“Ray Nagin”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Clarence Ray Nagin Jr., also known as C. Ray Nagin (born June 11, 1956), is an American former politician, businessman and convicted felon who served as the 60th mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana, from 2002 to 2010. A Democrat, Nagin became internationally known in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

Nagin was first elected as mayor in March 2002.^[1] He was re-elected in 2006 when the election was held with at least two-thirds of New Orleans citizens still displaced after Katrina struck. Term-limited by law, he left office on May 3, 2010.

After leaving office, Nagin founded CRN Initiatives LLC, a firm that focuses on emergency preparedness, green energy product development, publishing, and public speaking. He wrote and self-published Katrina Secrets: Storms after the Storms.^[2]

In 2014, Nagin was convicted on twenty of twenty-one charges of wire fraud, bribery, and money laundering related to bribes from city contractors before and after Katrina^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] and was sentenced to ten years in federal prison.^[7]^[8]

Early life and career

Nagin was born on June 11, 1956,^[9] in New Orleans' Charity Hospital, to a family of modest means.^[10] His childhood was typical of that of urban youth,^[10] and his father held two jobs: a janitor at New Orleans City Hall by night and a fabric cutter at a clothing factory by day. After the factory shut down his father became a fleet mechanic at a local dairy,^[11] to earn sufficient pay to support his family.^[13] His mother was employed as manager of a Kmart in-store restaurant.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} The family lived on Allen Street in the 7th Ward, followed by a stay near St. Peter Claver Catholic Church in the Tremé, and then moved to the Cutoff section of Algiers.^[11] Nagin attended St. Augustine High School{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} and O. Perry Walker High School,^[12] where he played basketball and baseball.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} He enrolled at historically black Tuskegee University in Tuskegee, Alabama, on a baseball scholarship, played on championship teams,^[13] and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting in 1978.^[10] He became a Certified Public Accountant.^[18]

After graduating from college, he went to work in the purchasing department at General Motors in Detroit, Michigan. He moved to Los Angeles, California, then to Dallas, Texas in 1981 to take Internal Audit Manager and Division Controller jobs with Associates Corporation.^[11]

In 1982, Nagin married Seletha Smith, a New Orleans native.^[11] Together, they have three children.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} In 1985, Nagin returned to New Orleans to become the controller of Cox New Orleans, the city's cable television franchise,^[11] run by the Cox media conglomerate. The franchise had a history of customer complaints, low profits, and stagnant growth, and was one of the poorest-performing components within Cox. Nagin was quickly promoted to general manager. In 1989, he was appointed to oversee all of Cox properties in south Louisiana as vice-president and general manager of Cox Louisiana, earning $400,000 annually, according to CNBC's "American Greed"

In 1993, Nagin enrolled in the executive MBA program at Tulane University. Nagin also lobbied at the local, State, and Federal government levels, as many of the businesses he managed were regulated and required formal franchise renewals.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} His public profile was high because he hosted a twice-weekly television call-in show for customers.

In 1995, Nagin received the Young Leadership Council Diversity and Role Model Award and later sat on the boards of the United Way and Covenant House. He also was one of the founders and president of 100 Black Men of metro New Orleans, an affiliate of the national organization of black businessmen.

Nagin was a partner in a group that brought the New Orleans Brass to the city.^[13] Nagin became the team's president and investors' spokesman as they secured the hockey franchise.^[11] The initial popularity of the team allowed the group to secure the 18,000-seat New Orleans Arena as its home venue.^[11] That year, the local alternative newspaper Gambit Weekly named Nagin as its New Orleanian of the Year.^[14]

Political affiliation

Several news sources, including BBC News,^[15]^[16]^[17] have stated that Nagin was a registered Republican for most of his adult life, and a George W. Bush supporter, but switched to the Democratic Party shortly before seeking office. In 2004, he endorsed John Kerry for president.^[18]^[19] In a January 13, 2006 interview on the Tavis Smiley Show, Nagin himself denied these rumors, stating that he "never was a Republican" and that he has been a "life-long Democrat",^[20] and several news organizations that reported he was a Republican issued retractions.^[21] He periodically gave contributions to candidates of both parties, including Representative Billy Tauzin in 1999 and 2000, as well as Democrat Senators John Breaux and J. Bennett Johnston, Jr. earlier in the decade. Nagin endorsed conservative Republican Bobby Jindal over conservative Democrat Lieutenant Governor Kathleen Blanco in the 2003 runoff for governor.^[22]

