词条 | Factor analysis of mixed data | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
In statistics, factor analysis of mixed data (FAMD), or factorial analysis of mixed data, is the factorial method devoted to data tables in which a group of individuals is described both by quantitative and qualitative variables. It belongs to the exploratory methods developed by the French school called Analyse des données founded by Jean-Paul Benzécri. The term mixed refers to the simultaneous presence, as active elements, of quantitative and qualitative variables. Roughly, we can say that FAMD works as a principal components analysis (PCA) for quantitative variables and as a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) for qualitative variables. ScopeWhen data include both types of variables but the active variables being homogeneous, PCA or MCA can be used. Indeed, it is easy to include supplementary quantitative variables in MCA by the correlation coefficients between the variables and factors on individuals (a factor on individuals is the vector gathering the coordinates of individuals on a factorial axis); the representation obtained is a correlation circle (as in PCA). Similarly, it is easy to include supplementary categorical variables in PCA.[1] For this, each category is represented by the center of gravity of the individuals who have it (as MCA). When the active variables are mixed, the usual practice is to perform discretization on the quantitative variables (e.g. usually in surveys the age is transformed in age classes). Data thus obtained can be processed by MCA. This practice reaches its limits:
CriterionThe data include quantitative variables and qualitative variables . is a quantitative variable. We note:
In the PCA of , we look for the function on (a function on assigns a value to each individual, it is the case for initial variables and principal components) the most correlated to all variables in the following sense: maximum. In MCA of Q, we look for the function on more related to all variables in the following sense: maximum. In FAMD , we look for the function on the more related to all variables in the following sense: maximum. In this criterion, both types of variables play the same role. The contribution of each variable in this criterion is bounded by 1. PlotsThe representation of individuals is made directly from factors . The representation of quantitative variables is constructed as in PCA (correlation circle). The representation of the categories of qualitative variables is as in MCA : a category is at the centroid of the individuals who possess it. Note that we take the exact centroid and not, as is customary in MCA, the centroid up to a coefficient dependent on the axis (in MCA this coefficient is equal to the inverse of the square root of the eigenvalue; it would be inadequate in FAMD). The representation of variables is called relationship square. The coordinate of qualitative variable along axis is equal to squared correlation ratio between the variable and the factor of rank (denoted ). The coordinates of quantitative variable along axis is equal to the squared correlation coefficient between the variable and the factor of rank (denoted ). Aids to interpretationThe relationship indicators between the initial variables are combined in a so-called relationship matrix that contains, at the intersection of row and column :
ExampleA very small data set (Table 1) illustrates the operation and outputs of the FAMD . Six individuals are described by three quantitative variables and three qualitatives variables. Data were analyzed using the R package function FAMD FactoMineR .
In the relationship matrix, the coefficients are equal to (quantitative variables), (qualitative variables) or (one variable of each type). The matrix shows an entanglement of the relationships between the two types of variables. The representation of individuals (Figure 1) clearly shows three groups of individuals. The first axis opposes individuals 1 and 2 to all others. The second axis opposes individuals 3 and 4 to individuals 5 and 6. The representation of variables (relationship square, Figure 2) shows that the first axis () is closely linked to variables , and . The correlation circle (Figure 3) specifies the sign of the correlation between , and ; the representation of the categories (Figure 4) clarifies the nature of the relationship between and . Finally individuals 1 and 2, individualized by the first axis, are characterized by high values of and and by the categories of as well. This example illustrates how the FAMD simultaneously analyses of quantitative and qualitative variables. Thus, it shows, in this example, a first dimension based on the two types of variables. HistoryThe FAMD's original work is due to Brigitte Escofier[2] and Gilbert Saporta.[3] This work was resumed in 2002 by Jérôme Pagès.[4] The most complete presentation of FAMD in English is included in a book of Jérôme Pagès.[5] SoftwareThe method is implemented in the R package [https://cran.r-project.org/package=FactoMineR FactoMineR] References1. ^Escofier Brigitte & Pagès Jérôme (2008). Analyses factorielles simples et multiples. Dunod. Paris. 318 p. p. 27 et seq. 2. ^Escofier Brigitte (1979). Traitement simultané de variables quantitatives et qualitatives en analyse factorielle. Les cahiers de l’analyse des données, 4, 2, 137–146. http://archive.numdam.org/ARCHIVE/CAD/CAD_1979__4_2/CAD_1979__4_2_137_0/CAD_1979__4_2_137_0.pdf 3. ^Saporta Gilbert (1990). Simultaneous analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. Atti della XXXV riunione scientifica ; società italiana di Statistica, 63–72 . http://cedric.cnam.fr/~saporta/SAQQD.pdf 4. ^Pagès Jérôme (2002). Analyse factorielle de données mixtes. Revue de Statistique appliquée, 52, 4, 93–111 http://archive.numdam.org/ARCHIVE/RSA/RSA_2004__52_4/RSA_2004__52_4_93_0/RSA_2004__52_4_93_0.pdf 5. ^Pagès Jérôme (2014). Multiple Factor Analysis by Example Using R. Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series London 272 p 1 : Factor analysis |
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