| 词条 | First-magnitude star | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
First-magnitude stars are the brightest stars in the night sky, with apparent magnitudes lower than +1.50.[1][2] Hipparchus, in the 1st century B.C., introduced the magnitude scale. He allocated first magnitude to the 20 brightest stars and the sixth magnitude to the faintest stars visible to the naked eye. In the 19th Century, this ancient scale of apparent magnitude was logarithmically defined—so that a star of 1.00 mag is exactly 100 times brighter than a star of 6.00 magnitude. The scale also was extended to even brighter celestial bodies like Sirius (-1.5 mag), Venus (-4 mag), full Moon (-12.7 mag) and Sun (-26.7 mag). HipparchusHipparchus ranked his stars in a very simple way. He listed the brightest stars as "of the first magnitude", which meant "the biggest." Stars less bright Hipparchus called "of the second magnitude", or second biggest. The faintest stars visible to the naked eye he called "of the sixth magnitude".[3] Naked-eye magnitude systemDuring a series of lectures given in 1736 at the University of Oxford, its then Professor of Astronomy explainedː[4] The fixed Stars appear to be of different Bignesses, not because they really are so, but because they are not all equally distant from us. Those that are nearest will excel in Lustre and Bigness; the more remote Stars will give a fainter Light, and appear smaller to the Eye. Hence arise the Distribution of Stars, according to their Order and Dignity, into Classes; the first Class containing those which are nearest to us, are called Stars of the first Magnitude; those that are next to them, are Stars of the second Magnitude ... and so forth, 'till we come to the Stars of the sixth Magnitude, which comprehend the smallest Stars that can be discerned with the bare Eye. For all the other Stars, which are only seen by the Help of a Telescope [...]And even among those Stars which are reckoned of the brightest Class, there appears a Variety of Magnitude; for Sirius or Arcturus are each of them brighter than Aldebaran [...] And there are some Stars of such an intermedial Order, that the Astronomers have differed in classing of them; some putting the same Stars in one Class, others in another. For Example: The little Dog was by Tycho placed among the Stars of the second Magnitude, which Ptolemy reckoned among the Stars of the first Class [...]Distribution on the SkyIn the modern scale, the 20 brightest stars of Hipparchos have magnitudes between -1.5 (Sirius) and +1.6 (Bellatrix, γ Orionis). The table below shows 22 stars brighter than +1.5 mag, but 5 of them the Greek astronomers probably didn't know for their far southern position. Twelve of the 22 brightest stars are on the actual Northern sky, ten on Southern sky. But on the seasonal evening sky, they are unevenly distributed: In Europe and USA 12-13 stars are visible in winter, but only 6-7 in summer. Nine of the brightest winter stars are part of the Winter Hexagon or surrounded by it. Table of the 22 first-magnitude stars
See also
Literature
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stargazing.net/david/constel/brightstars.html |title=First Magnitude Stars |work=stargazing.net |accessdate=31 August 2017 }} 2. ^Learning the First-Magnitude Stars. Campbell, Frederick. Journal: Popular Astronomy, 1917. Vol. 25, p.245 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/the-stellar-magnitude-system/ |title=The Stellar Magnitude System |author=Alan MacRobert |date=1 August 2006 |publisher=Sky & Telescope |work=skyandtelescope.com |accessdate=31 August 2017 }} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Keill|first=John|title=An Introduction to the True Astronomy, 3rd ed.|publisher=Henry Lintot|date=1739|place=London|url=https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=ITKLbufR_DsC|page=47}} 5. ^{{cite web | url=http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-S?HR%202491 | title=Entry for HR 2491 | work=Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Preliminary Version) |author1=Hoffleit, D. |author2=Warren, Jr., W. H. | date=1991 | publisher=CDS }} ID V/50. 6. ^{{cite journal | title=Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system | last1=Ducati | first1=J. R. | journal=CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues | volume=2237 | pages=0 | date=2002 | bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D }} Vizier catalog entry 7. ^{{cite journal|bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system|journal=CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues|volume=2237|pages=0|author1=Ducati|first1=J. R.|date=2002}} 4 : Stellar astronomy|Observational astronomy|Stars|Photometry |
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