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词条 Film censorship in the Republic of Ireland
释义

  1. Film ratings

  2. Legislation

  3. Notable banned/cut films

  4. Exceptions

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}{{expert needed|Ireland|date=March 2012}}

Ireland's Film Censors Office, renamed in 2008 as the Irish Film Classification Office, heavily cut films and videos for rental release, or placed high age ratings on them. Since the release of Michael Collins in 1996, which was initially rated PG despite its depictions of strong violence, the censor's office has reduced age ratings in general and never cuts films. Former head censor Sheamus Smith (who held the position between 1986-2002) banned several but never cut them as his predecessors did, despite frequent requests from distributors to secure lower certificates and wider audiences - he wasn't fond of his official 'Film Censor' title as it's emotive and implies someone who "butchers or bans movies". Smith believed that a director's vision should remain intact regardless of the certificate and that "it's an arrogance for a censor or classifier to be cutting up and changing it".[1]

Current director Ger Connolly follows the same policy,[2] although one instance of cutting involving previous censor John Kelleher exists, regarding Korean horror film The Isle. He didn't force censorship upon Tartan but didn't immediately grant a certificate after viewing it on 8 September (just two days before its original release date) and "drew attention to scenes of sexual violence and explicit self-mutilation that were causing us concern". He gave them two options - either they could resubmit it for a second viewing/re-assessment or submit a censored version to secure a certificate. Tartan went with the latter, removing 3m 15s on top of 1m 50s already removed by the BBFC showing animal cruelty, specifically shots of a drowning bird and mutilated fish, which earned them an 18 certificate on 29 September - the changes weren't legally required but sped up the release process.[3]

Ratings usually match those of the UK, or are one level higher or lower, but extremely rare disparities spanning two ratings do exist[4]:

Title Release date BBFC rating Content warning IFCO rating Content warning
3 Ninjas Knuckle Up1995PG (cut)[5]15[6]
Michael Collins199615strong violence, strong language[7]LAM|A|A}}explicit cruelty and violence, crude language[8][9]
Who Am I?199912frequent, moderate fight sequences[10]18[11][12]
The Cider House Rules200012dramatic themes and one brief sex scene[7]18themes of abortion, incest and drugs[13]
Tokyo Raiders200112moderate violence[14]18[15][16]
The In Crowd200112infrequent strong language, moderate violence, sex and drug references[17]18[18][19]
I Capture the Castle2003PGinfrequent mild language and sex references[20]15PG (theatrical)[21]

15 (video)[22]

Million Dollar Baby200412Aone use of strong language, moderate violence and adult theme[23]LAM|B|B}}explicit boxing violence[24]
Inside the Mind of a Suicide Bomber (bonus material for The Siege: Definitive Edition)200718[25]12[26][27]
Prince - Sign o' the Times (The Observer promo edition)200715[28]G[29]
Frost/Nixon200815strong language[30]PGinfrequent moderate to strong language, mild sex references and brief archive war footage[31]
One Sings, the Other Doesn't2009 (IFCO)

2010 (BBFC)

12one use of strong language, moderate nudity and sex references[32]18adult themes of abortion, suicide and despair[33]
The Camp on Blood Island201015moderate violence, torture scenes[34]PGmild/moderate violence[35]
Yesterday's Enemy2010PGmoderate violence[36]15war action footage, moderate torture and executions[37]
Wrinkles201415strong language[38]PGmild innuendo[39]
Bullseye (American Horror Story)201412moderate language, sex references, threat, violence, injury detail[40]18strong violence[41]

{{note label|LAM|A|A}} Raised to a 12 certificate on video.[42]

{{note label|LAM|B|B}} Lowered to a 15 certificate on video, due to differing cinema/video classification structures.[43]

Film ratings

Eight film rating categories exist, although a film may have been re-rated by the time of its video/DVD release.

Symbol Name Cinema Video Consumer advice
General {{y}} {{y}} Suitable for children of a school going age.

Theme – such films will not include themes or content that will upset younger children.

Violence – mild and unsustained. There will be an absence of blood or injury detail and any outcome will be reassuring.

Sexual content/nudity – very mild (e.g., kissing, dating, references to ‘making love’). In certain circumstances, non-sexual nudity may be acceptable.

Language – may include infrequent use of mild bad language and slang.

Drugs – forbidden unless clearly set within an educational context.[44]

Parental
Guidance		 {{y}} {{y}} Suitable for children aged eight and over.

Theme – while more mature issues might be addressed (e.g., war, family issues) there will generally be a positive or redemptive resolution.

Violence – frightening sequences should not be sustained or graphic. However, some stronger violence may be permissible in what is clearly a fantasy or comic context.

Sexual content/nudity – mild; any sexual activity will be implied rather than depicted. Subtle innuendo may be accepted.

Language – mild. However, in rare instances, a PG film may contain infrequent strong language provided it is used discreetly and is contextually justified. Discriminatory or racist terms will only be acceptable if used in a clearly educational context.

Drugs – any references to drug use should be mild and will relate to soft drug use only. Where stronger references are made they will be set within a clearly educational context.[45]

12A {{y}} {{n}} Suitable for viewers of twelve and over. However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child.

Theme – mature themes are acceptable (crime, bereavement, relationships, etc.) provided they are depicted in a fashion suitable for young teenagers (i.e., in such a way that they will already have been familiar with in their everyday lives). Themes of suicide or self-harm or other imitable behaviour will only be acceptable if depicted without detail and in a clearly educational context.

