| 词条 | Ramsar, Mazandaran | ||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Ramsar |native_name = {{lang-fa|رامسر}} |nickname = |motto = The Paradise on Earth (Behesht-e rooy-e Zamin) |image_skyline = Ramsar_Montage.png |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = From top left, Ramsar Old Hotel, Sunset at Caspian Sea, Statue of Esfandiyār, Ramsar Marble Palace, Ramsar Hotel Walkway, Ramsar Campus of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and Ramsar Gondola lift (Ramsar Télécabine) |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |settlement_type = City |coordinates = {{coord|36|54|11|N|50|39|30|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} |pushpin_map = Iran |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location of Ramsar in Iran |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Iran}} |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = Mazandaran |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = Ramsar |subdivision_type3 = Bakhsh |subdivision_name3 = Central |leader_title = Mayor (Ŝahrdār) |leader_name = Mohsen Morradi |established_title = |established_date = 1943 |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_total = 35,997 [1] |population_as_of = 2016 Census |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_note = |population_metro = |population_urban = |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |timezone = IRST |utc_offset = +3:30 |timezone_DST = IRDT |utc_offset_DST = +4:30 |elevation_m = -21 |elevation_ft = |website = Sh-Ramsar.ir |footnotes = }} Ramsar ({{lang-fa|رامسر}}, also Romanized as Rāmsar and Rānsar; formerly, Sakht Sar)[2] is the capital of Ramsar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. In 2012 its population was 33,018, in 9,421 families. Ramsar lies on the coast of the Caspian Sea. It was also known as Sakhtsar in the past. The native people in Ramsar are Gilaks although there are also Mazandarani people living there. They speak the Gilaki language (eastern dialect) although the style they speak has been influenced by the Mazandarani language, making it slightly different than the Gilaki (eastern dialect) spoken in Gilan. The natives of Ramsar call their dialect "Ramsari" as its a combination of Eastern Gilaki and Royan/Western Mazandarani (Mazandarani-Gilaki dialect). They are also able to speak standard Persian, the official language of Iran. LocationRamsar is the westernmost county and city in Mazandaran. It borders the Caspian Sea to the north, Gilan province to the west, Qazvin Province to the south, and Tonekabon to the east. {{clear}}HistoryIn 1971 it was the place where Convention on Wetlands of international importance signed{{Empty section|date=November 2013}} TourismRamsar is a popular sea resort for Iranian tourists. The town also offers hot springs, the green forests of the Alborz Mountains, the vacation palace of the last Shah, and the Hotel Ramsar. {{Convert|27|km||spell=in}} south of Ramsar and {{Convert|2700|m|}} above sea level in the Alborz mountains is Javaher Deh village, which is an important tourist attraction in Ramsar county. Ramsar ConventionThe Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. There are presently 160 Contracting Parties to the Convention, with 1920 wetland sites, totaling {{Convert|1,680,000|km2|}}, designated for inclusion in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance. Presently,{{When|date=October 2017}} there are 160 contracting parties, up from 119 in 2000 and from 18 initial signatory nations in 1971.[3] Signatories meet every three years as the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP), the first held in Cagliari, Italy in 1980. Amendments to the original convention have been agreed to in Paris (in 1982) and Regina, Canada (in 1987).