“Excommunication of actors by the Catholic Church”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Excommunication of actors was both literal and metaphorical practice of demeaning the reputation of actors as individuals or of their profession as the actors as well as refusing to recognize them as the individuals deserving the benefits of the religious rites under the Catholic customs. Many bishops, priests, and monks have strongly condemned theatrical amusements, and they even declared the actors to be 'instruments of Satan', 'a curse to the Church', and 'beguiling unstable souls'.^[1]{{rp|11}} The Roman Catholic Church believed theatre caused people to “indulge themselves in amusements which its fascinations interfere with the prosecution of the serious work of daily life. Anything pleasing or appealing to the lower nature, the ‘sensual appetites,’ were considered as temptations as dictated in the Lord’s Prayer: ‘Lead us not into temptation,’”^[1]{{rp|38}} which one must avoid in order to lead an ideal Christian life. One must eat and drink for strength and not for gluttony and drunkenness, rest and sleep to the glory of God and not to sink into indolence and sloth nor to become the masters instead of the servants of the body, and amusements are the most dangerous temptations and the worst impulses from ^[1]{{rp|35}} otherwise, "many Christians will relax their ordinary strictness “for the sake of the cause,” and that having once obtained a “taste of the nectar, they will continue to drink it”^[1]{{rp|66}} The Church instead encouraged Christians to strive to please their neighbours for good edification rather than pleasing oneself.^[1]{{rp|43}}

Clerical attacks on the actors

Actors endured the Church’s antitheatrical attacks, which included "social humiliations, aggressive animosity toward their profession and their lowly reputation. Religious attitude toward theatre not only hampered the profession as a whole but also humiliated them as individuals which also affected their family members".^[2]{{rp|51}} In the 1860s, James H. McVicker a theatre professional in Chicago had seen “a child refused admittance to a school, for a reason that the parents were connected with a theatre."^[2]{{rp|52}} In the same decade, the actress Anna Cora Mowatt stated that “being an actress, people considered her and all the actresses as immoral, flighty, silly buffoons who are not to be taken seriously for a moment.”^[2]{{rp|52}} This was due to the low reputation the Roman Catholic Church had given to the theatre. The theatre was affected financially as well because in “many areas, townspeople were scared away from viewing the performances under the Church’s influence, and the difficulty in attracting audiences resulted in inability to pay actors living wages and forced some to abandon their professions.”^[2]{{rp|55}} Travelling troupes, who perform in different cities had experienced difficulties getting help from the locals with the tasks of “finding a place to sleep, suitable place to perform, finding carpenters to build basic set ups, and finding musicians, etc., and the lack of local help was due to religious objection.”^[2]{{rp|58}} The Church also influenced greatly in producing new actors as many parents, worried about the low reputation of the profession, discouraged their children from pursuing the career as an actor. “Noah Ludlow had to flee home to pursue his dream in theatre which his parents disapproved of, and even much later when he got married, his wife’s family pressured him to abandon his career on stage.”^[2]{{rp|59}}

Church’s treatment towards women in theatre

In 1860, John Angell James in Female Piety or A Young Woman’s Friend and Guide expresses that “the nature of the women derive from Eve, who was the cause of the sin and death in our world as well as the reason why mankind was driven out of the Garden of Eden. She is a temptress who caused the fall of the man by tempting him into doing evil.”^[2]{{rp|69}} James then adds: “She could never attain to dignity, and even with all her brightest charms, could rarely appear but with the beauty of a doll”^[3] The actresses “frequently changed costumes in the same general backstage with men, and they gave lascivious smiles, kissed and played love scene with men on the stage."^[2]{{rp|72}} The Church considered these acts as acts of tempting men, and therefore, actresses’ appearances on the stage was viewed with “impurity” or “immorality” because of her profession.^[2]{{rp|73}} Such religious prejudice led the divorce rate of actress to be higher than other women of different professions.^[2]{{rp|73}} In John Harold Wilson’s All the King’s Ladies from 1958, Wilson presents synonym of “actress” as “prostitute” because financially depraved actresses difficulty in attracting audiences were expected to be available offstage to wealthy men, and out of eighty women who were known to have been actresses in London from 1660 to 1689, at least twelve according to Wilson’s research, left the stage to become mistresses or prostitutes.^[2]{{rp|74}}