Violence – moderate violence and more prolonged threat/horror are acceptable at 12A. This is particularly the case when depicted in a fantasy context (common at this category). Stronger images of injury detail may be acceptable if justified by the context in which they are presented (i.e., in an accurate depiction of warfare).

Sexual content/nudity – sexual content (situations and dialogue) presented without explicit detail may be acceptable at 12A. Brief sexual nudity may also be acceptable.

Language – some infrequent strong language may be acceptable, but should be used in a non-aggressive manner. Use of discriminatory language should be justified by the overall context of the film.

Drugs – images of or references to soft drugs may be permitted in an appropriate context. Generally, content relating to hard drugs is not acceptable unless there is a clear anti-drug message and the misuse of drugs is not glamorized.[46]

Announced on December 9th, 2004 and took effect on January 1st, 2005.[47]
12 {{n}} {{y}} Suitable for viewers of twelve and over.

The guidelines for 12 are identical to the guidelines for 12A.[48]

15A {{y}} {{n}} Suitable for viewers of 15 and over. However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child.

Theme – most themes/content will be acceptable with classification decided by the way the subject is treated.

Violence – this may be realistic but not gratuitous or focus on bloody injury. Strong gory images will only be permitted if justified by the context in which they are presented. We take particular account of the way in which sexual violence is portrayed. Any such content in this category should be discreetly presented and contextually justified. Generally, horror in this category will be psychological in nature. Acts of sadism common to the genre are not permissible.

Sexual content/nudity – strong sex references may be acceptable. Scenes of a sexual nature may also be acceptable but will not be explicit or prolonged.

Language – strong language is allowed. Frequent or aggressive use of these terms will have to be justified within the context of the piece.

Drugs – scenes or dialogue relating to drugs may be acceptable in an appropriate context, but not if there is glamorization, instruction or encouragement as to use.[49]

Announced on December 9th, 2004 and took effect on January 1st, 2005.[47]
15 {{n}} {{y}} Suitable for viewers of 15 and over.

The guidelines for 15 are identical to the guidelines for 15A.[50]

16 {{y}} {{n}} Suitable for viewers of 16 and over.

Theme – most themes/content will be acceptable with classification decided by the way the subject is treated.

Violence – this might be intensely depicted and may include some gory imagery. We take particular account of the way in which sexual violence is portrayed. The portrayal of such content in this category should not be explicit and must have clear contextual justification. Strong horror and sustained threat may be acceptable but will not include the strongest images of sadism and torture.

Sexual content/nudity – strong sexual themes and content may be permissible provided it is not gratuitous.

Language – strong language is acceptable.

Drugs – themes and scenes relating to hard drug use might feature. However, any instructional or glamorised drug use, particularly involving teen protagonists, is unlikely to be acceptable.[51]

Announced on December 9th, 2004 and took effect on January 1st, 2005.[47]Because there is no direct equivalent on video, a film rated 16 for cinema can get either a 15 or 18 on video, depending on its strength.[51]
18 {{y}} {{y}} Suitable for viewers of eighteen or over.

One of IFCO’s guiding principles is that adults (i.e., persons over 18) should be free, within the law, to choose what they wish to view.[52]

There are 3 former categories no longer in use:

Symbol Name Cinema Video Consumer advice Example films
12RA {{n}} {{y}} Suitable for viewers of 12 and over.

Cannot be supplied to anyone under the age of 12, and which has a suggestion for a "Responsible Adult" to be present if a younger person watches the film (no longer issued).

If re-released, the rating is automatically changed to 12 (exceptions are noted in brackets).

The Two Towers

Star Trek Generations (since re-rated PG in 2009)

The Nightmare Before Christmas (since re-rated PG on DVD)

The Spy Who Shagged Me (re-rated 15 at first, then re-rated 12 in 2011)

The Final Frontier (since re-rated PG)

Only Fools and Horses – The Complete Series 7 (since re-rated PG)

The Movie (since re-rated PG)

PleasantvilleThe MaskBrendan Grace: Live at the Gleneagle, KillarneyFirst StrikeThe BachelorAn Evening With Niall ToibinWhen Harry Met Lloyd
12PG {{y}} {{n}} Suitable for viewers of 12 and over.

However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child.

Works in the same way as today's 12A. Introduced on June 1, 2001 and replaced by 12A on January 1, 2005.

Theme/Content - Likely to feature more mature themes, e.g. Involving crime, conflict, relationships, etc., but young persons of twelve and over will already be familiar with them from their television viewing.

Context - A flexibility of approach is retained whereby the context and impact of the film are viewed as a whole, rather than rating it only on the basis of one short image or scene.

Violence - Relatively mild or moderate and shouldn't be imitative, gratuitous, nor glamourised.

Sexual content/Nudity - Generally, only mild dialogue and natural non-sexual nudity are acceptable.

Drugs - Mild or brief images of 'soft' drugs may be permitted in an appropriate context, but normally no images of or references to 'hard' drugs are acceptable.

Language - Commonly used milder swear words may be acceptable, but not sexually violent, explicit or threatening language.[53]

Pearl Harbor (the film film with a 12PG rating)[1]HulkDie Another DayThe Return of the King
15PG {{y}} {{n}} Suitable for viewers of 15 and over.

However, they can also be seen by younger children – provided they are accompanied by an adult who has deemed the film appropriate viewing for that child.

Works in the same way as today's 15A. Introduced on June 1, 2001 and replaced by 15A on January 1, 2005.

Theme/Content - Most themes/content will be acceptable with classification normally decided by the way the subject is treated. It is worth noting that our recent nationwide survey research confirms that both parents and adolescents often experience embarrassment when they view films featuring more mature themes (e.g. sexual activity or nudity) in each other's company.