[4] Climate{{Weather box|location = Ramsar (1961–1990, extremes 1955–2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 31.0 |Feb record high C = 26.0 |Mar record high C = 36.8 |Apr record high C = 35.0 |May record high C = 34.4 |Jun record high C = 38.0 |Jul record high C = 35.2 |Aug record high C = 35.0 |Sep record high C = 35.2 |Oct record high C = 33.2 |Nov record high C = 32.0 |Dec record high C = 29.0 |year record high C = 38.0 |Jan high C = 10.8 |Feb high C = 10.3 |Mar high C = 11.7 |Apr high C = 16.5 |May high C = 21.5 |Jun high C = 25.9 |Jul high C = 28.6 |Aug high C = 28.3 |Sep high C = 25.7 |Oct high C = 21.3 |Nov high C = 17.4 |Dec high C = 13.5 |year high C = 19.3 |Jan mean C = 6.9 |Feb mean C = 6.9 |Mar mean C = 8.7 |Apr mean C = 13.1 |May mean C = 18.3 |Jun mean C = 22.6 |Jul mean C = 25.2 |Aug mean C = 24.8 |Sep mean C = 22.3 |Oct mean C = 17.7 |Nov mean C = 13.4 |Dec mean C = 9.4 |year mean C = 15.8 |Jan low C = 3.4 |Feb low C = 3.7 |Mar low C = 5.9 |Apr low C = 9.8 |May low C = 14.7 |Jun low C = 18.8 |Jul low C = 21.4 |Aug low C = 21.3 |Sep low C = 19.0 |Oct low C = 14.5 |Nov low C = 9.8 |Dec low C = 5.7 |year low C = 12.3 |Jan record low C = -10.0 |Feb record low C = -6.0 |Mar record low C = -3.0 |Apr record low C = 0.0 |May record low C = 5.0 |Jun record low C = 9.0 |Jul record low C = 15.0 |Aug record low C = 16.0 |Sep record low C = 10.0 |Oct record low C = 5.0 |Nov record low C = -1.0 |Dec record low C = -2.0 |year record low C = -10.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 86.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 73.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 85.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 46.9 |May precipitation mm = 47.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 51.0 |Jul precipitation mm = 36.4 |Aug precipitation mm = 77.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 152.5 |Oct precipitation mm = 273.1 |Nov precipitation mm = 172.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 124.9 |year precipitation mm = 1228.6 |Jan humidity = 84 |Feb humidity = 85 |Mar humidity = 88 |Apr humidity = 86 |May humidity = 85 |Jun humidity = 81 |Jul humidity = 79 |Aug humidity = 82 |Sep humidity = 84 |Oct humidity = 86 |Nov humidity = 86 |Dec humidity = 85 |year humidity = 84 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 9.0 |Feb precipitation days = 8.7 |Mar precipitation days = 11.0 |Apr precipitation days = 8.3 |May precipitation days = 7.3 |Jun precipitation days = 4.9 |Jul precipitation days = 3.9 |Aug precipitation days = 6.6 |Sep precipitation days = 8.6 |Oct precipitation days = 11.6 |Nov precipitation days = 9.2 |Dec precipitation days = 8.8 |year precipitation days = 97.9 |Jan snow days = 1.2 |Feb snow days = 1.2 |Mar snow days = 0.8 |Apr snow days = 0.1 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.1 |Dec snow days = 0.3 |year snow days = 3.7 |Jan sun = 111.3 |Feb sun = 98.9 |Mar sun = 84.1 |Apr sun = 119.4 |May sun = 161.7 |Jun sun = 186.8 |Jul sun = 183.3 |Aug sun = 159.8 |Sep sun = 119.5 |Oct sun = 108.8 |Nov sun = 110.2 |Dec sun = 96.1 |year sun = 1539.9 |source 1 = NOAA[5] |source 2 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records)[6][7] |date=December 2011 }} Northern Iran, as well as most portions of Iran, is separated by mountains. As a result, the air in Teheran is very dry. When driving to Ramsar from Teheran, one drives up the mountains until he or she arrives at a tunnel. On passing through this tunnel and coming out the other side, the environment is very different; it is more humid and green due to moisture from the Caspian sea.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}} RadioactivityRamsar's Talesh Mahalleh district is the most radioactive inhabited area known on Earth, due to nearby hot springs and building materials originating from them.[8] A combined population of 2,000 residents from this district and other high radiation neighbourhoods receive an average radiation dose of 10 mGy per year, ten times more than the ICRP recommended limit for exposure to the public from artificial sources.[9] Record levels were found in a house where the effective radiation dose due to external radiation was 131 mSv/a, and the committed dose from radon was 72 mSv/a.[10] This unique case is over 80 times higher than the world average background radiation. The prevailing model of radiation-induced cancer posits that the risk rises linearly with dose at a rate of 5% per Sv. If this linear no-threshold model is correct, it should be possible to observe an increased incidence of cancer in Ramsar through careful long-term studies currently{{When|date=October 2017}} underway.[9] Early anecdotal evidence from local doctors and preliminary cytogenetic studies suggested that there may be no such harmful effect, and possibly even a radioadaptive effect.[11] More recent epidemiological data show a slightly reduced lung cancer rate[12] and non-significantly elevated morbidity, but the small size of the population (only 1800 inhabitants in the high-background areas) will require a longer monitoring period to draw definitive conclusions.