2002 mayoral election

Shortly before the primary mayoral election, on January 17, 2002, the New Orleans Times Picayune and Gambit Weekly endorsed Nagin.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

In the first round of the mayoral election in February 2002, Nagin won first place with 29 percent of the vote. Some of his opponents were the Police Chief Richard Pennington, State Senator Paulette Irons, and City Councilman Troy Carter. In the runoff on Saturday, March 2, 2002,^[1] Nagin defeated Richard Pennington with 59 percent of the votes to become the 60th mayor of New Orleans.^[1]

First term

The 2004 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report of the City of New Orleans, as certified by CPA firm KPMG, highlighted many significant accomplishments of the Nagin administration. New Orleans gained 4,500 jobs that year. U.S. Census Bureau figures showed about 38,000 New Orleanians had risen out of poverty as the national average increased. According to The American City Business Journal, per capita income in New Orleans was rising at the fastest rate in the nation.^[23]

In November 2004, the Nagin administration passed the city's largest bond issue, $260 million.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} New Orleans also jumped from 69th to 38th on Intel's list of "Most Wired Cities".{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} The city's website went from being unranked to the 4th best in the nation.^[23]

As Hurricane Ivan threatened the Gulf of Mexico in September 2004, Nagin urged New Orleanians to be ready for the storm. He advised evacuees to have some "Benjamins" ($100 bills) handy and urged those planning to stay not only to stock up on food and water but also to make sure they had "an axe in the attic".{{citation needed|date=August 2014}} This was a reference to the many people trapped in their attics by rising floodwaters when Hurricane Betsy hit the city in 1965. Nagin issued a voluntary evacuation call at 6 p.m. on September 13, and the interstates quickly filled as some 600,000 metro New Orleanians left. Traffic was so heavy that some trips took 12 hours or more. The hurricane missed the city.

Hurricane Katrina

In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina entered the Gulf of Mexico. Early on Friday, August 26, Mayor Nagin advised New Orleanians to keep a close eye on the storm and prepare for evacuation. He then made several public statements encouraging people to leave and advising that if they did not evacuate, "We will take care of you".^[24] By 10 a.m. Saturday, a mandatory evacuation was called for low-lying areas in the surrounding parishes—St. Charles, St. Tammany, Plaquemines, and Jefferson—and a voluntary evacuation for St. Bernard Parish. Nagin had, however, ignored federal and state offers of help and a recommendation to evacuate the city.

In addition to the parishes' announcements, President George W. Bush declared a federal state of emergency for Louisiana.

In accordance with the regional evacuation plan, New Orleans, along with the surrounding areas of Jefferson and St. Charles parishes, were given formal voluntary evacuation orders around 50 hours from landfall. This phased approach along with "contraflow", wherein all incoming interstate highway lanes are reversed outward, ensured that additional vehicles moving onto already congested roads would not create massive gridlock. The local newspaper reported that Nagin stopped short of ordering a mandatory evacuation because of concerns about the city's liability for closing hotels and other businesses.^[25]

After receiving a late night Saturday call from Max Mayfield, head of the National Hurricane Center, Nagin was advised that Katrina was headed to New Orleans. He ordered the city attorney to prepare legal documents for a mandatory evacuation of the city, the first in New Orleans' almost 300-year history. On Sunday, August 28 at 9:30 a.m., the mandatory evacuation order was signed and communicated to the public. The Superdome was opened as a shelter of last resort and police went throughout the city with loudspeakers alerting all remaining citizens to go to key pickup points for free bus rides. By Sunday evening 80% of New Orleanians and visitors were evacuated or relocated.^[26]

After the hurricane hit, the federally built and maintained levees collapsed throughout the city. 80% of the city flooded, some areas as high as 20 feet, over rooftops. Food and water became scarce. Looting was common. After hearing reports on his wind up radio, Nagin criticized the federal and state response on WWL radio and his passionate outburst went viral.