Context - Modern adolescents of fifteen and older will generally be aware of, and be able to appreciate, the context of a film.

Violence - This may be realistic but not gratuitous, prolonged or overly bloody. We take particular account of the way in which sexual violence is portrayed.

Drugs - Scenes/dialogue relating to drugs may be acceptable in an appropriate context, but not if there is instruction or encouragement as to use.

Sexual content/Nudity - Mild/moderate sexual activity/nudity is acceptable, particularly when portrayed positively.[54]

The PianistAlien vs. PredatorThe Passion of the Christ

Bad Santa (this controversial decision led to the creation of the 16 rating – the extended cut is rated 18 on DVD)

The G, PG and 18 certifications have the same principles on video, but some 18s films may be denied a video release certificate.

Films which are banned and do not have an appeal lodged, or which fail on appeal, have an enforcement noticed published in Iris Oifigiúil, the state's journal. The most recent enforcement notice, {{As of|2005|lc=on}}, appeared in the 20 September 2005 journal, and was the first of the year. Revocation notices are also published in the journal, where a film has been banned and then allowed. The 2010 DVD release of the 1978 film "I Spit on Your Grave" is the most recent instance of an IFCO ban.[55]

Legislation

The main legislation under which Irish films are censored are:

  • The Censorship of Films Act, 1923 was an act "to provide for the official censoring of cinematographic pictures and for other matters connected therewith". It established the office of the Official Censor of Films and a Censorship of Films Appeal Board (see William Magennis) and that no film be exhibited in public without a certificate.
  • The Censorship of Films Act, 1923 was amended by the Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1925, in connection with advertisements for films. It was amended by the Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1930 to extend the legislation to "vocal or other sounds" accompanying pictures.
  • The Emergency Powers Act 1939 dealt with the preservation of the State in time of war and contained provisions relating to the censorship of communications, including mail,[56] newspapers and periodicals.
  • The Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act 1970 allowed films to be resubmitted for certification seven years after being rejected.
  • The Video Recordings Act, 1989 adds video/DVD recordings to the Film Censor's responsibility to examine. A different classification can be given than the same feature film was give but the censor cannot refuse to grant a certificate for a video if a certificate is in force for the same feature film.

Notable banned/cut films

Many films have been banned in Ireland, including Monty Python's Life of Brian, From Dusk Till Dawn and A Clockwork Orange. A review in 2000 has meant that many of these have since been un-banned and rated anywhere from G to 18. During that review process it was decided that no more films would be banned for either cinema or video release, but some bans are still in place.

The Film Censors Office's official figures state that 2,500 films received theatrical performance bans, and over 11,000 films were cut, between the 1920s and 1980s.[57]

The most notable recent ban was that of Boy Eats Girl in 2005, a film starring Irish actress Samantha Mumba, due its graphic depiction of a suicide attempt. Following an appeal, it was passed uncut with a 15A rating, far from the highest possible.

Prior to the Video Recordings Act 1989, many films which were banned in the cinema were freely available on video tape to anyone in Ireland regardless of age.

The listed year refers to when the film was banned by the Office, not necessarily the original release date.
Date TitleNotes Post-ban/current certificate
1927 The Unknown Banned on 27 August for its cruel sensationalism and semi-nudity of the heroine. As with Frankenstein, the unrestricted General certificate caused concern for 'youngsters and nervous adults'.

The Appeal Board upheld the rejection in the same year, though no specific date is available.[58]

1931 Dracula Passed with proposed cuts on 5 June, with a request for the distributor to "delete some of the horrors and re-show the film".[59] PG
1932 Monkey Business Banned because censors feared it would encourage anarchic tendencies.[60][61] Passed on 8 January with '16 unspecified cuts to script', including characters falling over each other in a dance scene.[62][63] G
1932 Frankenstein Banned on 5 February for being demoralising & unsuitable for children or 'nervous people' - age-restricted certificates weren't introduced until 1965.

Overturned by the Appeal Board on 8 March and given a certificate on 9 March (uncut).[64]

 G (1932)

PG (video)

1932 Freaks Upheld on video in 1999 for being "grossly offensive" to disabled people, according to then-assistant censor (and current Director) Ger Connolly.[61][65][66][67]
1932 Scarface Banned on 19 August. Upheld by the Films Appeal Board on 30 September.

Banned on 29 August 1941 (under the alternate title of 'Gang War'). Upheld by the Films Appeal Board on 7 October.

Banned on 24 April 1953 (under the original title). No appeal was lodged.

Various reasons include pandering to sensationalism, glamorizing the gangster lifestyle and implying an incestuous relationship between the protagonist and his sister.[68]

PG
1942 Fantasia[69]{{rp>120}}[70] – it's since been reinstated.[71] G
1942 A Day in Soviet RussiaPassed with "extensive cuts under the EPO" (for infringing on wartime neutrality) on 2 June 1942.[72]

The documentary was advertised to open on a Sunday but the certificate was withdrawn on Saturday afternoon.[79]{{rp|170}}

1942 CasablancaBanned on 19 March for infringing on the Emergency Powers Order preserving wartime neutrality, by portraying Vichy France and Nazi Germany in a "sinister light".

Passed with cuts on 15 June 1945 after the EPO was lifted - this time the cuts were to dialogue between Rick and Ilsa referring to their love affair.[73]

Passed with one cut on 16 July 1974. RTÉ inquired about showing the film on TV - it still required a dialogue cut to Ilsa expressing her love for Rick.[74]

All releases since are uncut.

