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词条 Far-right terrorism in Spain
释义

  1. History

  2. Chronology of deadly actions attributed to far-right groups

  3. See also

  4. References

Far-right terrorism in Spain surged after the death of dictator Francisco Franco in Spain 1975 and continued until the early 1980s. The term (Spanish: terrorismo tardofranquista, lit. late Francoist terrorism) refers to the actions undertaken by fascist and far-right groups who were against the changes taking place during the transition to democracy, and essentially dedicated to street violence against persons of other ideologies.

As a result of their actions, between 66, 77 and 95 people died.[1][2][3] Their actions ranged from assassination of individuals to mass murder, and were centered against leftists, although they also murdered citizens with no relation to politics.[2] They used various names, such as Batallón Vasco Español (Basque Spanish Battalion), Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey (Warriors of Christ the King) and Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista (Apostolic Anticommunist Alliance), abbreviated Triple A or AAA, although it has been commonly stated that there were only a few terrorism networks and they created different names as needed.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

The appearance of right-wing populist party Vox in 2014 caused some concern, but its impact has been low compared with its counterparts in Italy and France.[4] The party did win 12 seats in the Andalusian parliament in December 2018, which was the first time a far-right party had won a seat in a Spanish election since the return of democracy after Franco.[5]

{{as of|March 2019}} no major right-wing terrorist attacks have been reported in the 21st century.

History

In parallel with the declaration of state of exception in Vizcaya and Gipuzkoa in April 1975, the first attacks were made against goods and persons related with ETA and their support networks, mainly in the French Basque Country, but also in Spanish territory. The bomb attack against the Mugalde library of Hendaye of 7 April 1975 is considered to be the first armed action of the Spanish neofascist terrorism. In July 12, 1975 these groups publicly presented their first name: ATE ( Anti Terrorismo ETA, "Anti-Terrorism of ETA"), when claiming the attacks in the previous months in the media.[6] At this time, these groups had not yet perpetrated acts which resulted in fatalities.