At a town hall meeting in October 2005, Nagin said: "I can see in your eyes, you want to know, 'How do I take advantage of this incredible opportunity? How do I make sure New Orleans is not overrun with Mexican workers". This was in response to a question from the audience.^[27] Some Hispanic groups, including the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, criticized Nagin's statement,^[28] although those attending the town hall meeting reportedly applauded—many believing jobs should first go to locals displaced by the hurricane. Nagin went on to say this was the city's biggest economic opportunity and urged New Orleanians to get more comfortable working beside someone who did not look like them, as everyone's help was needed. During a subsequent interview on Telemundo with Jose Diaz-Balart, Nagin praised the great work Hispanic workers did in New Orleans and said the city would not have recovered without them.^[29]

"Chocolate City" speech

Shortly after Katrina devastated New Orleans, there were calls for moratoriums on rebuilding certain neighborhoods.^[30] Two weeks after Katrina struck, Nagin took a weekend trip to Dallas to reunite with his family. While there, he was asked to meet with leading New Orleans businessmen to discuss the city's future. Nagin says he made it clear at the meeting that everyone had a right to return home, a claim contradicted by some businessmen in attendance.

Many of the initial proposals to rebuild New Orleans focused on rebuilding areas with the highest likelihood of economic return. Many groups expressed concern that this might radically change the racial make-up of the city.^[31] The land deemed most economically viable was mostly city land above sea-level, in which the most economically-advantaged and white citizens resided; the majority of New Orleanians, especially black residents, lived in the outer edges of the city, where land was mostly below sea-level and deemed less economically viable.^[32]^[33] Nagin disavowed such proposals, and in response to residents' concerns, he used the phrase "Chocolate City" to signal that New Orleans would remain a majority black city.^[34] He first used the phrase during a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day celebration speech in New Orleans on January 16, 2006 and repeated the metaphor several times. This was seized upon and parodied by some commentators, cartoons, and merchandising. Various designs of T-shirts with satirical depictions of Nagin as Willy Wonka were sold in the city and on the Internet.^[35]

Nagin also said that New Orleans "will be a majority African-American city because this was what God wants it to be."^[36] Some people found the implication of Nagin claiming to know God's will to be as troubling as the racial aspects of his speech.^[37] He then condemned Washington D.C., by saying God "sent us hurricane after hurricane after hurricane, and it's destroyed and put stress on this country", suggesting God's disapproval of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.^[38]

In an interview with Tavis Smiley broadcast on Public Radio International on January 13, 2006, Nagin said he used the phrase "chocolate city" in reference to a time in the 1970s when African Americans were just starting to exercise political power in places like Washington, D.C. The term had been used in many of Nagin's previous speeches and welcoming addresses to visitors of the city. The idea reportedly originated with the song "Chocolate City" by the popular 1970s funk group Parliament.^[39]^[40]

2006 mayoral election

At the time of the 2006 election, at least two-thirds of its residents were still displaced. One candidate said in his Times Picayune interview he was running because the city's demographics had dramatically changed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} There were three unsuccessful lawsuits filed to prevent delaying the original election date.^[41]

In the April 22 election, Nagin was the front runner with 38% of the vote. Louisiana Lieutenant Governor Mitch Landrieu came in second with 29%. Nagin and Landrieu faced each other in a run-off election on May 20, 2006. Nagin defeated Landrieu 52% to 48%.

Second term

Nagin's second term began on June 1, 2006. He was intensely criticized by the local media throughout this term. For example, his "100-day plan" to accelerate the rebuilding of New Orleans was bashed for what critics said was a tardy release, lack of details and activity in moving forward.^[42] Nagin administration spokesperson Rob Couhig backed away from a 100-day promise, stating that it was not meant as a "time period," but as a short-range initiative to improve quality-of-life issues. Delays in FEMA reimbursements and federal recovery dollars reaching the city caused many significant delays.^[43]

He was also a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition,^[44] an organization formed in 2006 and co-chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino.

In 2006, Nagin was also criticized for devoting time to extensive lobbying in Washington, DC and a national speaking tour.^[45] Nagin's administration said this was necessary in order to correct inaccurate perceptions of New Orleans and secure recovery support.

