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词条 Fezzan campaign
释义

  1. Background

  2. Preceding events

  3. The campaign

     Jufra  Sabha  Brak  Murzuq  Ubari  Ghat 

  4. References

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict= Fezzan campaign
|partof= Libyan Civil War
|image=
|caption=
|date= 17 July – 27 September 2011
|place=Fezzan, Libya
|result= Anti-Gaddafi victory
  • Anti-Gaddafi forces capture and hold Qatrun from 17–23 July
  • Pro-Gaddafi forces push back rebels from Qatrun to the south
  • Anti-Gaddafi forces capture Murzuk on 17 August
  • Anti-Gaddafi forces attacked and captured the Wadi al Shatii District mid-September
  • Anti-Gaddafi forces capture Sabha on 22 September
  • Anti-Gaddafi forces capture the Ghat and Jufra districts in late September

|combatant1= {{flagicon|Libya|2011}} National Transitional Council
  • National Liberation Army
  • Toubou tribesmen

|combatant2= {{flagicon|Libya|1977}} Gaddafi Loyalists
  • Libyan Armed Forces
  • Paramilitary forces

|commander1= {{flagicon|Libya|2011}} Barka Wardougou[1]
|commander2= {{flagicon|Libya|1977}} Ali Khana[2]
{{flagicon|Libya|1977}} Massoud Abdelhafid[3]
{{flagicon|Libya|1977}} Belgacem Al-Abaaj{{POW}}[4]
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1= 28 killed, 44 wounded[5]
|casualties2= 51 killed[6][7][8][9]
|casualties3=
}}{{Campaignbox Libyan civil war}}

The Fezzan campaign was a military campaign conducted by the National Liberation Army to take control of southwestern Libya during the Libyan Civil War. During April to June 2011, anti-Gaddafi forces gained control of most of the eastern part of the southern desert region (i.e. the southern part of Cyrenaica) during the Cyrenaican desert campaign. In July, Qatrun changed to anti-Gaddafi control on 17 July[10] and back to pro-Gaddafi control on 23 July.[11] In late August, anti- and pro-Gaddafi forces struggled for control of Sabha.[12][13]

Background

Before the war, parts of southern Libya were known for being almost lawless, and travel was often restricted in some areas due to the presence of bands of militants and bandits (often filtering across the border from Algeria) roaming the desert between towns. Clashes between Islamic militants linked to Al-Qaeda and Libyan security forces occurred several times near the town of Ghat in the years leading up to the conflict. Further south, near the border with Chad, the terrain is made hazardous by landmines in the desert left over from the Chadian-Libyan conflict, which lasted from 1978 to 1987. The far south also lacks paved roads and functioning mobile phone services, making communication difficult even in peacetime.[10]

Preceding events

Following the Cyrenaican desert campaign mounted by loyalist forces, focus shifted to the southern part of the Libyan Desert. By mid-June 2011, the Eastern Desert was under the control of forces answering to the National Transitional Council in Benghazi. Clashes in Sabha, the largest city in the Fezzan, in mid-June suggested previously unknown vulnerabilities in a settlement thought to be a loyalist stronghold. Although anti-Gaddafi activists and fighters in Sabha were successfully suppressed, the NTC suggested that the bold attempt at uprising was indicative of cracks in Gaddafi's support base in the oasis city.[11]

The campaign

Moving out of Kufra, a population center in the southeastern desert, rebel forces moved through Murzuq District along the international border with Chad and Niger in mid-July 2011. They secured the Tumu border crossing and took Qatrun on 17 July, without a shot, also capturing a military airfield and outpost at Al Wigh near the Niger border. Pro-Gaddafi forces were believed to have withdrawn to Traghan in order to block a suspected rebel advance on Sabha, but rebel forces bypassed Traghan in their northward press in order to capture the village of Umm Al Aranib as a forward base.[12]

Loyalist forces attacked Qatrun three times before finally recapturing it on 23 July. Toubou tribesmen, who declared support to the National Transitional Council, retreated to the south of the town, leaving about 20,000 civilians trapped between them and the army. At least two people are thought to had been killed and eight wounded in the final attack to retake the town.[13]

On 5 August, Alain Juppé, the French foreign minister, claimed that the southern regions of Libya are "practically under the NTC's control".[14] There was no confirmation of the claim by either independent media, the loyalists or the rebels.

