legislative Studies Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, Feb 1985, pp. 53–70.
  • {{cite web|last=Alistair|first=McMillan|title=Constitution 91st Amendment Bill: A Constitutional Fraud?|url=http://www.nuff.ox.ac.uk/users/Mcmillan/delim/comm1.htm|publisher=nuff.ox.ac.uk|accessdate=19 May 2014}}

External links

  • Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government
  • Rajya Sabha FAQ page hosted by the Indian government
  • 37 Rajya Sabha members have criminal background: Study – analysis by the Association for Democratic Reforms and National Election Watch
  • Nominated members list
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090419165814/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/StatewiseList.asp State wise list]
  • Rajya Sabha Television
  • MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA (STATE WISE LIST) TN
{{Rajya Sabha}}{{Government of India}}{{Parliament of India}}{{Legislatures of India}}{{India topics}}{{National upper houses}}

3 : Parliament of India|National upper houses|Rajya Sabha
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/10 11:05:57