Chronology of deadly actions attributed to far-right groups

  • October 5, 1975: The businessman Ignacio Echave Orobengoa is murdered.[7]
  • October 12, 1975: Germán Aguirre Irasuegui is murdered.[8]
  • May 9, 1976: Montejurra Incidents. Two carlists are murdered.
  • July 9, 1976: María Norma Menchaca Gonzalo is murdered by Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey. Two other persons suffer serious injuries.[9]
  • September 26, 1976: Carlos González Martínez during a demonstration murdered by Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey.
  • January 23, 1977: The student Arturo Ruiz García is murdered during a demonstration.[10]
  • January 24, 1977: The Atocha massacre, killing five and injuring four people, all of them lawyers or members of a labor union affiliated to the Communist Party.
  • September 20, 1977: A bomb attributed to the Triple A group explodes in the office of the magazine El Papus in Barcelona. The doorman Juan Peñalver Sandoval dies, and 17 people are injured.
  • October 7, 1977: Murder of the taxi driver David Salvador Bernardo (Jonio) in Gipuzkoa. Claimed by the Triple A group, accusing the driver of collaborating with ETA.[11]
  • May 24, 1978: Murder of taxi driver José Martín Merquelanz Sarriegui.[12]
  • July 2, 1978: Murder of Rosario Arregui Letamendi by Triple A.[13]
  • October 30, 1978: Three employees of El País are injured, two very seriously, with a letter bomb. The doorman Andrés Fraguas dies two days later.[14]
  • December 21, 1978: Murder of José Miguel Beñaran Ordeñana.
  • May 6, 1979: Murder of José Ramón Ansa Echevarria.
  • May 12, 1979: Murder of Francisco Javier Larrañaga Juaristi.
  • June 25, 1979: Murder of Enrique Gómez "Korta" Álvarez,[15] attributed to BVE.
  • June 28, 1979: Murder of Francisco Javier Martín Eizaguirre.
  • June 29, 1979: Murder of Aurelio Fernández Cario.
  • August 3, 1979: Murder of Juan José Lopategui "Pantu" Carrasco, claimed by BVE.
  • September 13, 1979: Murder of José Luis Alcazo, with baseball bats, for "having long hair" and "wearing jeans",[16] by persons linked to Fuerza Nueva.
  • September 20, 1979: Murder of Pierre Goldman.
  • September 28, 1979: Murder of Tomás Alba Irazusta, claimed by the BVE.
  • October 5, 1979: Justo Elizarán "Periko" Sarasola dies, after having been shot.
  • January 9, 1980: Ana Teresa Barrueta Álvarez, a 19-year-old woman, is raped, tortured, and murdered.[17] One of the investigators of the assault was threatened by a graffiti signed by Fuerza Nueva: "Marxist, pig, we are going to rape you."[18]
  • January 15, 1980: Murder of Carlos Saldise Corta, attributed to GAE.
  • January 20, 1980: Murder of Liborio Arana Gómez, Pacífico Fika Zuloaga, María Paz Armiño, and Manuel Santacoloma Velasco. Claimed by GAE.
  • February 1, 1980: Murder of Yolanda González Martín.
  • February 2, 1980: Murder of Jesús Maria Zubikaray Badiola, attributed to BVE.
  • April 19, 1980: Murder of Felipe Sagarna Ormazábal, claimed by BVE.[19]
  • May 1, 1980: Murder of Arturo Pajuelo Rubio, attributed to Fuerza Nueva.
  • May 6, 1980: Murder of Juan Carlos García Pérez, attributed to Fuerza Nueva.
  • May 8, 1980: Rape and murder of María José Bravo del Barrio, claimed by BVE.[20][21]
  • July 23, 1980: A bombing at Bilbao killed instantly two gipsy siblings: 17 year old María Contreras Gabarra and 12 year old Antonio Contreras Gabarra. Municipal employee Anastasio Leal Terradillos died of wounds a few hours later. Claimed by Triple A.
  • July 25, 1980: Murder of Belén María Sánchez Ojeda, 16 years old.
  • August 30, 1980: Murder of Angel Etxaniz Olabarría, attributed to BVE.
  • September 7, 1980: Murder of Miguel Maria Arbelaiz and Luis Maria Elizondo, attributed to BVE.[22]
  • November 14, 1980: Murder of Esperanza Arana and Joaquín Alfonso Etxeberría, attributed to BVE. Murder of junkman Joaquín Antimasbere Escoz, with no known political links. Attributed to BVE.[23]
  • November 23, 1980: Deaths of José Camio and Jean Pierre Aramendi, with no known political links, ten people seriously injured. Attributed to BVE.
  • December 30, 1980: Murder of José Martín Sagardía Zaldua, attributed to BVE.
  • March 3, 1981: Murder of Francisco Javier Ansa Cincunegui, attributed to BVE.
  • June 26, 1981: Murder of Antonio Murillo Chacón.
  • January 2, 1982: Murder of Pablo Garayalde Jaureguizábal, claimed by Triple A.
  • September 19, 2018: Arrested man for planning an assassination plot against Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez.[24]

See also

  • Operation Gladio
  • Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
  • 23-F
  • Policía Armada

