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词条 Evo Morales grounding incident
释义

  1. Forced landing

  2. Aftermath

  3. Claim of responsibility

  4. See also

  5. References

On 1 July 2013, president Evo Morales of Bolivia, who had been attending a conference of gas-exporting countries in Russia, gave an interview to the RT television network in which he appeared predisposed to offer asylum to Edward Snowden.[1] Snowden had fled the United States a month earlier after his disclosure of secret, widespread surveillance by the NSA, for which he faced criminal charges in the U.S..

The day after his TV interview, Morales's Dassault Falcon 900, carrying him back to Bolivia from Russia, took off from Vnukovo Airport, but was rerouted to Austria when France, Spain, and Italy[2] reportedly denied access to their airspace, allegedly due to suspicions that Snowden was on board.[3] Snowden was in fact still in Sheremetyevo Airport, where he had been staying since arriving in Russia a week earlier. An audio tape was subsequently released which appeared to be a recording of the flight crew requesting to land in Austria on the grounds they "could not get a correct indication" of their remaining fuel levels.[4]

Forced landing

Austria's deputy chancellor, Michael Spindelegger, said that the plane was searched, although the Bolivian Defense Minister denied a search took place, saying Morales had denied entry to his plane.[3][4] The refusals for entry into French, Spanish, and Italian airspace ostensibly for "technical reasons", strongly denounced by Bolivia, Ecuador, and other South American nations, were attributed to rumors disseminated allegedly by the US that Snowden was on board.[5][6] Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, José García-Margallo, publicly stated that they were told he was on board but did not specify as to who had informed them.[7]

Austrian media later reported that when the plane landed in Vienna to refuel, US Ambassador to Austria, William Eacho, “claimed with great certainty that Edward Snowden was onboard” and mentioned a “diplomatic note requesting Snowden’s extradition.”[8]

The President of Austria, Heinz Fischer, went to greet President Morales in his plane and shared breakfast with him.

The plane took off again after Austrian officials confirmed that Edward Snowden was not on board.[9]

Aftermath

France apologized for the incident immediately.[10] The Spanish ambassador to Bolivia apologized two weeks later, citing inappropriate procedures.[11] The Italians and Portuguese sent official explanations to the Bolivian Government.[12]

On 3 July, Jen Psaki, spokesperson for the U.S. Department of State, acknowledged that the U.S. had been "in contact with a range of countries across the world who had any chance of having Mr. Snowden land or even transit through their countries".[13][14]

On 20 September, Evo Morales announced a lawsuit against the U.S. government for "crimes against humanity" for repeatedly blocking presidential flights, after an incident in which authorization for an overflight of Puerto Rico by President Maduro of Venezuela was delayed, although U.S. authorities said that they were entitled to three days' advance notice. Maduro had been en route to arrive in Beijing for bilaterial talks with the People's Republic of China.[15]

In the aftermath of the incident, seven Latin American countries – Bolivia, Argentina, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Uruguay, and Venezuela – voiced their concerns to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, who asserted that "a Head of State and his or her aircraft enjoy immunity and inviolability".[16] Ban also emphasized that it is important to prevent such incidents from occurring in the future.[16]

Claim of responsibility

In April 2015, Wikileaks founder Julian Assange claimed to having deliberately leaked the false information about Snowden being on the plane to the U.S., as part of "special measures" to distract secret services. In response, the Bolivian ambassador to Russia demanded that Assange apologize for putting their president's life at risk.[17] Interviewed in August 2015 by the Bolivian newspaper El Deber, Assange stated that Wikileaks and the government of Venezuela discussed smuggling Snowden out of Russia aboard the presidential plane of either Venezuela or Bolivia. Assange did not know whether or not the Bolivian government was aware of these negotiations, and did not himself communicate with the Bolivians, but said that Venezuela should have warned Bolivia.[18]

See also

  • Bolivia–Spain relations
  • Bolivia–United States relations
  • Edward Snowden
  • Foreign policy of Evo Morales