G
1943 A Yank in the RAF[75] The certificate was withdrawn after one week's run at the Savoy Cinema in September after 41,000 had seen the film.{{rp>170–175}}.[76]

[The G certificate in the next column refers to the DVD release.]

 G
1943 The Outlaw Banned due to sexual references.[84]
1945 Mildred Pierce[84]PG
1945 Brief Encounter Initially banned as it was considered too permissive of adultery – ban lifted[77] PG
1946 The Big Sleep Initially banned because of its sexual references – ban lifted.[77]PG
1950 OutrageBanned due to its rape theme.[77]
1966 PasażerkaInitially banned and described by the censor as a "horror film" - he also objected to a scene showing naked women being driven to the camp.[78] Overturned by the Films Appeal Board without cuts.[79]16
1967 UlyssesBased on the book by James Joyce, it was banned for being "subversive to public morality", upheld by the Films Appeal Board and banned for a second time in 1975 - ban lifted in September 2000 at director Joseph Strick's's request,[80][81] although it was screened at the Irish Film Theatre (a private club cinema) in the late 1970s.[82]

The first public screening was held in February 2001, with then-censor Sheamus Smith and Strick both in attendance. It went on general release at the IFI from 8 February 2001.[83]

 15
1973 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex Banned on 20 March.[84] A cut version was passed in 1979 and released theatrically in 1980, removing both a bestiality reference ("the greatest lay I ever had", referring to a sheep) and a man having sex with a bread loaf - ban/censorship lifted.[85][86] 18
1973 A Clockwork Orange Banned on 10 April - Warner Bros. decided against appealing due to the film causing public controversy. Passed uncut for cinema on 13 December 1999 and released on 17 March 2000.[87][88][89]

The re-release poster was rejected due to the words "ultra-violence" and "rape" in the tagline (it's a replica of the original British version). Sheamus Smith explained his rejection to the Irish Times; "I believe that the use of those words in the context of advertising would be offensive and inappropriate".[90]

 18
1980 Monty Python's Life of Brian Banned on 29 April. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board on 7 August 1987.[84] 18 (1987)

15 (video re-rating)

1980 Zombie Flesh Eaters Banned on 14 October. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board on 31 October.[84] 18 ("very strong & gory violence" - 2012)
1981 Last Tango in Paris Ban lifted. 18
1982 Porky's Banned on 1 February. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 19 February.[84]16 (theatrical)

18 (video)

1982 Richard Pryor: Live on the Sunset Strip Banned on 23 July. Released on DVD in 2006.[84] 18
1982 Fast Times at Ridgemont High Banned on 8 October. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 29 October with cuts. Uncut on home video.[84] 18
1983 Monsignor Banned on 29 November due to its conflation of religion and adultery, as it features an affair between a priest and a postulant nun. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 17 December.[84]

The decision caused controversy among members of Fianna Fáil - chairman Ned Brennan believed the majority of the Irish public didn't want it to be released and said "standards must be maintained", wanting it banned on "moral grounds".[91][92]

 16
1983 Monty Python's The Meaning of LifeBanned on 27 June (lifted in 1990).[93][84] 15
1984 Cannibal Holocaustdate=August 2009}} 18
1985 Crimes of Passion Banned on 18 November.[84][94] Released on DVD in 2008. 18
1986 Working Girls Banned on 12 August.[84] Upheld by the Film Appeals Board on 28 September.[95]
1987 Personal Services Banned on 13 March. Overturned by the Film Appeals Board on 12 May.[84] 18
1989 Meet the Feeblesdate=August 2009}}
1991 Whore Banned on 9 August.[84] Upheld by the Films Appeal Board on 20 September, although an earlier appeal meeting held on 28 August failed to come to a decision.

This all postponed the Irish home release, due on the week of the failed appeal with 2,000 copies. The video distributor (National Cable Vision) submitted a tape to Smith for a reconsideration on home media - no evidence exists of whether or not this was successful.[96][97][98]

1993 Bad Lieutenant Banned on 29 January due to its "demeaning treatment of women".[84][99][100][101] Re-banned on 1 April 2003 for video.[102]
1994 Natural Born Killers Banned[103] on 11 October[84] because Sheamus Smith was concerned about "copycat" killings linked to the film. This reasoning was accepted by the Films Appeal Board and the ban upheld[104] on 20 January 1995[105] - ban lifted in 2001.[106]18
1994 Dangerous Game Banned for video, most likely due to a violent rape scene. The cinema distributors (Abbey Films) never submitted it for an Irish theatrical release. Polygram appealed the decision - the viewing took place on 23 November, where the ban was upheld.[101]
1995 Showgirls Banned on 8 November - no reason was given but speculation pointed towards the rape scene, which was initially cut in the UK.[107][108][106][84] Passed uncut on 23 October 2017 for video.[109] 18
1996 From Dusk till Dawn Banned on 1 May due to its "irresponsible and totally gratuitous" violence, especially in the wake of the then-recent Dunblane and Port Arthur massacres.[108][84] Ban lifted on 27 January 2004 for video.[110] 18
1997 Crash Passed with one cut of 35s to sexually explicit dialogue, in the sex scene between James and Catherine where she fantasizes about Vaughn. This was in an attempt to dissuade the distributors from releasing it on video, as they'd have to prepare a specially cut Irish version at high expense for a small market. It didn't work. [111][112][113] 18
1999 Romance Still banned.[106]
1999 Texas Blood Money Presumably banned upon release. Ban lifted on 16 November 2004 for video.[114]18
1999 The Idiots Banned for video in October, no doubt due to unsimulated sexual content showing an erection and vaginal penetration.[115][116][117]
2000 Of Freaks and Men Banned for video due to sadistic scenes of sexual humiliation.[118]
2001 WWF Wrestlemania 16 Banned on video due to the use of realistic weapons, including metal chairs, timber wrapped with barbed wire, shinai and sledgehammers. Deputy censor Audrey Conlon also cited the "gladitorial bloodlust" of the crowd baying for increasingly extreme violence.