[13] Furthermore, there are questions regarding possible non-cancer effects of the radiation background. An Iranian study has shown that people in the area have a significantly higher expression of CD69 gene and also a higher incidence of stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations.[14] Chromosomal aberrations have been found in other studies[15] and a possible elevation of female infertility has been reported.[16] Radiation hormesis was not observed in a study that also recommended that Ramsar does not provide justification to relax existing regulatory dose limits.[17] Pending further study, the potential health risks had moved scientists in 2001–02 to call for relocation of the residents and regulatory control of new construction.[18][19]The radioactivity is due to the local geology. Underground water dissolves radium in uraniferous igneous rock and carries it to the surface through at least nine known hot springs.[11] These are used as spas by locals and tourists. Some of the radium precipitates into travertine, a form of limestone, and the rest diffuses into the soil, where it is absorbed by crops and mixes with drinking water. Residents have unknowingly used the radioactive limestone as a building material for their homes. The stone irradiates the inhabitants and generates radon gas which is usually seen to promote lung cancer. Crops contribute 72 µSv/yr to a critical group of 50 residents.[20] International relationsTwin towns and sister citiesRamsar is twinned with:
Notable people
GallerySee also{{Portal|Iran}}
References1. ^https://www.amar.org.ir/english 2. ^{{GEOnet3|-3081959}} 3. ^2011-03-07 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/about/history-of-the-ramsar-convention|title=History of the Ramsar Convention {{!}} Ramsar|website=www.ramsar.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-08}} 5. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IR/40732.TXT| title = Ramsar Climate Normals 1961-1990| publisher =National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = April 7, 2015}} 6. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/maz/RAMSAR/7.asp| title = Highest record temperature in Ramsar by Month 1955–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = April 7, 2015}} 7. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/maz/RAMSAR/6.asp| title = Lowest record temperature in Ramsar by Month 1955–2010| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization| accessdate = April 7, 2015}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Selinus|first1=Olle |last2=Finkelman|first2=Robert B. |last3=Centeno|first3=Jose A. |title=Medical Geology: A Regional Synthesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDZStwE2AXkC&pg=PA163 |accessdate=10 November 2012 |date=14 January 2011| publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-481-3429-8 |pages=162–165}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Mortazavi |first=S.M.J. |author2=P.A. Karamb |title=Apparent lack of radiation susceptibility among residents of the high background radiation area in Ramsar, Iran: can we relax our standards? |journal=Radioactivity in the Environment |year=2005| volume=7| pages=1141–1147 |issn=1569-4860|doi=10.1016/S1569-4860(04)07140-2}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=Hendry|first=Jolyon H|author2=Simon, Steven L |author3=Wojcik, Andrzej |author4=Sohrabi, Mehdi |author5=Burkart, Werner |author6=Cardis, Elisabeth |author7=Laurier, Dominique |author8=Tirmarche, Margot |author9= Hayata, Isamu |title=Human exposure to high natural background radiation: what can it teach us about radiation risks?|journal=Journal of Radiological Protection|date=1 June 2009|volume=29|issue=2A|pages=A29–A42|doi=10.1088/0952-4746/29/2A/S03 |pmid=19454802 |url=http://cricket.biol.sc.edu/papers/natural/Hendry%20et%20al%202009.pdf |accessdate=1 December 2012 |pmc=4030667}} 11. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Ghiassi-nejad|first=M|author2=Mortazavi, SM |author3=Cameron, JR |author4=Niroomand-rad, A |author5= Karam, PA |title=Very high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran: preliminary biological studies.