“Exciton-polaritons”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The coupling of the two oscillators, photons modes in the semiconductor optical microcavity and excitons of the quantum wells, results in the energy anticrossing of the bare oscillators, giving rise to the two new normal modes for the system, known as the upper and lower polariton resonances (or branches). The energy shift is proportional to the coupling strength (dependent, e.g., on the field and polarization overlaps). The higher energy or upper mode (UPB, upper polariton branch) is characterized by the photonic and exciton fields oscillating in-phase, while the LPB (lower polariton branch) mode is characterized by them oscillating with phase-opposition. Microcavity exciton-polaritons inherit some properties from both of their roots, such as a light effective mass (from the photons) and a capacity to interact with each other (from the strong exciton nonlinearities) and with the environment (including the internal phonons, which provide thermalization, and the outcoupling by radiative losses). In most cases the interactions are repulsive, at least between polariton quasi-particles of the same spin type (intra-spin interactions) and the nonlinearity term is positive (increase of total energy, or blueshift, upon increasing density).^[2]

Other features

Polaritons are also characterized by non-parabolic energy-momentum dispersion relations, which limit the validity of the parabolic effective-mass approximation to a small range of momenta

They also have a spin degree-of-freedom, making them spinorial fluids able to sustain different polarization textures. Exciton-polaritons are composite bosons which can be observed to form Bose-Einstein condensates,^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Many experimental works currently focus on polariton lasers,^[10] optically addressed transistors,^[11] nonlinear states such as solitons and shock waves, long-range coherence properties and phase transitions, quantum vortices and spinorial patterns. Modelization of exciton-polariton fluids mainly rely on the use of GPE (Gross–Pitaevskii equations) which are in the form of nonlinear Schrödinger equations.^[12]

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite journal |author=S.I. Pekar |title=Theory of electromagnetic waves in a crystal with excitons |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=5 |issue=1–2 |pages=11–22 |year=1958 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(58)90127-6|bibcode=1958JPCS....5...11P }}
2. ^{{Cite journal |title=Polariton-polariton interaction constants in microcavities |journal=Physical Review B |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=075301 |year=2010 |last1=Vladimirova |first1=M |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.82.075301 |bibcode=2010PhRvB..82g5301V }}
3. ^{{Cite journal |url=|title=Effects of the non-parabolic kinetic energy on non-equilibrium polariton condensates |author1=Pinsker, F. |author2=Ruan, X. |author3=Alexander, T. |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1891 |pages=1891 |year=2017 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-01113-8 |pmid=28507290 |pmc=5432531 |arxiv=1606.02130 |bibcode=2017NatSR...7.1891P}}
4. ^{{Cite journal |url=|title=Condensation of semiconductor microcavity exciton polaritons |last=Deng |first=H |journal=Science |volume=298 |issue=5591 |pages=199–202 |year=2002 |doi=10.1126/science.1074464 |pmid=12364801 |bibcode=2002Sci...298..199D }}
5. ^{{Cite journal |url=|title=Bose–Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons |last=Kasprzak |first=J |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7110 |pages=409–14 |year=2006 |doi=10.1038/nature05131 |pmid=17006506 |bibcode=2006Natur.443..409K }}
6. ^{{Cite journal |url=|title=Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation |last=Deng |first=H |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=1489-1537 |year=2010 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1489 |bibcode=2010RvMP...82.1489D }}
7. ^{{Cite journal |url=|author1=Byrnes, T. |author2=Kim, N. Y. |author3=Yamamoto, Y. |title=Exciton–polariton condensates |journal=Nature Physics |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=803 |year=2014 |doi=10.1038/nphys3143 |arxiv=1411.6822 |bibcode=2014NatPh..10..803B }}
8. ^{{Cite journal |title=Vortex and half-vortex dynamics in a nonlinear spinor quantum fluid |url=http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/1/11/e1500807.full.pdf |last1=Dominici |first1=L |last2=Dagvadorj |first2=G |last3=Fellows |first3=JM |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |journal=Science Advances |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=e1500807 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500807 |doi-access=free |pmid=26665174 |pmc=4672757 |bibcode=2015SciA....1E0807D |arxiv=1403.0487 }}
9. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Sanvitto |first1=D. |last2=Kéna-Cohen |first2=S. |title=The road towards polaritonic devices |journal=Nature Materials |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1061-73 |year=2016 |doi=10.1038/nmat4668|pmid=27429208 |bibcode=2016NatMa..15.1061S }}
10. ^{{cite journal |author1=Schneider, C. |author2=Rahimi-Iman, A. |author3=Kim, N. Y. |display-authors=etal |title=An electrically pumped polariton laser |journal=Nature |year=2013 |volume=497 |issue=7449 |pages=348–352 |doi=10.1038/nature12036 |pmid=23676752 |bibcode=2013Natur.497..348S }}
11. ^{{Cite journal |title=All-optical polariton transistor |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms2734 |journal=Nature Communications |volume=4 |issue=2013 |pages=1778 |year=2013 |last1=Ballarini |first1=D. |last2=De Giorgi |first2=M. |last3=Cancellieri |first3=E. |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1038/ncomms2734 |doi-access=free |pmid=23653190 |bibcode=2013NatCo...4E1778B |arxiv=1201.4071 }}
12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Moxley|first=Frederick Ira|last2=Byrnes|first2=Tim|last3=Ma|first3=Baoling|last4=Yan|first4=Yun|last5=Dai|first5=Weizhong|date=2015|title=A G-FDTD scheme for solving multi-dimensional open dissipative Gross–Pitaevskii equations|journal=Journal of Computational Physics|volume=282|pages=303–316|doi=10.1016/j.jcp.2014.11.021|issn=0021-9991|bibcode=2015JCoPh.282..303M}}

Overview

Theory

Other features

See also

References

External links