Toubou fighters seized Murzuk along with its military base after an hour of intense fighting on 17 August, a commander reported in Benghazi two days later.[15] 12 government soldiers were killed, as well as one rebel, and the opposition fighters also seized supplies and weapons.[1]

Jufra

At least one NTC official suggested that the Jufra District, including Hun, Waddan, and neighbouring towns, as well as the Al Jufra Air Base, was a key target, more valuable than Bani Walid or Sirte.[16] On 19 September, NTC forces took over Zella, an oasis town near the Jufra area, Al Jazeera reported.[17] On 21 September, pro-Gaddafi forces shelled the town of Hun after NTC forces reportedly took control of it.[18][19] On the same day, the NTC announced that they took control over the town of Jufra and surrounding area.[20] This was later confirmed at a NATO press conference by Lieutenant General Charles Bouchard.[21]

Sabha

{{main|Battle of Sabha}}

Several months after clashes occurred in the southern Libyan city of Sabha in June, Libyan opposition forces reported fierce fighting between revolutionary fighters and forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi on 23 August.[22] Several days later, on 25 August, rebels claimed to have again captured the outpost of Al Wigh, several hundred kilometres south of Sabha, towards the Libya/Chad/Niger tripoint.[23]

On 28 August, three NLA soldiers were killed in the city of Sabha after they ran out of ammunition. Pro-Gaddafi brigades were joined by reinforcements from other towns.[24] On the same day, Colonel Bani of the NLA forces said that they would "advance on" Sabha after taking control of Sirte on the coast.[25]

On 4 September, NLA forces claimed that they had surrounded Sabha. The city would receive humanitarian aid but has one week to surrender.[26]

On 19 September, spokesman for NTC Ministry of Defence, Col. Ahmed Bani, announced at a press conference that NTC fighters managed to capture Sabha airport and fort. There was no immediate independent verification of his claims.[27]

On 20 September, NTC forces entered the city of Sabha, taking the city center with little resistance. A CNN reporter accompanied NTC forces, confirming the reports.[28][29] An NTC military spokesman in Benghazi said Sabha Airport was under the control of anti-Gaddafi fighters, but fighting was continuing in some quarters of the city proper.[30]

Brak

On 14 September, an NTC Commander said an anti-Gaddafi column 500 strong (coming from the north/Mizda region) had captured the military air-base at Brak in south-central Libya, some 50 kilometres north of Sabha. The NTC commander (Ahamda Almagri) also said two Gaddafi loyalists were arrested, while 70 loyalists fled the air-base, the second-largest in the south of Libya.[31] On the morning of 15 September, anti-Gaddafi forces entered the city itself where fighting erupted.[32]

On 16 September, anti-Gaddafi forces had taken control over the towns of Brak and Gira, just 50 kilometers north of Sabha.[33] During the fighting, incoming rocket fire struck the airbase, that the rebels captured the day before, which ignited the underground ammunition stores that held thousands of artillery rounds causing massive explosions.[32] A day later, on 17 September, the rest of the towns in Wadi al Shatii District were peacefully taken by NTC forces.[34]

Murzuq

On 21 September, after NTC forces have taken control of Sabha, Desert Shield Brigade spokesman in Benghazi said that NTC forces moved from Sabha south and engaged pro-Gaddafi loyalists in town Traghan, between Umm al-Aranib and capital city of district Murzuq.[35]

Ubari

On 22 September, an NTC commander in Sabha told CNN correspondent Ben Wedeman that his forces have taken control over the town of Ubari, the capital of the Wadi al Hayaa District.[36]

Ghat

By 25 September, fighting moved onto the border town of Ghat where the last remnants of pro-Gaddafi loyalists in Fezzan were claimed to be stationed.[37] The same day, NTC forces took control over Ghat airport, located north of the city[38] and a day later Ghat itself and the Tinkarine border crossing with Algeria.[38]

