“Fazal Pookoya Thangal”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Fazal Pookoya Thangal was born in the 1820s, the son of Sayyid Alavi Thangal, a Muslim mystical and political leader, and Fathima Beevi, the daughter of Aboobacker Madani, a Muslim mystic.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He spent his childhood studying under his father.^[3]{{Failed verification|date=December 2015}}

Thangal first learnt from one of his father's personal assistants, Alhaji Chalilakath Kuday, then from Parapanangadi Aboobacker Koya Musliyar, Baithan Musliyar Velliyangod Umar Khazi, Moideen Khazi, Calicut Khazi, Zainudeen Musliyar Thirurangadi and Sheikh Sayyid Abdulla Bin Umar. He studied hadith, fiqh, and languages.^[4]{{Dead link|date=December 2015}}

Thangal went to Mecca to study after the death of his father in 1845, and returned to Kerala in 1848.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

Rebellions

When Thangal was 20, he joined the anti-British movement.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} At the time Mamburma did not have a Juma mosque, so Thangal built one.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

In sermons he spoke about current conditions of Malabar's people. He taught both Islam and the need to oppose British rule. The British duly investigated him.^[5]

Manjeri revolt

In 1848, Thangal encouraged local Muslims to oppose Hindu landowners.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} In August 1849 there was another revolt at Manjeri (location of a revolt in 1844), which was Thangal's first rebellion after his return from Mecca.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

Hasan Moideen Kutukkal and Kunhi Koya Thangal were at the head of 65 Mappilas. The rebellion took place in four centres: Pandhallor, Pandikode, Manjeri and Angandipuram. The Mappilas initially withstood the British, but were later killed.{{Citation needed|date=October 2012}}.

Kulathur revolt

The Kollathoor revolt began on 22 August 1851.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} Mappilas killed six landowners. On 27 August, soldiers reached Kulathur and suppressed the revolt.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} William Logan recorded these events in his Malabar Manual.^[6]

Mattannur revolt

A revolt in Mattannur was the last rebellion before Thangal's exile to Arabia, and the first in northern Malabar.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} It started on 2 January 1852, when landowner Keshavu Abrahan increased the rent of many peasants working under him and was killed.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} The British took action against the revolt, and eventually condemned Thangal to exile.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

Exile from Malabar

The British discussed expelling Thangal after the release of the T. L. Strange commission investigation report,^[7] but district collector H.V. Conolly wanted to exile him only from Malabar. As it happened, he was exiled to Arabia.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

A Thrikkaloor resident named Kutti had a sword engraved with Fazal Thangal's name, reportedly without Thangal's knowledge, and used it in a rebellion against British rule, but was killed.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} The British, seeing the sword, considered Thangal the ringleader, which he denied.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

The Mappila retaliated for Thangal's exile{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} by killing Conolly. The British historian William Logan wrote that there were two reasons for killing Conolly: his decisions to arrest all Mappilas, and to exile Thangal.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

He arrived in Yemen, then left for Mecca, where he spent 18 years.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He married the daughter of Shafiu Habshi.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} He remained under surveillance by the British.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

He left Mecca and went to Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Sultan made him governor of Yemen.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} Between 1852 and his death in 1901 he did his best to return to Malabar.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} His first attempt was in 1853 while he was in Constantinople, with the help of Sultan Abdülmecid I.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} After this he and his family tried many times, unsuccessfully. After Thangal's death his family left Constantinople.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

Writings

Thangal wrote in Arabic and Malayalam, and while living in Istanbul, also in Turkish.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} Hi works include:

Death

Thangal died in Istanbul in the year Hijrah 1318 (AD 1901), aged 78.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}} Sultan Abdülhamid II of the Turkish Empire allowed a tomb to be built for him in Turkey.{{Citation needed|date= July 2018}}

See also

References

1. ^En. Pi Cekkuṭṭi Muhammad Abdurahman 2006- Page 82 "But even before the report was submitted, the decision to deport Fazal Pookoya Thangal was taken in February, 1852. The deportation order was issued by the Madras Government on February 12. As the news of the deportation spread, ..."
2. ^Anne K. Bang Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa, - 2003 Page 82 "They turned to the Tannal of Mambram, i.e. to Fadl Pasha. In 1852, the District Magistrate H. V. Conolly issued a warrant for Sayyid Fadl's arrest. Unlike the case of his father, the British this time refused to let matters pass and Sayyid Fadl was "
3. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.mdiathalangara.tk/ |title= MALIK DEENAR Islamic ACADEMY OFFICIAL WEBSITE |accessdate= 2012-10-23}}
4. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ashrafnlkn.com/ |title= ASHRAFNLKN’S WEBSITE |accessdate= 2012-10-23}}{{Dead link|date=December 2015}}
5. ^Panikkar, K. N., Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836-1921
6. ^Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India 2004 - Page 164 "Three serious incidents occurred in Manjeri in August 1849, in Kulathur in August 1851 — both in south Malabar — and in Mattannur in the north in January 1852. British armed forces were deployed to suppress the revolt. The repressive ."
7. ^P Radhakrishnan Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836-1982 - Page 33: "relatively calm north Malabar, in February that year the government appointed T.L. Strange, a judge of the Sadar Adalat with long experience in Malabar, as the first Special Commissioner to inquire into these outbreaks. Strange Commission"

Birth and childhood