Limitations on French theatre imposed by Church

Even exclusively Catholic countries were “tolerant of the church-goers’ ordinary theatrical amusements and allowed the general population to patronize the theatre. In most of the countries, theatres were even allowed to be opened on Sunday evenings when the popular plays are put on the boards. In Lent, the Catholic Church would dissuade or even prohibit the people from going to the theatre, and in some countries, where the civil law is controlled by the Church of Rome, the theaters were closed in Lent.”^[1]{{rp|9–10}}

The theatres in France had even more restrictions and limitations as the actors turned to the royal patronage for financial aid by joining the state theatre, Comédie-Française. “The actors of this state theatre were considered as servants of the king and were expected to entertain at the court under the rules and regulations of the royal authority. Anything from assigning roles to the actors and demanding actors to be punctual on the rehearsals were strictly controlled by the royal authority. Playwrights were personally obligated to obtain official approvals from the Lieutenant-General of Police who read the manuscripts and gave approvals based on the rules revolved around the King as well as the Church and the political notables. Plays could not mock or violate Roman Catholic beliefs and ceremonies, nor it can satirize living public figures (including the monarch)”^[4]

“The Church in France also condemned the theatre as a school for scandal, held all actors to be ipso facto excommunicated, and forbade their burial in consecrated ground - which included every cemetery in Paris:

In fact, in 1730, Adrienne Lecouvreur died at the age of 38, but she was denied Christian burial and was hastily buried in the dead of night in an unmarked grave. This was because the Church in France still banned the actors from receiving any sacraments which included marriage, baptism, or final rites, and only by renouncing their professions first, they were able to receive the sacraments from the Church.^[6] Also, the Church refused Molière’s burial in the sanctified burial because he had not received the last rites with the priest present and that he did not renounce his profession as an actor before his death.^[7] When King Louis XIV directly intervened, the Archbishop of Paris allowed Molière to be buried only after sunset among the suicides’ and paupers’ graves with no requiem masses permitted in the Church.^[7]

Patristic views on theatre

Defending theatre

J. M. Beckley argues that “amusement is necessary” in order to relieve frustrations from everyday life and to “let off steam.” The body and mind will alike to rebel if they are constantly being under the surveillance of the Church. Theatre gratifies some of the desires of men, pleases their tastes.^[1]{{rp|20}}

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=James|title=Christians and the Theater|year=1875|publisher=Nelson & Phillips|location=New York}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Claudia Durst|title=Church and stage: The Theatre as Target of Religious Condemnation in Nineteenth Century America|year=2007|publisher=Mcfarland|location=Jefferson|isbn=978-0786430802}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=James|first=John|title=Female Piety or the Young Woman’s Friend and Guide through Life to Immortality|year=1854|publisher=Bert Carter & Brothers|location=New York|page=11}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Meeker|first=Kimberly|title=Politics of the Stage: Theatre and Popular Opinion in Eighteenth-Century Paris|journal=Binghamton Journal of History|year=2010|url=http://www2.binghamton.edu/history/resources/journal-of-history/stage-politics.html}}
5. ^{{cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |title=The Story of Civilization: The Age of Voltaire |year=1965 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXXlCgQR4V8C}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Carlson|first=Malvin|title=Voltaire and the Theatre of the Eighteenth Century|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoIaRFoCG-4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=ko&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
7. ^¹{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Craig|title=The Broadview Anthology of Drama: Plays from the Western Theatre|year=2003|publisher=Broadview Press|pages=437|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZJRMieX-_sC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ko&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|author2=Jennifer Wise}}
8. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |last=Schnusenberg |first=Christine Catharina |title=The relationship between the Church and the theatre: exemplified by selected writings of the Church fathers and by liturgical texts until Amalarius of Metz, 775-852 A.D. |year=1988 |publisher=University Press of America |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=0-8191-5733-3}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Dox|first=Donnalee|title=The idea of the theater in Latin Christian thought : Augustine to the fourteenth century|year=2004|publisher=Univ. of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor|isbn=0-472-11423-9|pages=12|edition=[Online-Ausg.].}}
10. ^{{cite book|last=St. Augustine|title=Confessions and Enchiridion |year=1955 |publisher=Westminster Press |location=Philadelphia |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/augustine/confessions.toc.html |editor=Outler, Albert}}