| 词条 | Ffordd Pen Llech |
| 释义 |
| name = Ffordd Pen Llech | native_name = | marker_image = | image = Ffordd Pen Llech - geograph.org.uk - 3284594.jpg | caption = Gradient warning sign at the top of Ffordd Pen Llech | other_name = | former_names = | postal_code = LL46 2YL | addresses = | length_m = | length_ft = | length_mi = 0.2 | length_km = | length_ref =[1] | width = | location = Snowdonia National Park, Wales | client = | maint = | coordinates = | direction_a = south | terminus_a = Twtil {{coord|52.85929|-4.10779}} | direction_b = north | terminus_b = Hwylfar Nant {{coord|52.86177|-4.10768}} | junction = | commissioning_date = | construction_start_date = | completion_date = | inauguration_date = | demolition_date = | north = | south = | west = | east = }}{{Location map | Wales Gwynedd | width = 273 | float = right | border = grey | caption = Ffordd Pen Llech, Harlech within Gwynedd | alt = | relief = | AlternativeMap = | overlay_image = | label = | label_size = | position = | background = | mark = | marksize = | link = | lat_deg = 52.86093 | lon_deg = -4.10682 }}Ffordd Pen Llech ({{IPA-cy|fɔrð pʰɛn ɬeːχ|}}) is a minor road in the town of Harlech which lies within Snowdonia National Park, North Wales. Its distinguishing feature is being the steepest signed public tarmacked road in the United Kingdom.[2][3] OverviewFfordd Pen Llech is one of two roads surrounding Harlech Castle World Heritage Site, and linking the higher town centre with the Cambrian Line railway station, housing and camping areas close to sea level. Its descent of the rock spur to the north of the castle gives it a tangentially measured gradient at its steepest section of 1:2.73.[4] Whilst this translates to the vertical rise being 36.63% of the horizontal going, it is normal practice for UK highway authorities to round gradients to a nominal figure to avoid confusing road users with excessive precision;[5] hence the warning sign gives a slope of 40%. This sign was, in common with all earlier gradient warning signs in the United Kingdom, displayed as an arctan ratio of 1:{{frac|2|1|2}},[6] and subsequently changed to the new standard of the tangent expressed as a percentage. The street is a single-track road for the majority of its length. To avoid problems with vehicles meeting on the slope and being unable to restart, the northern half has been made a one-way street for the main descent.{{cn|date = November 2013}} LeisureIn addition to containing tourist facilities and its proximity to Harlech Castle, with its {{convert|165|ft|adj=on}} drop over a short distance, Ffordd Pen Llech is popular with cycling enthusiasts seeking extreme slopes.[7] Its popularity is limited by the one-way system requiring downward travel only (UK law treats bicycles as vehicles and requires riders to observe all traffic signs),[8] meaning that a cyclist would have to defy the regulation to attempt the ascent[9] or make the upward journey via the adjacent road, Twtil, which has a less steep gradient at 25%.[10] EtymologyThe name Pen Llech, derived from the Welsh words pen ("head", "end", "top") and llech ("flat rock", "slab", "smooth cliff") can be translated approximately as "end of the rock",[11] "head-stone", or perhaps "stony headland".[12] References1. ^{{cite web|title=Driving directions to Ffordd Pen Llech|url=https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?saddr=52.859294,-4.107787&daddr=Ffordd+Pen+Llech&hl=en&ll=52.860308,-4.107471&spn=0.0039,0.009806&sll=52.861425,-4.107682&sspn=0.000975,0.002452&geocode=FZ6RJgMd9VHB_w%3BFcqaJgMdAlPB_w&t=h&mra=dme&mrsp=1&sz=19&z=17|publisher=Google|accessdate=15 October 2013}} {{portal bar|Roads|Wales}}2. ^{{cite web|title=50 Quirky Bike Rides > 28 Ffordd Pen Llech|url=http://www.bike99.com/28.html|publisher=Eye Books|accessdate=15 October 2013|author=Rob Ainsley|date=June 2008}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Around the network – Facts and figures |url=http://www.roadsuk.com/network/facts/ |publisher=Roads UK |accessdate=16 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019045617/http://www.roadsuk.com/network/facts/ |archivedate=19 October 2013 |df=dmy }} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Road records|url=http://euclid.colorado.edu/~rmg/roads/records.html|publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Colorado|accessdate=16 October 2013|author=Dr. Richard M. Green}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Traffic Signs Manual – Warning Signs|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/226765/traffic-signs-manual-chapter-04.pdf|publisher=The Stationery Office|accessdate=16 October 2013|page=27|format=pdf}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=The Steepest Road in Britain? (2852)|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/87712949@N00/11254053|publisher=Oliver O'Brien|accessdate=16 October 2013|date=31 January 1999}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Strava Segment – Ffordd Pen Llech|url=http://www.strava.com/segments/ffordd-pen-llech-3615085|publisher=Strava, Inc|accessdate=17 October 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=The Highway Code – Rules for cyclists|url=https://www.gov.uk/rules-for-cyclists-59-to-82|publisher=Gov.uk|accessdate=17 October 2013|page=69|format=pdf|date=30 May 2013}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Hill no 89 – 92 Fford Penllech|url=http://100hillsforgeorge.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/hill-no-89-92-fford-penllech.html|publisher=Simon Warren|accessdate=17 October 2013|date=20 March 2012}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Twtil, Harlech|url=https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Twtil,+Harlech&hl=en&ll=52.859466,-4.108822&spn=0.008097,0.019784&sll=52.859401,-4.108951&sspn=0.008149,0.019784&oq=Twtil&t=h&hnear=Twtil,+Harlech+LL46,+United+Kingdom&z=16&layer=c&cbll=52.859399,-4.108947&panoid=RMxWoD49yNqc4Sv2Jur5rQ&cbp=12,242.38,,1,-5.91|publisher=Google|accessdate=2 November 2013}} 11. ^Charnock, R. S. Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names, 1859, p.205 12. ^Blackie, C. Etymological Geography, 1876, p. 128 5 : Streets in Wales|Roads in Gwynedd|Mountains and hills of Gwynedd|Harlech|Roads in Snowdonia |
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