Clear Vision Ltd. lodged an appeal (the result of which is unknown) and claimed that "our fans love the wild soap opera element", but the IFCO countered this by stating, "This is one of the most dangerous and pernicious aspects of the entire business. The universal distinguishing feature of all soap opera is that the story lines are regularly made more explicit and, in many instances, more violent, simply to keep audience share.[119]

2002 I Spit on Your Grave Banned on video twice, on 5 February 2002 and 14 September 2010.[120][121][122]
2002 Cradle of Fear Banned on 28 March for video.[123]
2002 The Story of Ricky Banned on 28 March for video.[124]
2002 For Your Pleasure Banned on 28 March for video.[125]
2002 Turkish Delight Banned on 26 August for video.[126]
2002 The Pornographer Banned on 30 September for video. The censored UK version was submitted, which had already removed 12s showing ejaculation for a BBFC 18 certificate.[127]
2002 Baise-moi Banned on 28 November for video - the decision was upheld by the Films Appeal Board. Released theatrically in the summer of 2002, but only on a club basis at the IFI, where admission is restricted to members and guests of 18 years and over.[128][129][106][130]
2003 Man Bites Dog Banned on 20 March for video.[131]
2003 Spun Banned on 8 July under Section 7 (2) of the Censorship of Films Act, 1923.[132] According to Kelleher, he didn't object to the content and only banned it to showcase a legal anomaly, meaning that video and cinema releases of the same work automatically got the same rating. He knew the ban would be reversed and the law was changed soon after. Overturned by the Films Appeal Board on 21 July.[84][133]18
2005 Boy Eats GirlBanned for containing an 'ostensible' but graphic suicide attempt. The decision was reversed on 25 July.[134] 15A (theatrical)[135]

18 (video)[136]

2005 Deep ThroatThe uncut version was banned on 13 September for video. A censored version was passed '18' as in the UK (where the uncut version got an 'R18', meaning it could only be bought in licensed sex shops) - all hardcore scenes were re-framed.[137][138] 18 (censored)

Exceptions

The restrictions applied to commercial cinemas did not apply to film clubs. The Irish Film Theatre (1977–1984), its predecessor, the Irish Film Society and its successor, the Irish Film Institute, specialised for decades in showing arthouse films that were uncut because films shown privately were not required to be examined by the Censor's Office.[139] The National Film Institute (later Irish Film Institute) had originally been set up to comply with the 1939 encyclical Vigilanti Cura. At one time this gave rise to a legal anomaly where the 35 mm prints of a particular film would to be required to have any "cuts" mandated by the Film Censors Office whereas the 16 mm prints were not, on the erroneous belief that all 16 mm prints were destined for private film clubs. In practice, some commercial cinemas in smaller towns as well as "travelling cinemas" (often showing films in village halls owned by the Catholic Church) were only equipped to show the 16 mm prints. The closure of virtually all of these smaller cinemas (owing to the rising popularity of television and video) has meant that nowadays the only places showing these 16 mm prints are bona fide film clubs.

See also

  • Censorship in the Republic of Ireland
  • Kevin Rockett, an Irish film historian

