| 词条 | Raymond Hood |
| 释义 |
|name=Raymond Hood |image = Raymond-hood-photo.jpg |nationality=American |birth_date={{Birth date|1881|3|29|df=y}} |birth_place= Pawtucket, Rhode Island |death_date={{Death date and age|1934|8|14|1881|3|29|df=y}} |death_place=Stamford, Connecticut |practice= |alma_mater= Brown University, MIT, École des Beaux-Arts |spouse= |significant_buildings=Tribune Tower, Comcast Building, New York Daily News Building |awards= }}{{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | image1 = Tribune Tower-Chicago.jpg | width1 = 171 | caption1 = The Tribune Tower in Chicago | image2 = New York Daily News building 1930.jpg | width2 = 204 | caption2 = The Daily News Building in Manhattan, rendering by Hugh Ferriss }} Raymond Mathewson Hood (March 29, 1881 – August 14, 1934) was an American architect who worked in the Art Deco style. Life and careerHood was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, and attended Brown University before enrolling at MIT. As a post-graduate, Hood worked as a draftsman at the architecture firm Cram, Goodhue and Ferguson in Boston. While employed by Cram, Hood worked on the Deborah Cook Sayles Public Library in his hometown of Pawtucket.[1] He was accepted into the École des Beaux-Arts in 1911 and earned a degree.[2] In 1922, New York architect John Mead Howells, who had met him at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, invited Hood to become his partner in the Chicago Tribune building competition in which Howells had been invited to compete. The design submitted by Howells and Hood won the competition, and Hood, 41, become touted as one of New York's best architects.[3] Hood did not consider himself an artist, but saw himself as "manufacturing shelter",[3] writing: There has been entirely too much talk about the collaboration of architect, painter and sculptor; nowadays, the collaborators are the architects, the engineer, and the plumber. ... Buildings are constructed for certain purposes, and the buildings of today are more practical, from the standpoint of the man who is in them than the older buildings. ... We are considering effort and convenience much more than appearance or effect.[4] Hood's design theory was aligned with that of the Bauhaus, in that he valued utility as beauty: Beauty is utility, developed in a manner to which the eye is accustomed by habit, in so far as this development does not detract from its quality of usefulness.[5] Despite this paen to utility, Hood's designs featured non-utilitarian aspects such as roof gardens, polychromy, and Art Deco ornamentation. As much as Hood might insist that his designs were largely determined by the practicalities of zoning laws and the restraints of economics, each of his major buildings were different enough to suggest that Hood's design artistry was a significant factor in the final result.[3] While a student at the École des Beaux-Arts, Hood met John Mead Howells, with whom he later partnered. Hood frequently employed architectural sculptor Rene Paul Chambellan both for architectural sculptures for his building and to make plasticine models of his projects. Hood is believed to have coined the term "Architecture of the Night" in a 1930 pamphlet published by General Electric.[6] Hood died at age 53 and was interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. In fictionFrank Heynick[7] has argued from a study of the journal notes of Ayn Rand made in the late 1930s and of incidents in her 1943 novel The Fountainhead, that Raymond Hood's career and works provided fodder for her fictional architect Peter Keating. This major figure in The Fountainhead epitomized the "second-hander" who – in stark opposition to the uncompromising and innovative hero of the novel, Howard Roark, and exemplified in real life by Frank Lloyd Wright, whom Rand idolized – adapts the classicist and historicist Old World architectural styles to the new American medium of the skyscraper, and then goes on to adopt modernism as soon as this becomes safely fashionable. Certain specific incidents in the fictional Keating's career are pointed to by Heynick as having been drawn from Hood's real-life career, such as their both suddenly gaining national fame by winning the highly publicized skyscraper contest for a media corporation in the early 1920s with a design in the historicist style, and their both heading the committee for a "modernistic" World's Fair in the 1930s from which the hero architect (Howard Roark in the novel, Frank Lloyd Wright in real-life) was excluded.[7] Nevertheless, with regard to Rockefeller Center, of which Hood was the chief designer, Rand, despite her earlier negative comments in her journals, was subsequently cited as having some good words for the RCA Building. More intriguingly, as Heynick points out, Rand is quoted in a 1943 newspaper interview as referring to Hood's McGraw-Hill Building as the most beautiful in New York, thus, apparently, seeing Hood in a different light. This, Heynick argues, was justly so. Rand's creating of the negative fictional character of Peter Keating required her to draw exclusively upon the negative aspects of Hood's career as she perceived it. But particularly with reference to the Art Deco mode – a style which goes unmentioned in Rand's novel – Hood in fact showed his creative versatility in designing two Deco skyscrapers so radically distinct from one another as the RCA Building and the McGraw-Hill Building.[7] Selected works
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite news |last1=Morgan |first1=William |title=5 gems of Rhode Island architecture |url=https://www.providencejournal.com/entertainmentlife/20190214/5-gems-of-rhode-island-architecture |accessdate=19 February 2019 |publisher=The Providence Journal |date=14 February 2019}} Bibliography2. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Baughman |editor-first=Judith S. |title=American Decades: 1920 - 1929|year=1996|publisher=Gale Research|location=New York|isbn=9780810357242|pages=180–1}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Robins |first=Anthony W. |url=http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/79-MC-GRAW-HILL.pdf |title=McGraw-Hill Building Designation Report |publisher=New York Landmarks Preservation Commission |date=September 11, 1979}} 4. ^Woolf, S. J. "An Architect Hails the Rule of Reason - Design that is grounded in material and function ill make buildings more beautiful, says Raymond Hood" New York Times Magazine (November 1, 1931) quoted in Robins, Anthony W. "McGraw-Hill Building Designation Report" New York Landmarks Preservation Commission (September 11, 1979) 5. ^Griswold, J. B. "Nine Years Ago, Raymond M Hood Was Behind in his Rent ... Today - he holds the spotlight as a master shoman of stone and steel" American Magazine (October 1931) p.145, quoted in Robins, Anthony W. "McGraw-Hill Building Designation Report" New York Landmarks Preservation Commission (September 11, 1979) 6. ^[https://archive.org/stream/ArchitectureOfTheNightASeriesOfArticlesPublishedByTheGeneral/CCA48009#page/n5/mode/2up "Architecture of the Night"] General Electric Company (1930) 7. ^1 2 Heynick, Frank. "Peter Keating designed Rockefeller Center?" on The Atlasphere website (September 7, 2009)
External links{{commons category|Raymond Hood}}
10 : 1881 births|1934 deaths|People from Pawtucket, Rhode Island|20th-century American architects|Architects from Pawtucket, Rhode Island|Architects from New York City|Art Deco architects|Brown University alumni|American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts|Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery |
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