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/2013/07/01/606824/evo-morales-se-abre-a-ceder-asilo-a-edward-snowden-si-lo-solicita.html |title=Evo Morales se abre a ceder asilo a Edward Snowden si lo solicita |author=El Mercurio On-Line |work=El Mercurio On-Line |language=Spanish |date=2013-07-01 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7guwSjr?url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/2013/07/01/606824/evo-morales-se-abre-a-ceder-asilo-a-edward-snowden-si-lo-solicita.html |deadurl=yes |df= }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://sol.sapo.pt/inicio/Politica/Interior.aspx?content_id=79361 |title=Portas: Portugal autorizou o sobrevoo de Morales |author=Sol-Autor Lusa |work=Sol |language=Portuguese |date=2013-07-09 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327080337/http://sol.sapo.pt/inicio/Politica/Interior.aspx?content_id=79361 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/03/evo-morales-controversial-flight-over-europe-minute-by-heavily-disputed-minute/ |title=Evo Morales’s controversial flight over Europe, minute by heavily disputed minute |author=Max Fisher |work=The Washington Post |date=2013-07-03 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7eyoP8K?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/03/evo-morales-controversial-flight-over-europe-minute-by-heavily-disputed-minute/ |deadurl=yes |df= }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/07/03/usa-security-snowden-jet-bolivia-idINDEE96207B20130703 |title=Snowden still in Moscow despite Bolivian plane drama |author1=Angelika Gruber |author2=Emma Farge |work=Reuters |date=2013-07-04 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7egNjku?url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/07/03/usa-security-snowden-jet-bolivia-idINDEE96207B20130703 |quote="Austrian Deputy Chancellor Michael Spindelegger said Morales personally denied that Snowden was aboard his jet and agreed to a voluntary inspection. "Based on this invitation from Bolivia, a colleague boarded the plane, looked at everything and there was no one else on board," Spindelegger told reporters. But Bolivian Defence Minister Ruben Saavedra said Morales's plane was not searched because Morales had refused Austrian authorities entry." |deadurl=yes |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/bolivian-leaders-plane-rerouted-snowden-fear |title=Bolivian leader's plane rerouted on Snowden fear |author1=Philipp-Moritz Jenne |author2=Carlos Valdez |work=The Big Story |publisher=Associated Press |date=2013-07-03 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7f2Ugdx?url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/bolivian-leaders-plane-rerouted-snowden-fear |deadurl=yes |df= }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/02/world/americas/bolivia-presidential-plane |title=Bolivia: Presidential plane forced to land after Snowden rumors |author=Catherine E. Shoichet |work=Cable News Network |date=2013-07-03 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7f6dyPw?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/02/world/americas/bolivia-presidential-plane |deadurl=yes |df= }}
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-23201767 |title=Spain 'told Edward Snowden was on Bolivia president's plane' |author=British Broadcasting Corporation |work=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=2013-07-05 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7fAs1dm?url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-23201767 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/maduro-snowden-asylum-venezuela-723/ |title=‘Free from imperial persecution’: Three Latin American countries offer shelter to Edward Snowden |author=Russia Today |work=Russia Today |date=2013-07-06 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7fE1feo?url=http://rt.com/news/maduro-snowden-asylum-venezuela-723/ |deadurl=yes |df= }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/bolivia-un-evo-morales-plane |title=Bolivia complains to UN after Evo Morales' plane 'kidnapped' |author1=Sara Shahriari |author2=Jonathan Watts |author3=Dan Roberts |work=The Guardian |date=2013-07-03 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7fHczq2?url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/bolivia-un-evo-morales-plane |deadurl=yes |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/07/2013747914179924.html |title=France apologises to Bolivia over jet row |author=Al Jazeera |work=Al Jazeera |date=2013-07-04 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7fPZHdM?url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/07/2013747914179924.html |deadurl=yes |df= }}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/16/us-usa-security-snowden-latinamerica-idUSBRE96F06020130716 |title=Spain apologizes to Bolivia for presidential plane delay |author1=Daniel Ramos |author2=Caroline Stauffer |author3=Paul Simao |work=Reuters |date=2013-07-15 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7fW82zi?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/16/us-usa-security-snowden-latinamerica-idUSBRE96F06020130716 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://atlasweb.it/2013/07/18/caso-snowden-morales-le-note-esplicative-di-italia-e-portogallo-579.html|title=Caso Snowden-Morales, le "note esplicative" di Italia e Portogallo|work=Atlas}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/07/211535.htm#SNOWDEN |title=Daily Press Briefing - July 3, 2013 |author=Jen Psaki |work=state.gov |publisher=US Department of State |date=2013-07-03 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7fjYVV3?url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/07/211535.htm |deadurl=yes |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/edward-snowden-asylum-live |title=US admits contact with other countries over potential Snowden flights – as it happened |author1=Oliver Laughland |author2=Helen Davidson |author3=Haroon Siddique |author4=Paul Owen |work=The Guardian |date=2013-07-03 |accessdate=2014-03-16 |archivedate=2014-03-16 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7g5a2YT?url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/03/edward-snowden-asylum-live |deadurl=yes |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web | url=http://live.huffingtonpost.com/r/archive/segment/bolivian-president-to-sue-us-government-for-crimes-against-humanity/523c9e5e78c90a4e90000491 | title=Bolivian President to sue U.S. Government for Crimes against Humanity | author=Huffington Post | work=Huffington Post | language=| format=Video 2:25 Min | date=2013-09-20 | accessdate=2014-03-16}}
16. ^1 {{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45374&Cr=Latin+America&Cr1=#.UhN673-_S28 | title=Latin American nations voice concerns to Ban over rerouting of Bolivian leader's plane | author=United Nations | work=United Nations | language= | date=2013-07-09 | accessdate=2014-03-16 | archivedate=2014-03-16 | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6O7gd9D1i?url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=45374&Cr=Latin+America&Cr1=#.UhN673-_S28 | deadurl=yes | df= }}
17. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Bolivia-Accuses-Assange-of-Putting-Evo-Morales-Life-at-Risk-20150413-0024.html | title=The Bolivian ambassador to Russia asked Julian Assange to apologize to the president for having put his life at risk in July 2013. | author=teleSUR / OA-gp | work=teleSUR / OA-gp | language=| date=2015-04-13 | accessdate=2015-04-13}}
18. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.eldeber.com.bo/especiales/julian-assange-wikileaks-estudio-maduro.html | title=Julian Assange: Wikileaks negoció con Maduro para que Snowden viaje con Evo. | newspaper=El Deber | language= | date=2015-08-30 | accessdate=2017-11-14 | deadurl=bot: unknown | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150902010740/http://www.eldeber.com.bo/especiales/julian-assange-wikileaks-estudio-maduro.html | archivedate=2015-09-02 | df= }}

7 : Evo Morales|Diplomatic incidents|Foreign relations of Bolivia|2013 in international relations|Diplomatic immunity and protection|Aviation accidents and incidents in 2013|July 2013 events in Europe
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