词条 | Artemisia (genus) |
释义 |
|image = Artemisia_cina_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-165.jpg |image_caption =Artemisia cina (Levant wormseed)[1] |display_parents = 3 |taxon = Artemisia |authority = L. |type_species = Artemisia vulgaris |type_species_authority = L. |synonyms_ref = [2] |synonyms =
}} Artemisia {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑːr|t|ᵻ|ˈ|m|iː|z|i|ə}}[4] is a large, diverse genus of plants with between 200 and 400 species belonging to the daisy family Asteraceae. Common names for various species in the genus include mugwort, wormwood, and sagebrush. Artemisia comprises hardy herbaceous plants and shrubs, which are known for the powerful chemical constituents in their essential oils. Artemisia species grow in temperate climates of both hemispheres, usually in dry or semiarid habitats. Notable species include A. vulgaris (common mugwort), A. tridentata (big sagebrush), A. annua (sagewort), A. absinthium (wormwood), A. dracunculus (tarragon), and A. abrotanum (southernwood). The leaves of many species are covered with white hairs. Most species have strong aromas and bitter tastes from terpenoids and sesquiterpene lactones, which discourage herbivory, and may have had a selective advantage.[5] The small flowers are wind-pollinated.[5] Artemisia species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species. Some botanists split the genus into several genera, but DNA analysis[5] does not support the maintenance of the genera Crossostephium, Filifolium, Neopallasia, Seriphidium, and Sphaeromeria; three other segregate genera Stilnolepis, Elachanthemum, and Kaschgaria, are maintained by this evidence. Occasionally, some of the species are called sages, causing confusion with the Salvia sages in the family Lamiaceae. NameThe name "artemisia" ultimately derives from the Greek goddess Artemis (Roman Diana), the namesake of Greek Queens Artemisia I and II.[6] A more specific reference may be to Artemisia II of Caria, a botanist and medical researcher who died in 350 BC.[7][8] Cultivation and usesThe aromatic leaves of some species are used for flavouring. Most species have an extremely bitter taste. A. dracunculus (tarragon) is widely used as a culinary herb, particularly important in French cuisine. Artemisia vulgaris (mugwort) was used to repel midges (mug > midge), fleas and moths, intestinal worms, and in brewing (mugwort beer, mugwort wine) as a remedy against hangovers and nightmares. Artemisia absinthium is used to make the highly potent spirits absinthe. Malört also contains wormwood. The aperitif vermouth (derived from the German word Wermut, "wormwood") is a wine flavored with aromatic herbs, but originally with wormwood. Artemisia arborescens (tree wormwood, or sheeba in Arabic) is an aromatic herb indigenous to the Middle East used in tea, usually with mint. A few species are grown as ornamental plants, the fine-textured ones used for clipped bordering. All grow best in free-draining sandy soil, unfertilized, and in full sun. Artemisia stelleriana is known as Dusty Miller, but several other species bear that name, including Jacobaea maritima (syn. Senecio cineraria), Silene coronaria (syn. Lychnis coronaria), and Centaurea cineraria. The largest collection of living Artemisia species, subspecies and cultivars is held in the National Collection of Artemisia in Sidmouth, Devon, UK, which holds about 400 taxa. The National Collection scheme is administered by Plant Heritage (formerly National Council for Conservation of Plants and Gardens, NCCPG) in the British Isles.[9] MedicinalArtemisinin (from Artemisia annua) and derivatives are a group of compounds with the most rapid action of all current drugs used to treat malaria.[10] Treatments containing an artemisinin derivative (artemisinin-combination therapies) are now standard treatment worldwide for malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Artemisia cina and other Old World species are the source of the antihelminthic drug, santonin. Chinese mugwort, Artemisia argyi, is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Artemisia capillaris Thunberg (A. capillaris) has been found to have potent sedative-hypnotic effects, which are probably mediated through potentiation of the GABAA receptor- Cl− ion channel complex [11] Artemisia austriaca has beneficial effects in reducing the withdrawal syndrome of morphine.[12]CultureArtemisia has been mentioned and used in popular culture for centuries. A few examples are:
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ClassificationClassification of Artemisia is difficult.[5] Divisions of Artemisia prior to 2000 into subgenera or sections have not been backed up by molecular data,[5] but much of the molecular data, as of 2006, are not especially strong.[5] The following identified groups do not include all the species in the genus. Section TridentataeSection Tridentatae consists of eleven to thirteen species of coarse shrubs, which are very prominent parts of the flora in western North America.[17] In some classifications, they are part of the genus or subgenus Seriphidium, although recent studies have contested this lineage to Old World species.[5] Tridentatae was first articulated as a section by Rydberg in 1916, and it was not until McArthur et al. in 1981 that Tridentatae was elevated to a separate subgenus from Seriphidium. The principal motive for their separation was geographical distribution, chemical makeup, and karyotype.[18] Much of the debate surrounding Tridentatae is phytogeographic, thus habitat and geography are frequently cited when understanding the evolution of this endemic North American subgenus. Evolutionary cycles of wet and dry climates encouraged “diploid and polyploid races which are morphologically similar if not indistinguishable” (McArthur 598). Autopolyploidy among plants is not uncommon, however Tridentatae exhibits a remarkable amount of chromosomal differences at the population level, rather than the taxon level. This contributes to the difficulty in determining Tridentatae's phylogeny. The subgenus’ relative homogeneity within ploidies has enabled it to habitually hybridize and backcross, resulting in a high degree of genetic variation at the population level rather than the taxon level.[19] For instance, some articles suggest that to be monophyletic, section Tridentatae should exclude Artemisia bigelovii and Artemisia palmeri.[5][17] and include Artemisia pygmaea and Artemisia rigida.[20] These results were supported by extensive chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nrDNA sequencing which departed from prior morphological, anatomical, and behavioral data. Traditional lineages within Tridentatae were proposed on the basis of leaf morphology, habitat preference, and the ability to leaf-sprout, among other morphological and behavioral characteristics.[17] For instance, sagebrush in the Artemisia tridentata lineage have tridentate leaves, live in especially arid habitats, and are unable to root-sprout.[17] This method of delimitation is problematic for species that do not fully adhere to the characteristics of a given lineage. Intergrading forms are particularly common in recently radiated subgenera such as Tridentatae, given their frequent reversals and convergent evolution. Recent, global reviews of Artemisia using ITS analysis support the hypothesis that Tridentatae has independent origins from Old World Seriphidium[21] These findings were compared with capitula morphology, challenging past assumptions based on floral characteristics. To better understand the rapid diversification and radiation relative to Old World Artemisia, a closer study of Beriginian or Arctic species may provide missing links.[22] {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Section Tridentatae includes above species with exception of Artemisia longiloba, which is treated as a subspecies of Artemisia arbuscula. Section Nebulae includes Artemisia californica, Artemisia nesiotica, and Artemisia filifolia.[23] Old World SeriphidiumThe Old World species which different classifications put into the genus or subgenus Seriphidium consist of about 125 species native to Europe and temperate Asia, with the largest number of species in Central Asia.[24] Some classifications, such as that of the Flora of North America, exclude any New World plants from Seriphidium.[25] They are herbaceous plants or small shrubs.[24] Subgenus DracunculusOne group which is well-supported by molecular data is subgenus Dracunculus. It consists of 80 species found in both North America and Eurasia,[25] of which the best-known is perhaps Artemisia dracunculus, the spice tarragon. References1. ^1897 illustration from Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen 2. ^Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 3. ^Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4. ^Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |author=Watson, L. E. |year=2002 |title=Molecular phylogeny of subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae), including Artemisia and its allied and segregate genera|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=2 |page=17 |url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/2/17 |doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-2-17|display-authors=etal}} 6. ^{{cite book |title=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 6th ed.|year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=United Kingdom|isbn=0199206872|pages=3804}} 7. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9009683/Artemisia-II |title=Etymology |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-07}} 8. ^{{cite journal |last= Various |first= |date= Jul 2014 |title= Etymologia: Artemisinin |url = http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/7/et-2007_article |journal= Emerg Infect Dis [Internet] |publisher=CDC |volume= 20|issue=7 |pages= |doi= 10.3201/eid2007.ET2007|accessdate=July 4, 2014}} 9. ^John Twibell, Curator, National Collection of Artemisia 10. ^{{cite journal |author=White, N. J. |title=Assessment of the pharmacodynamic properties of antimalarial drugs in vivo |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=41 |issue=7 |pages=1413–22 |date=July 1997 |pmid=9210658 |pmc=163932 }} 11. ^Peña IJ, Hong E, Kim HJ, de la Peña JB, Woo TS, Lee YS, Cheong JH. Artemisia capillaris Thunberg Produces Sedative-Hypnotic Effects in Mice, Which areProbably Mediated Through Potentiation of the GABAA Receptor. Am J Chin Med.2015 Jun 28:1-13. http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0192415X1550041X 12. ^Mohammad Charkhpour, Abbas Delazar, Hadi Mohammadi, Tooba Gholikhani , Alireza Parvizpur . Evaluation of the Effects of Artemisia austriaca on Morphine Withdrawal Syndrome in Rats. Pharmaceutical sciences, 2014, 20(1), 1-5. Accessed 12 May 2016, http://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/PHARM/Manuscript/PHARM-20-1.pdf 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/bible/wormwood.php |title=Wormwood |last1=Musselman |first1=L. J. |date= 12 April 2007|work=Plant Site: Bible Plants |publisher=Old Dominion University |accessdate=2 June 2013}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/art-aust.htm |title=Artemisia australis |work=Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa |accessdate=2009-03-06}} 15. ^{{ITIS |id=35431 |taxon=Artemisia |accessdate=2011-02-14}} 16. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?997 |title = GRIN Species Records of Artemisia |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |accessdate=2011-02-14}} 17. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2446513 | title = Phylogenetic analysis of Artemisia section Tridentatae (Asteraceae) based on sequences from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA | year = 1998 | author = Kornkven, A. B. |journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 85 | page = 1787 | jstor = 2446513 | issue = 12 |display-authors=etal}} 18. ^{{Cite journal |last= McArthur E. |first= Durant |title= Chromosomal Studies of Subgenus Tridentatae of Artemisia: Evidence for Autopolyploidy |journal= American Journal of Botany |volume= 68 |issue=5 |year= 1981 |pages= 589–605 |doi= 10.2307/2442786 |display-authors= etal}} 19. ^{{Cite journal | last = Garcia | first = Sonia | year = 2007 | title = Evolutionary and ecological implications of genome size in the North American endemic sagebrushes and allies (Artemisia, Asteraceae) | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | issue = 94 | pages = 631–649 |display-authors=etal | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01001.x}} 20. ^{{cite journal | last = Kornkven B. | first = Amy | year = 1999 | title= Molecular Phylogeny of Artemisia Section Tridentatae (Asteraceae) Based on Chloroplast DNA Restriction Site Variation | journal = Systematic Botany | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–84 | publisher = American Society of Plant Taxonomists |display-authors=etal. | doi=10.2307/2419387}} 21. ^{{Cite journal | last = Watson E. | first = Linda | year = 2002 | title = Molecular Phylogeny of Subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae) Includes Artemisia and its Allied and Segregate Genera | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-2-17 |display-authors=etal.}} 22. ^{{Cite journal | last = Riggins W. | first = Chance | title = The Genus Artemisia (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) at a Continental Crossroads: Molecular Insights into Migrations, Disjunctions, and Reticulations among Old and New World Species from a Beringian Perspective. | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 64 | issue = 3 | year = September 2012 |display-authors=etal. | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.003}} 23. ^{{cite journal |first=L. M. |last=Shultz |year=2009 |title=Revision of Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae |journal=Systematic Botany Monographs |volume=89 |pages=1–131}} 24. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=130166 |title = 22. Seriphidium (Besser ex Hook.) Fourr. |work = Flora of Pakistan }} 25. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=102682 |work = Flora of North America |title = 119. Artemisia Linnaeus |year = 2006 }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Artemisia}}{{Wikispecies|Artemisia}}
3 : Artemisia (genus)|Medicinal plants|Asteraceae genera |
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