References

1. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/7088.html|title=Libya: Toubou rebels engage in battle against Gaddafi|agency=Ennahar Online|date=20 August 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107015342/http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/7088.html#|archive-date=2014-11-07|dead-url=yes|df=}}
2. ^{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/09/20119622012794420.html|title=Large Libyan convoy arrives in Niger|agency=Al Jazeera|date=6 September 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8754761/All-eyes-on-the-desert-as-the-hunt-for-Gaddafi-continues.html|title=All eyes on the desert as the hunt for Gaddafi continues|author=Ruth Sherlock and Richard Spencer in Tripoli|date=10 September 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=21 November 2014}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/henchman-belgacem-al-abaaj-captured-but-no-sign-of-gaddafi/story-e6frf7lf-1226141941252|title=Henchman Belgacem al Abaaj captured, but no sign of Gaddafi|publisher=|accessdate=21 November 2014}}
5. ^3 killed, 16 wounded (23 July);  1 killed (18 August);  3 killed (28 August);  3 wounded (14 September);[https://twitter.com/bencnn] 2 killed, 22 wounded (15 September);  1 killed, 3 wounded (16 September);  18 killed (19–22 September),[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15029062] total of 28 killed, 44 wounded
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.terra.com.co%2Finternacional%2Frebeldes-libios-se-hacen-con-el-control-del-barrio-oriental-de-brega%2C234cc8dd8cd31310VgnVCM3000009af154d0RCRD.html&act=url|title=Noticia|publisher=|accessdate=21 November 2014}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201109/72933.php|title=Libya fighters issue deadline to civilians in Gadhafi stronghold|author=Michael Ofori Amanfo Boateng|publisher=|accessdate=21 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024727/http://world.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201109/72933.php#|archive-date=2014-11-29|dead-url=yes|df=}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/09/20/MNJ41L75UB.DTL|title=Libyans flee Sirte as Khadafy foes close in|work=SFGate|accessdate=21 November 2014}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/world/africa/28896.html|title=Libya holds back from assault on last Qadhafi redoubts |work=Business Recorder|accessdate=21 November 2014}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/24/libya-forgotten-south|title=Libya: what about the south?|agency=The Guardian|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011|first=Alex|last=Warren}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.maars.net/blog/2011/06/13/libya-conflict-reaches-oasis-city-of-sabha/ |agency=MAARS News |date=13 June 2011 |title=Libya conflict reaches oasis city of Sabha |accessdate=21 July 2011 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
12. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904233404576458154035344420|agency=Wall Street Journal|date=20 July 2011|title=Rebels Move Toward Gadhafi Stronghold}}
13. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2011/Jul-23/Libya-rebels-report-loss-of-Qatrun.ashx#axzz1SwMHYYAg|title=Libya rebels report loss of Qatrun|agency=The Daily Star|date=23 July 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
14. ^Al Jazeera Libya Live Blog. {{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-5-2011-0744|title=Friday, August 5, 2011 - 07:44 Entry|agency=Al Jazeera|date= 5 August 2011}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/Noose+tightens+around+Tripoli/5277626/story.html |agency=Vancouver Sun |title=Noose tightens around Tripoli |date=19 August 2011 |accessdate=19 August 2011 }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
16. ^{{cite news|agency=Radio Netherlands |title=Libyan oasis of Jufra is NTC's key target |date=9 September 2011 |accessdate=20 September 2011 |url=http://cdn.radionetherlands.nl/africa/bulletin/libyan-oasis-jufra-ntcs-key-target |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821211336/http://cdn.radionetherlands.nl/africa/bulletin/libyan-oasis-jufra-ntcs-key-target |archivedate=21 August 2012 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2011/09/19/bloomberg_articlesLRRWXE0YHQ0X.DTL|agency=San Francisco Chronicle|date=19 September 2011|accessdate=20 September 2011|title=Libyan Fighters Repelled in Bani Walid as Sirte Battle Rages}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14999390|title=Libya uprising: Gaddafi 'losing control of Sabha'|agency=BBC World News|date=21 September 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n260031|title=Kadhafi forces shell oasis, casualties|agency=Focus News Agency|date=21 September 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE78K06320110921|title=Libya fighters seize southern Gaddafi town - spokesman|agency=Reuters|date=21 September 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-40FF3443-44B50B21/natolive/news_78386.htm|title=Press briefing on Libya|agency=NATO}}
22. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFL5E7JN27R20110823|agency=Reuters|title=Libya rebels in "fierce" fight for Sabha--spokesman|date=23 August 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-26-2011-0502|title=Friday, August 26, 2011 - 02:02 GMT+3 - Libya|agency=Al Jazeera|date=26 August 2011}}
24. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/29/libya.war/index.html|title=Libyan war 'not over' as Gadhafi's son killed in battle, rebels say|agency=CNN|date=29 August 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
25. ^{{cite news | first=Emma| last=Farge|author2=Richard Valdmanis| pages= | language =| title=Rebels say control road to Gaddafi bastion Sabha| date=2011-08-28| publisher=Thomson Reuters | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL5E7JS0A220110828|accessdate=2011-09-01}}
26. ^{{cite news | first=| last=| pages= | language =| title=Libya conflict: anti-Gaddafi forces threaten Bani Walid| date=2011-09-04| publisher=BBC | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14778696|accessdate=2011-09-04}}
27. ^{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE78I08J20110919|title=Libyan forces say they have captured part of Sabha|agency=Reuters|date=19 September 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/09/20/alleged-gadhafi-message-says-his-political-system-cannot-be-overthrown|title=Alleged Gadhafi message says his system cannot be overthrown; rebels enter Sabha|agency=CNN|date=20 September 2011}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=http://cnn.com/video/?/video/world/2011/09/20/bpr-wedeman-sabha-fighters-enter.cnn|title=CNN Ben Wedeman report from Sabha|agency=CNN|date=20 September 2011}}
30. ^{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-sep-20-2011-0417|agency=Al Jazeera Blogs|date=20 September 2011|accessdate=20 September 2011|title=Tue, 20 Sep 2011, 02:17 GMT+3 - Libya}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.theindychannel.com/news/29179753/detail.html|title=Libya Fighters Issue Deadline To Civilians In Gadhafi Stronghold|date=14 September 2011|accessdate=15 September 2011|agency=CNN}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
32. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/video/#/video/world/2011/09/16/wedeman-libya-birak-battle.cnn?iref=allsearch|title=CNN's Ben Wedeman, traveling with anti-Gadhafi forces, encounters gunfire in the Sahara.|date=16 September 2011|accessdate=16 September 2011|agency=CNN}}
33. ^{{cite news|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_LIBYA?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2011-09-16-09-52-34|title=Libyan forces pull back after Bani Walid battles|date=16 September 2011|accessdate=16 September 2011|agency=Associated Press}}
34. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/09/17/libya.war/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|title=Anti-Gadhafi forces battle again for loyalist strongholds|date=17 September 2011|accessdate=17 September 2011|agency=CNN}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=http://wires.univision.com/english/article/2011-09-21/libyas-ntc-claims-vital-sabha-2 |title=Libya's NTC claims vital Sabha victory |agency=Associated Foreign Press (vis Univision) |date=21 September 2011 |accessdate=9 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161413/http://wires.univision.com/english/article/2011-09-21/libyas-ntc-claims-vital-sabha-2 |archivedate=23 March 2012 |df= }}
36. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/09/22/libya.war/|title=Libya military site yields possible radioactive material|agency=CNN|date=22 September 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8787721/Dumped-in-the-desert-...-Gaddafis-yellowcake-stockpile.html|title=Dumped in the desert ... Gaddafi’s yellowcake stockpile|agency=The Telegraph|first=Richard|last=Spencer|date=25 September 2011|accessdate=9 October 2011}}
38. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.libya.tv/2011/10/%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a/|title=فيديو: السيطرة على مطار غات الدولي|agency=Libya TV|access-date=2011-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007051309/http://www.libya.tv/2011/10/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A/#|archive-date=2011-10-07|dead-url=yes|df=}}
{{Libyan civil war}}

4 : Battles of the Libyan Civil War (2011)|Battles involving Libya|Conflicts in 2011|History of Fezzan
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