| 词条 | Feudal duties |
| 释义 |
Feudal duties ran both ways, both up and down the feudal hierarchy; however, aside from distribution of land[4] and maintenance of landless retainers, the main obligation of the feudal lord was to protect his vassals, both militarily from incursion and judicially via court justice.[5][6] In addition to lands, the lord could grant what were called "immunities", but were rights to conduct governmental functions such as the collecting of taxes and tolls, the holding of judicial proceedings, and even the coinage of money.[7] In addition there were contingent duties the lord owed such as the duty to take back a fief that was rejected by an heir (droit de déguerpissement).[8] Sometimes, particularly in the Frankish kingdoms, a lord would grant a fief to an assemblage of men rather than to a single vassal. These grants were called bans[9] and included extensive governmental autonomy, or immunities.[10] Duties owed by a vassal to his lord can be categorised into four types:[11]
In Europe, church lands were also held with feudal duties. While some churchmen did provide direct military service, most either hired substitutes, paid scutage, or later converted the duty to one of prayer, frankalmoin.[11] ListFeudal duties included, but were not limited to:
Notes and references1. ^{{Cite book|authorlink=François Louis Ganshof|last=Ganshof|first= François-Louis|year=1944|title=Qu'est-ce que la féodalité'|edition=first|location=Bruxelles|publisher=Office de publicité}} Translated into English by Philip Grierson as Feudalism, 1st ed., London, 1952. {{Clear}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Feudal duties}}2. ^{{Cite book|author=Gat, Azar|year=2006|title=War in Human Civilization|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=332–343|isbn=978-0-19-926213-7}} 3. ^{{Cite book|author=Reynolds, Susan|authorlink=Susan Reynolds|year=1994|title=Fiefs and Vassals: The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted|location=Oxford, England|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=65|isbn=0-19-820458-2}} 4. ^All lands belonged to the lord under feudal law, Nulle terre sans seigneur. {{harvnb|Gananhof|1944}} 5. ^{{Cite book|author=Briggs, John H. Y.|year=1996|chapter=Chapter 1: The medieval origins of the English criminal justice system|title=Crime And Punishment In England: An Introductory History|location=London|publisher=University College London Press|pages=1–2|isbn=978-1-85728-153-8|display-authors=etal}} 6. ^{{Cite book|author=Lyon, Ann|year=2003|title=Constitutional History of the UK|location=London|publisher=Cavendish Publishing|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=yiqrD_b_EGkC&pg=PA21 21]|isbn=978-1-85941-746-1}} 7. ^{{Cite book|author=Russell, Jeffrey Burton|year=1968|title=Medieval Civilization|location=London|publisher=John Wiley|page=204|oclc=476424954}} 8. ^{{Cite book|author=Limayrac, Léopold|year=1885|title=Études sur le Moyen-Age: histoire d'une commune et d'une baronnie du Quercy|language=French|location=Cahors, France|publisher=Girma|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JigRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA143 143–144]|oclc= 18315006}} 9. ^The word ban at the time referred to a troop of armed men. See "Ban" Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 10. ^Citation from French Wikipedia, original not viewed: {{Cite encyclopedia|editor1=Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas |editor2=Chassang, Alexis |year=1878|encyclopedia=Dictionnaire universel d’histoire et de géographie Bouillet Chassang}} 11. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Russell|1968|pages=204–205}} 12. ^{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Abels, Richard|year=1999|title=Trinoda necessitas|editor=Lapidge, Michael|editor2=Blair, John|editor3=Keynes, Simon|display-editors = 3 |editor4=Scragg, Donald|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |pages= 456–457|isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}} 13. ^An example of such a recurring aid was support for the baillée des roses held each Spring for the French parliaments. {{Cite book|author=Goody, Jack|year=1993|title=The Culture of Flowers|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wWg5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA159 159]|isbn=978-0-521-41441-8}}, citing {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Cheruel, Adolphe|year=1865|title=Redevances feodales| encyclopedia=Dictionnaire historique des institutions, moeure et coutumes de la France|edition=second|language=French|location=Paris|publisher=Hachette|volume=II|page=1049|url=http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb10480799.html?pageNo=493&contextSort=score%2Cdescending&contextType=scan&contextRows=10&context=baill%C3%A9e+des+roses}} 1 : Feudal duties |
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