References

1. ^Transición y represión política. Juan Manuel Olarieta Alberdi, Revista de estudios políticos, ISSN 0048-7694, Nº 70, 1990, pages 225-262
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2010/03/21/domingo/1269147158_850215.html|title=Reportaje - Las otras víctimas|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=21 March 2010|publisher=|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
3. ^Las otras víctimas de una transición nada pacífica. Gonzalo Wilhelmi. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
4. ^{{cite news|publisher=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/849bac62-d061-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5|title=Awakening of Spain’s far-right fringe unsettles mainstream parties|first=Michael|last=Stothard|date=8 November 2018|accessdate=27 March 2019}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/spain/2019-02-11/far-right-populism-gaining-ground-spain|website=Foreign Affairs|title=Is far-right populism gaining ground in Spain?: What Vox’s rise in Andalusia means for Madrid|date=11 February 2019|first=Omar G.|last=Encarnación|accessdate=27 March 2019}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1975/07/13/pagina-9/34192976/pdf.html?search=ETA|title=Edición del domingo, 13 julio 1975, página 9 -Hemeroteca - Lavanguardia.es|first=La Vanguardia|last=Digital|website=hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1975/10/07/pagina-11/34224789/pdf.html|title=Edición del martes, 07 octubre 1975, página 11 - Hemeroteca - Lavanguardia.es|first=La Vanguardia|last=Digital|website=hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1975/10/14/031.html|title=ABC (Madrid) - 14/10/1975, p. 31 - ABC.es Hemeroteca|website=hemeroteca.abc.es|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
9. ^http://www.cesarsalgado.net/200204/020416d.htm
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1977/01/25/espana/222994803_850215.html|title=Arturo Ruiz fue enterrado ayer reservadamente|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=25 January 1977|publisher=|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.abcdesevilla.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/sevilla/abc.sevilla/1977/10/09/049.html|title=ABC SEVILLA (Sevilla) - 09/10/1977, p. 49 - ABC.es Hemeroteca|website=hemeroteca.abcdesevilla.es|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/PAIS_VASCO/GUARDIA_CIVIL/BATALLON_VASCO_ESPANOL/ETA/organizacion/extrema/derecha/reivindica/asesinato/taxista/Irun/elpepiesp/19780530elpepinac_31/Tes|title=Una organización de extrema derecha reivindica el asesinato de un taxista en Irún|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=30 May 1978|publisher=|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ETXABE/_JUAN_JOSE/ALIANZA_APOSTOLICA_ANTICOMUNISTA/ETA/Asesinada/mujer/ex/dirigente/ETA/Juan/Jose/Etxabe/elpepiesp/19780704elpepinac_1/Tes|title=Asesinada la mujer del ex dirigente de ETA Juan José Etxabe|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=4 July 1978|publisher=|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1981/08/01/espana/365464808_850215.html|title=Un muerto y dos heridos en el atentado contra EL PAIS|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=1 August 1981|publisher=|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.abcdesevilla.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/sevilla/abc.sevilla/1979/06/27/025.html|title=ABC SEVILLA (Sevilla) - 27/06/1979, p. 25 - ABC.es Hemeroteca|website=hemeroteca.abcdesevilla.es|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.march.es/ceacs/biblioteca/proyectos/linz/Documento.asp?Reg=r-54930|title=Artículo: Todos los nombres de la banda fascista del Retiro - Diario 16 - 22/09/1979 - Archivo Linz de la Transición española • Fundación Juan March|first=Fundación Juan|last=March|website=www.march.es|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1980/01/10/pagina-22/32899528/pdf.html?search=ovni|title=Edición del jueves, 10 enero 1980, página 22 - Hemeroteca - Lavanguardia.es|first=La Vanguardia|last=Digital|website=hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1980/01/25/espana/317602832_850215.html|title=Violador condenado a veintisiete años de cárcel en Lugo|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=25 January 1980|publisher=|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1980/04/20/027.html|title=ABC (Madrid) - 20/04/1980, p. 27 - ABC.es Hemeroteca|website=hemeroteca.abc.es|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.covite.org/covite_articulos.php?lang=es&idNoticia=448&idSeccion=3&idOrigen=2 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423131353/http://www.covite.org/covite_articulos.php?lang=es |archivedate=2012-04-23 |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.com/2010/05/05/opinion/tribuna-abierta/30-aniversario-del-asesinato-de-maria-jose-bravo-del-barrio |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-03-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130411122311/http://www.noticiasdegipuzkoa.com/2010/05/05/opinion/tribuna-abierta/30-aniversario-del-asesinato-de-maria-jose-bravo-del-barrio |archivedate=2013-04-11 |df= }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://gara.naiz.info/paperezkoa/20130607/406780/es/La-muerte-Piti-|title=La muerte de «Piti» - GARA|website=gara.naiz.info|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1980/11/16/espana/343177205_850215.html|title=5.000 personas en el funeral del gitano asesinado en Hernani|first=Ediciones El|last=País|date=16 November 1980|publisher=|accessdate=25 August 2017}}
24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46138158|title=Spain Sánchez 'attack plot': Police arrest gun suspect|work=bbc.com|accessdate=2018-11-08}}

2 : Terrorism in Spain|Anti-communist terrorism
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