References

1. ^1 https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0524/790565-new-film-certificates/
2. ^http://freetexthost.com/6aang1fzwc
3. ^{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Censor blocks 'notorious' Korean film|work=The Irish Times|date=1 October 2004}}
4. ^https://imgur.com/a/c6VIOuQ
5. ^http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/3-ninjas-knuckle-1995-0
6. ^https://imgur.com/a/ZQqKfHX
7. ^1 http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/cider-house-rules-0
8. ^https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0117039/trivia
9. ^https://www.irishtimes.com/news/censor-gives-collins-pg-cert-1.88083?mode=amp
10. ^http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/who-am-i-1998
11. ^http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RcarXVw5W8c/VXC-yFhraxI/AAAAAAAAe9Y/tkp4w1DN37A/s1600/22%2Bwho%2Bam%2Bi%2B03.JPG
12. ^https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0127357/parentalguide/certificates
13. ^https://www.irishtimes.com/news/film-with-abortion-theme-is-given-18-certificate-1.255793?mode=amp
14. ^http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/tokyo-raiders-2000
15. ^https://i.postimg.cc/VNNVB7qG/s-l1600_1.jpg
16. ^https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0233600/parentalguide/certificates
17. ^http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/crowd-2001
18. ^https://i.postimg.cc/sx0F7t8J/s-l1600.jpg
19. ^https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0163676/parentalguide/certificates
20. ^http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/i-capture-castle-2002
21. ^http://entertainment.ie/movie-review/I-Capture-The-Castle/107353.htm
22. ^http://www.45worlds.com/i/1d3177297e405f771c9
23. ^http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/million-dollar-baby-2004-0
24. ^http://www.ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewFilm/394F742CDEA5B0A280256F87005A54A8?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True
25. ^http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/inside-mind-suicide-bomber-1970
26. ^https://i.postimg.cc/q7kx8zTp/download.png
27. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hgzlJkY8GU
28. ^http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/prince-sign-o-times-2005-0
29. ^https://imgur.com/a/hJ6J1nv
30. ^http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/frostnixon-2008
31. ^http://www.ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewFilm/5AC1C25E1F8E1A4F802574CF00569F45?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True
32. ^http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/one-sings-other-doesnt-lune-chante-lautre-pas-1970-0
33. ^http://www.ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewVideo/247895C34409A641802576890078E542?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True
34. ^http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/camp-blood-island-1957
35. ^http://www.ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewVideo/CA63A4D3214650FD8025762D00736A35?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True
36. ^https://www.amazon.co.uk/Yesterdays-Enemy-DVD-Stanley-Baker/dp/B002ZVC56Y/ref=pd_aw_sim_74_1/258-2113913-1859650?_encoding=UTF8&psc=1&refRID=1CDH4G3SS21Y33BEFE46
37. ^http://www.ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewVideo/F23FD0294A7C050D8025762A00736BA7?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True
38. ^http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/wrinkles-2011
39. ^http://www.ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewVideo/0F27145016194AA180257C580078E4DB?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True
40. ^http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/american-horror-story-freakshow-video-6
41. ^http://www.ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewVideo/C1289C4D2CA5963980257DF90078ED94?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True
42. ^http://www.45worlds.com/i/18f6dbfa8365ece582c
43. ^https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/61pr3lL7GwL._SL1053_.jpg
44. ^http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/gguidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
45. ^http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/pgguidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
46. ^http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/12pgguidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
47. ^1 2 http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/news?opendocument&news=yes&type=graphic
48. ^http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/dv12guidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
49. ^http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/15pgguidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
50. ^http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/dv15guidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
51. ^1 http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/16guidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
52. ^http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/18guidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
53. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20041209072017/http://www.ifco.ie:80/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/12pgguidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
54. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20041208170322/http://www.ifco.ie:80/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/web/15pgguidelines?OpenDocument&type=graphic
55. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-11377869|title=Irish censors ban re-release of 1978 horror film|date=20 September 2010 |publisher=BBC News Northern Ireland |accessdate=20 September 2010}}
56. ^{{cite web |title =Emergency Powers Act, 1939 |publisher=Attorney General of Ireland |date=3 September 1939 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1939/en/act/pub/0028/sec0002.html |accessdate =3 December 2014 }}
57. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor |title=Irish Film Censors' Records |publisher=TCD |accessdate=3 December 2014}}
58. ^https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=1253
59. ^https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=1671
60. ^{{cite book | last1 = Malone | first1 = Aubrey | title = Censoring Hollywood: Sex and Violence in Film and on the Cutting Room Floor | chapter = West and the Rest | publisher = McFarland & Co Inc | date = 27 May 2011 | page = 51 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rWvmwbkeJ6UC&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51#v=onepage&q&f=false | accessdate = 3 July 2013 | isbn = 978-0786464654 | quote = The Marx Brothers 'Monkey Business' was also banned in Ireland in 1931 for fear it would "provoke the Irish to anarchy".}}
61. ^1 https://www.irishpost.com/entertainment/ten-films-that-ireland-banned-68701
62. ^https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=3110
63. ^https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=3194
64. ^https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=1935
65. ^https://www.irishpost.com/entertainment/film-review-tod-brownings-controversial-cult-horror-freaks-52440
66. ^https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xe4pAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT271&lpg=PT271&dq=freaks+banned+ireland&source=bl&ots=Mp8ksMFiPP&sig=ACfU3U1PrF9cIwLfA_9UeCwqrG45_-eRlQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwigqfvG6LHgAhVcUhUIHR44DHQ4ChDoATAIegQIAxAB#v=onepage&q=freaks%20banned%20ireland&f=false
67. ^{{cite book |last1=Biltereyst, Vande Winkel |first1=Daniel, Roel |title=Silencing Cinema: Film Censorship around the World |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0230340814 |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Silencing-Cinema-Censorship-around-Global/dp/0230340814 |accessdate=10 February 2019}}
68. ^ https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=4765
69. ^{{Cite book| publisher = Four Courts| isbn = 9781851828449| last = Rockett| first = Kevin |title = Irish film censorship : a cultural journey from silent cinema to Internet pornography| location = Dublin| date = 2004}}
70. ^https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=3386
71. ^http://www.ifco.ie/website/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewVideo/15EC45711BC0130080257799007370AF?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True
72. ^https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=5928
73. ^https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=3554
74. ^https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/the-mystery-of-the-casablanca-dialogue-cut-by-the-film-censor-26226579.html
75. ^https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/show.php?fid=5981
76. ^1 {{cite book |last=Quigley |first=Martin S. |title=A U.S.Spy in Ireland |publisher=Marino Books |year=1999 |location=Dublin |isbn=1 86023 095 4}}
77. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Chapman|first=James|title=Cinemas of the world: film and society from 1895 to the present|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2003|edition=illustrated|page=200|isbn=978-1-86189-162-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEFw2nnbpGAC&pg=PA200&dq=censor+%22Brief+Encounter%22&q=censor%20%22Brief%20Encounter%22}}
78. ^{{cite news|last1=Linehan|first1=Fergus|title=Polish war film is banned by censor on "horror" grounds|work=The Irish Times|date=21 January 1966}}
79. ^{{cite news|last1=Linehan|first1=Fergus|title=Polish film passed|work=The Irish Times|date=31 January 1966}}
80. ^{{cite web|title=Ban on `Ulysses' film lifted after 33 years|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ban-on-ulysses-film-lifted-after-33-years-1.1124561|website=The Irish Times|publisher=Michael Dwyer|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
81. ^{{cite web|title=After 33 years, censor lets Irish audiences see banned 'Ulysses' film|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/after-33-years-censor-lets-irish-audiences-see-banned-ulysses-film-701740.html|website=The Independent|publisher=Jane Robins|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
82. ^{{cite web|last1=Fallon|first1=Donal|title=Ulysses versus the censors|url=http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/ulysses-versus-the-censors/20556#.WpwRn-jFKUl|website=Spiked Online|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
