| 词条 | Raunkiær plant life-form |
| 释义 |
The Raunkiær system is a system for categorizing plants using life-form categories, devised by Danish botanist Christen C. Raunkiær and later extended by various authors. HistoryIt was first proposed in a talk to the Danish Botanical Society in 1904 as can be inferred from the printed discussion of that talk, but not the talk itself, nor its title. The journal, Botanisk Tidsskrift, published brief comments on the talk by M.P. Porsild, with replies by Raunkiær. A fuller account appeared in French the following year.[1] Raunkiær elaborated further on the system and published this in Danish in 1907.[2][3] The original note and the 1907 paper were much later translated to English and published with Raunkiær's collected works.[4][3][5] ModernizationRaunkiær's life-form scheme has subsequently been revised and modified by various authors,[6][7][8] but the main structure has survived. Raunkiær's life-form system may be useful in researching the transformations of biotas and the genesis of some groups of phytophagous animals.[9] SubdivisionsThe subdivisions of the Raunkiær system are premised on the location of the bud of a plant during seasons with adverse conditions, i. e. cold seasons and dry seasons: PhanerophytesThese plants, normally woody perennials, grow stems into the air, with their resting buds being a maximum of 25 cm above the soil surface,{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} e. g. trees and shrubs, and also epiphytes, which Raunkiær later separated as a distinct class (see below). Raunkiær further divided the phanerophytes according to height as
Further division was premised on the characters of duration of foliage, i. e. evergreen or deciduous, and presence of covering bracts on buds, for 8 classes. 3 further divisions were made to increase the total of classes to 12:
ChamaephytesThese plants have buds on persistent shoots near the soil surface; woody plants with perennating buds borne close to the soil surface, a maximum of 25 cm above the soil surface, e. g., bilberry and periwinkle. HemicryptophytesThese plants have buds at or near the soil surface, e. g. common daisy and dandelion, and are divided into:
CryptophytesThese plants have subterranean or under water resting buds, and are divided into:
TherophytesThese are annual plants that complete their lives rapidly in favorable conditions and survive the unfavorable cold or dry season in the form of seeds. Many plants of deserts are by necessity therophytes. EpiphytesEpiphytes were originally included in the phanerophytes (see above) but then separated because of the irrelevance to them of location in or out of soil. AerophytesAerophytes were a later addition to the system.[10] These are plants that obtain moisture and nutrients from the air and rain. They usually grow on other plants yet are not parasitic on them. These are perennial plants whose roots atrophy. Some can live on mobile sand dunes. Like epiphytes and hemicryptophytes, their buds are near the soil surface. Some Tillandsia species are classified as aerophytes. References1. ^Raunkiær, C. (1905) Types biologiques pour la géographie botanique. Oversigt over Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1905, 347-438. {{DEFAULTSORT:Raunkier plant life-form}}Lebensform (Botanik)2. ^Raunkiær, C. (1907) Planterigets Livsformer og deres Betydning for Geografien. Gyldendalske Boghandel - Nordisk Forlag, København and Kristiania. 132 pp., [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5657eb54e4b022a250fc2de4/t/566f9d430e4c117c7c652b3c/1450155331534/1907_Raunkier_Planterigets+Livsformer.pdf (PDF)]. 3. ^1 Ch. 2 in Raunkiær (1934): The life-forms of plants and their bearings on geography, p. 2-104. 4. ^Ch. 1 in Raunkiær (1934): Biological types with reference to the adaption of plants to survive the unfavourable season, p. 1. 5. ^Raunkiær, C. (1934) The Life Forms of Plants and Statistical Plant Geography, being the collected papers of C. Raunkiær. Translated by H. Gilbert-Carter, A. Fausbøll, and A. G. Tansley. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Reprinted 1978 (ed. by Frank N. Egerton), Ayer Co Pub., in the "History of Ecology Series". {{ISBN|0-405-10418-9}}. Note: These are not all of Raunkiær's publications, only those on plant form and geography. 6. ^Ellenberg. H. & D. Mueller-Dombois (1967). A key to Raunkiær plant life-forms with revised subdivisions. Ber. Goebot. Inst. ETH. Stiftg Rubel. Zurich. 37:56-73, . 7. ^Müller-Dombois, D. & H. Ellenberg (1974) Aims and methods in vegetation ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Reprint 2003, Blackburn Press, {{ISBN|1-930665-73-3}} 8. ^Shimwell, D.W. (1971) The Description and Classification of Vegetation. Sidgwick & Jackson, London. {{ISBN|9780283980633}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last=Volovnik |first=S.V. |title=On phylogenetic inertia: a case of Lixinae weevils |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |series=Nouvelle Série |date=2013 |volume=49 |issue=3 |pp=240–241}} 10. ^[https://www.jstor.org/pss/3237161 Galán de Mera, A., M. A. Hagen and J. A. Vicente Orellana (1999) Aerophyte, a New Life Form in Raunkiær's Classification? Journal of Vegetation Science 10 (1): 65-68] 3 : Plant life-form|Botanical nomenclature|Ecology |
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