| 词条 | Artemisia absinthium |
| 释义 |
|image = Artemisia absinthium P1210748.jpg |image_caption = Artemisia absinthium growing wild in the Caucasus |genus = Artemisia |species = absinthium |authority = L.[1] |synonyms =
|synonyms_ref = [2][3] }} Artemisia absinthium (wormwood, grand wormwood, absinthe, absinthium, absinthe wormwood[4]) is a species of Artemisia native to temperate regions of Eurasia[5] and Northern Africa and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States.[6] It is grown as an ornamental plant and is used as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe as well as some other alcoholic beverages. DescriptionArtemisia absinthium is a herbaceous perennial plant with fibrous roots. The stems are straight, growing to {{convert|0.8|-|1.2|m}} (sometimes even over 1.5 m, but rarely) tall, grooved, branched, and silvery-green. The leaves are spirally arranged, greenish-grey above and white below, covered with silky silvery-white trichomes, and bearing minute oil-producing glands; the basal leaves are up to 25 cm long, bipinnate to tripinnate with long petioles, with the cauline leaves (those on the stem) smaller, 5–10 cm long, less divided, and with short petioles; the uppermost leaves can be both simple and sessile (without a petiole). Its flowers are pale yellow, tubular, and clustered in spherical bent-down heads (capitula), which are in turn clustered in leafy and branched panicles. Flowering is from early summer to early autumn; pollination is anemophilous. The fruit is a small achene; seed dispersal is by gravity.[6]It grows naturally on uncultivated arid ground, on rocky slopes, and at the edge of footpaths and fields. Although once relatively common, it is becoming increasingly rare in the UK where it has recently been suggested that it is an archaeophyte rather than a true native.[7] CultivationThe plant can easily be cultivated in dry soil. It should be planted under bright exposure in fertile, mid-weight soil. It prefers soil rich in nitrogen. It can be propagated by ripened cuttings taken in spring or autumn in temperate climates, or by seeds in nursery beds. A common consideration applies to growing the plant with others as it tends to stunt their growth; accordingly it is not considered to be a good companion plant. Artemisia absinthium also self-seeds generously. It is naturalised in some areas away from its native range, including much of North America and Kashmir Valley of India.[8] This plant,[9] and its cultivars 'Lambrook Mist'[9] and 'Lambrook Silver'[10] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. These two short cultivars are very similar and more silver than typical British absinthium material and probably derive from southern Europe. 'Lambrook Silver' is the earliest of these cultivars having been selected in the late 1950s by Margery Fish who developed the garden at East Lambrook Manor. 'Lambrook Mist' was selected about 30 years later by Andrew Norton, a subsequent owner of the garden. Both gained their AGMs (Award of Garden Merit) during the RHS Artemisia Trial 1991–3. Cultivar 'Silver Ghost' is a taller silver plant which flowers much later (August – September) than typical absinthium (June – July) in UK and therefore holds its silver appearance for longer. This and a more feathery leaved cultivar 'Persian Lace' were selected by National Collection Holder John Twibell in the 1990s.[11] UsesIt is an ingredient in the spirit absinthe, and is used for flavouring in some other spirits and wines, including bitters, vermouth and pelinkovac. As medicine, it is used for dyspepsia, as a bitter to counteract poor appetite, for various infectious diseases, Crohn's disease, and IgA nephropathy.[12][13][14][15] In the Middle Ages, wormwood was used to spice mead, and in Morocco it is used with tea, called sheeba.[16] In 18th century England, wormwood was sometimes used instead of hops in beer.[17] ToxicityMost chemotypes of Artemisia absinthium contain (−)-α- and/or (+)-β-thujone,[18] though some do not.[19] (−)-α-Thujone by itself is a GABAA receptor antagonist that can cause convulsions and death when administered in large amounts to animals and humans.[20] However, there is only one case of documented toxicity of wormwood involving a 31-year-old man who drank 10 ml of steam-distilled volatile oil of wormwood, wrongly believing it was absinthe liqueur.[21] Medicinal extracts of wormwood have not been shown to cause seizure or other adverse effects at usual doses.[22] It has not been shown that thujones cause the toxicity of wormwood extracts of any kind, including absinthe, at excessive doses.[23] EtymologyArtemisia comes from Ancient Greek ἀρτεμισία, from Ἄρτεμις (Artemis). In Hellenistic culture, Artemis was a goddess of the hunt, and protector of the forest and children. absinthum comes from the Ancient Greek ἀψίνθιον, meaning the same. An alternative derivation is that the genus was named after Queen Artemisia who was the wife and sister of Mausolus ruler of Caria. When Mausolus died c. 353 BC, he was buried in a huge tomb dedicated to his memory – the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the ruins of which are still present at Bodrum in modern-day Turkey. The word "wormwood" comes from Middle English wormwode or wermode. Webster's Third New International Dictionary attributes the etymology to Old English wermōd (compare with German Wermut and the derived drink vermouth), which the OED (s.v.) marks as "of obscure origin". Cultural historyNicholas Culpeper insisted that wormwood was the key to understanding his 1651 book The English Physitian. Richard Mabey describes Culpeper's entry on this bitter-tasting plant as "stream-of-consciousness" and "unlike anything else in the herbal", and states that it reads "like the ramblings of a drunk". Culpeper biographer Benjamin Woolley suggests the piece may be an allegory about bitterness, as Culpeper had spent his life fighting the Establishment, and had been imprisoned and seriously wounded in battle as a result.