83. ^{{cite web|title=Ulysses Premiere 33 Years After Being Made|url=http://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/0129/763878-ulysses-the-film/|website=RTÉ Archives|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
84. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite web|title=Films banned in Ireland|url=https://www.boards.ie/b/thread/113288|website=boards.ie|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
85. ^{{cite web|title=Censored! As a 1978 movie is banned, John Meagher looks at 70 years of cuts|url=https://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/censored-26683890.html|website=The Irish Independent|publisher=The Irish Independent|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
86. ^{{cite web|title=Song Contest Tied|url=http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/arin04d.htm|website=Melon Farmers Censorship Watch|publisher=The Irish Independent|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
87. ^{{Cite web|url=http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2000/2/article15.en.html|title=Ireland : The Banning and Unbanning of Films|website=merlin.obs.coe.int|language=en|access-date=2018-03-04}}
88. ^{{Cite news|url=https://comeheretome.com/2013/07/21/banned-like-clockwork/|title=Banned like Clockwork.|date=2013-07-21|work=Come Here To Me!|access-date=2018-03-04|language=en-US}}
89. ^{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Passed like 'Clockwork' following a 26-year delay|work=The Irish Times|date=14 December 1999}}
90. ^{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Kubrick film arrives - minus its poster|work=The Irish Times|date=4 March 2000}}
91. ^{{cite news|title=Ex-TD criticises film about priest|work=The Irish Times|date=6 January 1983}}
92. ^{{cite news|last1=Comiskey|first1=Ray|title='Monsignor' fails to excite|work=The Irish Times|date=15 January 1983}}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/11/1106_banned/source/10.htm |title=Banned Films Around the World | BusinessWeek |publisher=Images.businessweek.com |accessdate=12 September 2011}}
94. ^{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Ken Russell: films with flamboyance|work=The Irish Times|date=20 October 1989}}
95. ^{{cite news|last1=Hegarty|first1=Jerome P.|title=Letters to the Editor: Rejecting a film|work=The Irish Times|date=25 September 1991}}
96. ^{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Russell film ban to be appealed|work=The Irish Times|date=13 August 1991}}
97. ^{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Board fails to decide on Russell film|work=The Irish Times|date=29 August 1991}}
98. ^{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Ban on Russell film is upheld|work=The Irish Times|date=21 September 1991}}
99. ^{{cite web|title=Violent 'Bad Lieutenant' has been banned in Ireland|url=http://buffalonews.com/1993/02/06/violent-bad-lieutenant-had-been-banned-in-ireland/|website=The Buffalo News|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
100. ^{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Film about amoral policeman is banned|work=The Irish Times|date=5 February 1993}}
101. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Madonna film is banned by the censor|work=The Irish Times|date=23 November 1994}}
102. ^{{cite web|title=No.27 - 279-287 - 04042003|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2003/april/2003%2004%2004%20IO%20Issue.pdf|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
103. ^{{cite news|title='Natural Born Killers' Is Banned in Ireland|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/28/arts/natural-born-killers-is-banned-in-ireland.html|accessdate=8 March 2018|work=The New York Times|date=28 October 1994}}
104. ^{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Derek|title=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nzisCQAAQBAJ&lpg=PT4514&ots=gRVVV8uaBq&dq=natural%20born%20killers&pg=PT4514#v=onepage&q=films%20banned%20in%20ireland%20UFO&f=false|website=Google Books|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=8 March 2018}}
105. ^{{cite news|last1=Battersby|first1=Eileen|title=Movie Mad|work=The Irish Times|date=29 December 1994}}
106. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Banned Films|url=https://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1823815|website=Everything2|publisher=Everything2|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
107. ^{{cite web|title=Showgirls' banned in Ireland|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/11/25/Showgirls-banned-in-Ireland/1371817275600/|website=UPI|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
108. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/gratuitously-violent-film-banned-1.45461?mode=amp|title=`Gratuitously violent' film banned|website=www.irishtimes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-04}}
109. ^{{cite web|title=Showgirls|url=http://ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewVideo/59A3ECCCF6C0ED0F802581C300736BD9?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True|website=IFCO: Irish Film Classification Office|publisher=Irish Film Classification Office|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
110. ^{{cite web|title=No. 017 - 239 -251 - 27022004|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2004/february/2004%2002%2027%20IO%20Issue.pdf|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
111. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20070316102047/http://www.iftn.ie/filmireland/issue_58/page2.html
112. ^https://books.google.co.uk/books?redir_esc=y&id=xe4pAAAAQBAJ&q=crash#v=snippet&q=crash&f=false
113. ^{{cite book |last1=Rockett |first1=Kevin |title=Irish Film Censorship: A Cultural Journey from Silent Cinema to Internet Pornography |date=2004 |publisher=Four Courts |isbn=9781851828449 |page= 285}}
114. ^{{cite web|title=No. 093 - 1231-1246 - 19112004|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2004/november/2004%2011%2019%20IO%20Issue.pdf|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
115. ^https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/oct/26/uk.news
116. ^http://melonfarmers.co.uk/arne99.htm
117. ^http://filmireland.net/2014/04/22/a-look-at-lars/
118. ^{{cite news|last1=Dwyer|first1=Michael|title=Censor hits out|work=The Irish Times|date=21 October 2000}}
119. ^{{cite news|last1=Holmquist|first1=Kathryn|title=Wrestling with our convictions|work=The Irish Times|date=27 March 2001}}
120. ^{{cite web|title=No.13 - 223-225 - 12022002|url=https://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2002/february/2002%2002%2012%20IO%20Issue.pdf|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=10 February 2019}}
121. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2010/0921/1224279369319.html?via=mr |title=Re-release of 'I Spit on Your Grave' banned by film body – The Irish Times – Tue, Sep 21, 2010 |publisher=The Irish Times |date=21 September 2010 |accessdate=12 September 2011}}
122. ^{{cite web|title=I Spit On Your Grave|url=http://ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewVideo/0E7B7917E7010446802577A600735ECD?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True|website=Irish Film Classification Office|publisher=Irish Film Classification Office|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
123. ^{{cite web|title=No.28 - 417-436 - 05042002|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2002/april/2002%2004%2005%20IO%20Issue.pdf|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
124. ^{{cite web|title=No.28 - 417-436 - 05042002|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2002/april/2002%2004%2005%20IO%20Issue.pdf|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
125. ^{{cite web|title=No.28 - 417-436 - 05042002|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2002/april/2002%2004%2005%20IO%20Issue.pdf|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
126. ^{{cite web|title=No.71 - 939-945 - 03092002|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2002/september/2002%2009%2003%20IO%20Issue.PDF|website=Iris Oifigiúil|publisher=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=8 March 2018}}
127. ^{{cite web|title=No.81 - 1043-1047 - 08102002|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2002/october/2002%2010%2008%20IO%20Issue.PDF|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
128. ^{{cite web|title=No.96 - 1207-1224 - 29112002|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2002/november/2002%2011%2029%20IO%20Issue.PDF|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
129. ^{{cite web |title=10 Films The Irish Censors Hated |work= |publisher=What Culture |date=5 March 2013 |url=http://whatculture.com/film/10-films-the-irish-censors-hated.php/4 |accessdate=3 December 2014 }}
130. ^{{cite web|title=Film censor bans video and DVD release of controversial French film|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/film-censor-bans-video-and-dvd-release-of-controversial-french-film-1.353551|website=The Irish Times|accessdate=4 March 2018}}
131. ^{{cite web|title=No.24 - 227-235 - 25032003|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2003/march/2003%2003%2025%20IO%20Issue.pdf|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
132. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20160315120336/http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/lookupreports2/1C09242E19D2559D80256EC1005CC251/$File/Film+Censors+Report+.pdf?openelement
133. ^{{cite web|title=The director who didn't say 'cut'|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/the-director-who-didn-t-say-cut-1.780656|website=The Irish Times|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
134. ^https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/boy-will-get-to-eat-girl-after-all-1.476854
135. ^http://www.ifco.ie/website/IFCO/ifcoweb.nsf/SearchViewFilm/25D8697C3E046C2480257083005279A7?OpenDocument&OpenUp=True
136. ^http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/lookupreports2/D2E379DFC484D98E802571AB0039E72B/$File/2005%20Annual%20Report.pdf?openelement
137. ^{{cite web|title=No. 75 - 931 - 937 - 20092005|url=http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/archive/2005/september/2005%2009%2020%20IO%20Issue.pdf|website=Iris Oifigiúil|accessdate=5 March 2018}}
138. ^https://imgur.com/a/BiTwqho
139. ^{{cite book |last=Flynn |first=Roderick |author2=Brereton, Patrick |title=Historical Dictionary of Irish Cinema |publisher=Scarecrow Press |date=30 July 2007 |location=Plymouth |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQT4XcCPDrYC&lpg=PA196&dq=%22irish%20film%20society%22&pg=PA52 |isbn=978-0-8108-5557-1 }}