|journal=Health physics|date=January 2002 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=87–93 |pmid=11769138 |url=http://www.probeinternational.org/Ramsar.pdf|accessdate=11 November 2012 |doi=10.1097/00004032-200201000-00011}} 12. ^{{cite journal |last=Mortazavi |first=S.M.J. |author2=Ghiassi-Nejad, M. |author3=Rezaiean, M. |title=Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran|journal=High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects |year=2005 |volume=1276 |pages=436–437 |doi=10.1016/j.ics.2004.12.012}} 13. ^{{ Citation |first=Alireza | last=Mosavi-Jarrahi |first2=Mohammadali |last2=Mohagheghi |first3=Suminori |last3=Akiba | first4=Bahareh |last4=Yazdizadeh |first5=Nilofar |last5=Motamedid |first6=Ali| last6=Shabestani Monfared |title=Mortality and morbidity from cancer in the population exposed to high level of natural radiation area in Ramsar, Iran |journal=International Congress Series |volume=1276 |year=2005 |pages=106–109 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531513104017492 |doi=10.1016/j.ics.2004.11.109}} 14. ^{{cite journal |pmid=15063540 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2003.12.001 |volume=74 |issue=1-3 |title=Long-term immune and cytogenetic effects of high level natural radiation on Ramsar inhabitants in Iran | year=2004 |journal=J Environ Radioact |pages=107–16}} 15. ^{{citation |first=F. |last=Zakeri |first2=M. R. |last2=Rajabpour |first3=S. A. |last3=Haeri | first4=R. |last4=Kanda |first5=I. |last5=Hayata |first6=S. |last6=Nakamura |first7=T. | last7=Sugahara |first8=M. J. |last8=Ahmadpour |title=Chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals living in high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran |journal=Radiation and Environmental Biophysics |year=2011 |volume=50 | issue=4 |pages=571–578 |pmid=21894441 |doi=10.1007/s00411-011-0381-x}} 16. ^{{citation |first=Y. |last=Tabarraie |first2=S. |last2=Refahi |first3=M.H. |last3=Dehghan |first4=M. |last4=Mashoufi |title=Impact of High Natural Background Radiation on Woman's Primary Infertility |journal=Research Journal of Biological Sciences |year=2008 |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=534–536 | url=http://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=rjbsci.2008.534.536}} 17. ^{{cite journal| last=Ghiassi-nejad| first=M| author2=Mortazavi, SM |author3=Cameron, JR |author4=Niroomand-rad, A |author5= Karam, PA |title=Very high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran: preliminary biological studies.|journal=Health physics|date=January 2002| volume=82| issue=1|page=92| pmid=11769138|url=http://www.probeinternational.org/Ramsar.pdf|accessdate=11 November 2012| quote=we do not claim to have seen hormetic effects in any of those studied. ... the available data do not seem sufficient to cause national or international advisory bodies to change their current conservative radiation protection recommendations;| doi=10.1097/00004032-200201000-00011}} 18. ^{{cite journal|last=Ghiassi-Nejad|first=M.|author2=S. M. J. Mortazavi |author3=M. Beitollahi |author4=R. Assaie |author5=A. Heidary |author6=R. Varzegar |author7=F. Zakeri |author8=M. Jafari |title=Very High Background Radiation Areas (VHBRAs) of Ramsar: Do We Need Any Regulations to Protect the Inhabitants?|journal=34th Annual Midyear Meeting, "Radiation Safety and ALARA Considerations for the 21st Century", Regulatory Considerations Session|location=Anaheim, CA|year=2001}} 19. ^{{cite journal| last=Karam| first=P.A| author2=Mortazavi, S.M.J |author3=Ghiassi-Nejad, M |author4=Ikushima, T |author5=Cameron, J.R |author6= Niroomand-rad, A |title=ICRP evolutionary recommendations and the reluctance of the members of the public to carry out remedial work against radon in some high-level natural radiation areas|journal=Radiation and homeostasis| year=2002| volume=1236| pages=35–37| doi=10.1016/S0531-5131(01)00765-8}} 20. ^{{cite journal| last=Ghiassi-Nejad| first=M|author2=Beitollahi, MM |author3=Asefi, M |author4= Reza-Nejad, F |title=Exposure to (226)Ra from consumption of vegetables in the high level natural radiation area of Ramsar-Iran.| journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity| year=2003|volume=66| issue=3|pages=215–25| pmid=12600755| doi=10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00108-X}} External links
4 : Cities in Mazandaran Province|Populated places in Ramsar County|Populated coastal places in Iran|Populated places on the Caspian Sea |
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