[24]William Shakespeare referred to wormwood in his famous play Romeo and Juliet: Act 1, Scene 3. Juliet's childhood nurse said, "For I had then laid wormwood to my dug" meaning that the nurse had weaned Juliet, then aged three, by using the bitter taste of Wormwood on her nipple. John Locke, in his 1689 book titled An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, used wormwood as an example of bitterness, writing that "For a child knows as certainly before it can speak the difference between the ideas of sweet and bitter (i.e. that sweet is not bitter), as it knows afterwards (when it comes to speak) that wormwood and sugarplums are not the same thing."[25]In the Bible, the book of Revelation tells of a star named Wormwood that plummets to Earth and turns a third of the rivers and fountains of waters bitter.[26] References1. ^{{cite book|last=Linnaeus|first=Carolus|authorlink=Carl Linnaeus|year=1753|title=Species plantarum:exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas...|publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii)|volume=2|page=848|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358869|accessdate=2008-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004011723/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358869 |archivedate= 4 October 2008 |deadurl=no}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Christian Rätsch|title=The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnOqQgAACAAJ|accessdate=27 April 2013|date=25 April 2005|publisher=Inner Traditions/Bear|page=69|isbn=978-0-89281-978-2}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/gcc-95372|title=The Plant List: A Working List of all Plant Species}} 4. ^{{citation |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=4274 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy |accessdate=12 May 2016}} 5. ^Altervista Flora Italiana, Assenzio vero, Artemisia absinthium L. 6. ^1 Flora of North America Vol. 19, 20 and 21 Page 519 Common wormwood, armoise absinthe, Artemisia absinthium Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 848. 1753. 7. ^Archeophytes in Britain CD Preston, DA Pearman and A R Hall Botanical J of Linnean Society 2004 145 257-294 8. ^Shafi et al., 2012 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5266|title=Artemisia absinthium 'Lambrook Mist' AGM|publisher=APPS.RHS.org.uk|accessdate=31 August 2012}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=5337|title=Artemisia absinthium 'Lambrook Silver' AGM|publisher=APPS.RHS.org.uk|accessdate=31 August 2012}} 11. ^John Twibell, National Collection of Artemisia 12. ^European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (2009) "Absinthii herba (wormwood)" In: ESCOP Monographs: The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products, 2nd ed, Thieme. 13. ^Abad MJ, Bedoya LM, Apaza L, Bermejo P (2012). “The Artemisia L genus: A review of bioactive essential oils” . Molecules 17: 2542-2566. {{PMID|22388966}}. {{doi|10.3390/molecules17032542}}. 14. ^Algieri F, Rodriguez-Nogales A, Rodriguez-Cabezas ME, et al. (2015). "Botanical drugs as an emerging strategy in inflammatory bowel disease: a review" . Mediators Inflamm. 2015: 179616. {{PMID|26576073}}.{{PMC|4630406}}. {{doi|10.1155/2015/179616}}. 15. ^Krebs S, Omer B, Omer TN, Fliser D (2010). "Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) for poorly responsive early-stage IgA nephropathy: a pilot uncontrolled trial" Am. J. Kidney Dis. 56 (6): 1095-9. {{PMID|20843592}}.{{DOI|10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.06.025}}. 16. ^{{cite web |author=Grieves, M. |year=1931 |title=Wormwood, Common |work=Botanical.com |url=http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/w/wormwo37.html#worcom |accessdate=2010-07-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528081112/http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/w/wormwo37.html |archivedate=28 May 2010 |deadurl=no }} 17. ^{{cite book|last=Hartley |first=Dorothy|authorlink=Dorothy Hartley|title=Food in England|publisher=Futura Publications|year=1985|origyear=1954|isbn=0-7088-2696-2|page=456}} 18. ^Nguyen HT, Németh ZÉ (2016). "Sources of variability of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L) essential oil" . J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromatic Plants 3: 143-150. {{doi|10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.07.005}}. 19. ^Ariño A, Arberas I, Renobales G, Arriaga S, Dominguez JB (1999). “Essential oil of Artemisia absinthium L from the Spanish Pyrenees” . J. Essential Oil Res. 11: 182-184. {{doi|10.1080/10412905.1999.9701105}}. 20. ^Olsen RW (April 2000). "Absinthe and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (9): 4417–8. {{doi|10.1073/pnas.97.9.4417}}. {{PMC|34311}}. {{PMID|10781032}}. 21. ^Weisbord SD, Soule JB, Kimmel PL (1997). "Poison on line--acute renal failure caused by oil of wormwood purchased through the internet" . N. Engl. J. Med. 337 (12): 825-7. {{PMID|9297113}} {{doi|10.1056/NEJM199709183371205}}. 22. ^Yarnell E, Heron S (2000). "Retrospective analysis of the safety of bitter herbs with an emphasis on Artemisia absinthium L (wormwood)" . J. Naturopathic Med. 9: 32-9. 23. ^Lachenmeier DW, Nathan-Maister D (2007). "Systematic misinformation about thujone in pre-ban absinthe" . Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 103 (6): 255–263. 24. ^{{cite book|author=Richard Mabey|title=Weeds. The Story of Outlaw Plants|pages=102–103|publisher=Profile Books Ltd.|year=2010|isbn=978-1-84668-081-6}} 25. ^http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10615 26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelations+8%3A10-11&version=AMP|title=Revelation 8:10-11|publisher=Bible Gateway}} External links{{Commons|Artemisia absinthium}}
8 : Artemisia (genus)|Absinthe|Medicinal plants of Africa|Medicinal plants of Asia|Medicinal plants of Europe|Plants described in 1753|Edible Asteraceae|Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
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