External links

  • BANNED: 10 controversial films that were banned in Ireland Irish Independent
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150104095827/http://corkonlinelawreview.com/editions/2006/2006%202%20Cocoman.pdf Film Censorship Cut!] Cork Online Law Review 2006
  • Irish Film Classification Office
  • Is Irish Film Censorship Too Strict? (1964 vox pop) RTÉ Archives.
  • [https://www.tcd.ie/irishfilm/censor/ Irish Film Censors' Records] - Trinity College Dublin
  • [https://www.boards.ie/b/thread/113288 Films banned in Ireland] - boards.ie
  • https://www.thejournal.ie/censored-the-274-books-and-magazines-still-banned-in-ireland-today-455034-May2012/
  • https://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/ireland-a-nation-film-banned
  • https://www.thejournal.ie/banned-film-festival-1292788-Feb2014/
  • http://www.fourcourtspress.ie/books/archives/irish-film-censorship/
  • https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2011/FAVK054/um/27468142/censoring_american_film_in_ireland.pdf
  • http://www.ifco.ie/ifco/ifcoweb.nsf/lookupreports2/AA073005F7A0F95780256F020055DD28/$File/a+history.pdf
  • http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/WP15000099
Legislation links
  • Censorship of Films Act, 1923
  • Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1925
  • The Censorship of Films (Exhibition of Censor's Certificate) Regulations, 1926
  • Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1930
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20091025123611/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1930/en/si/v5pg269.html Censorship Of Films (No. 1) Order, 1930]
  • Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1970
  • Video Recordings Act, 1989
  • Censorship of Films (Amendment) Act, 1992

3 : Censorship in the Republic of Ireland|Cinema of the Republic of Ireland|Film censorship by country
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