In addition during 2007, a drastic increase in the city's violent crime rate led to more criticism of Nagin. Nagin called for and got help from the Louisiana National Guard and U.S. Justice Department. However, Nagin continued to be heavily criticized by the local newspaper.^[46] He reignited complaints when he said news of two killings should keep focus on the city's needs for more help and, "while sad, keeps the New Orleans brand out there."^[47]

Nagin hired recovery expert Dr. Ed Blakely in 2007 to head up a dedicated Office of Recovery Management. The Rockefeller, Ford and Bill & Melinda Gates foundations provided grants for critical staff enhancements. During the end of 2007 and into 2008 Nagin guided the city through an extensive planning process that documented a $14 billion need. However, the state only allocated 2% of the plan and it took almost three years to receive any of these federal recovery dollars.^[48]

By years 4 and 5, New Orleans made significant progress toward recovery. 85% of all city managed recovery projects were either recently completed, under construction, or in final design. By the end of 2009, there were over $20 billion in public & private sector construction related projects underway.^[49]

Prior to leaving office in 2010, Nagin was appointed by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to head the United States delegation to a state and local governments conference on assistance to post-earthquake Haiti held in Martinique. A recovery plan was completed and presented to donor nations resulting in Haiti receiving billions in pledges.^[53]

Corruption allegations, indictments and convictions

On April 7, 2009, the Times-Picayune alleged a conflict of interest with regard to a trip Nagin took to Hawaii in 2004. The vacation Nagin, then-chief technology officer Greg Meffert, and their families took in 2004 was claimed to be partially paid for by Meffert, but years later it was revealed that Meffert used a contractor's credit card to pay for Nagin's plane ticket.^[54] David Hammer of the Times-Picayune reported on April 23, 2009, that Nagin had taken "plenty of other trips" at the expense of NetMethods, a company owned by city vendor Mark St. Pierre.^[55]

In April 2009, Nagin was obliged "to sit for a deposition as part of a civil lawsuit over the city's controversial crime camera program."^[56] The Times-Picayune had obtained information that Mark St. Pierre, who allegedly paid for the holiday, had made substantial donations to Nagin's 2006 re-election campaign.

Nagin's Chief Technology Officer, Greg Meffert, was later charged with 63 felony counts in what authorities say "was a lucrative kickback scheme."^[57] All but two of the counts were subsequently dropped, and Meffert eventually pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud and one count of filing a false income tax return.^[58]

In April 2010, as a result of a FOIA request from a New Orleans news station, Nagin was investigated for destroying his official city emails. After a forensic investigation by computer forensics firm SunBlock Systems, 5,400 emails were recovered. Many of these emails were subsequently used as evidence in his 2013 criminal trial.^[59]

In June 2012, Frank Fradella, who was facing major securities fraud charges, pleaded guilty in New Orleans federal court to one count of conspiracy to bribe a public official. According to The Times-Picayune, Fradella claims to have paid $50,000 and delivered truckloads of free granite to Nagin's sons' business in exchange for favorable treatment for Fradella's companies with city contracts.^[60]

On January 18, 2013, Nagin was indicted on 21 corruption charges, including wire fraud, conspiracy, bribery, money laundering, and filing false tax returns related to bribes from city contractors.^[6]^[61] The 21-count federal corruption charges were issued by a grand jury.^[62] On February 20, 2013, Nagin pleaded not guilty in federal court to all charges.^[4]^[63] Despite New Orleans' long history of political corruption, Nagin was the first mayor to be criminally charged for corruption in office.^[64]

Nagin was convicted on 20 of the 21 counts by jury on February 12, 2014.^[65] These charges included that he had taken more than $500,000 in payouts from businessmen in exchange for millions of dollars' worth of city contracts.^[66]^[67]

Incarceration

Judge Helen Ginger Berrigan, a Bill Clinton appointee to the federal bench, ordered a pre-sentencing investigation. On July 9, 2014, Nagin was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment, and more than $585,000 in restitution and forfeiture.^[8] Berrigan recommended that Nagin be sent to the Federal Correctional Complex, Oakdale.^[68] On July 15, 2014, Nagin's attorney filed an appeal with the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.^[69]

On September 3, 2014, a judge deemed Nagin indigent and ordered the Federal Public Defender's Office to take over his appeal. Nagin said he was near penniless and relying on food stamps.^[70] Nagin reported to the Federal Correctional Institution, Texarkana, a prison camp, on September 8, 2014.^[71] Nagin, Bureau of Prisons (BOP) #32751-034, is presently incarcerated at this facility. His earliest possible release date is May 25, 2023.^[72]

See also

References

1. ^¹²Louisiana Secretary of State Election Results, March 2, 2002, Mayor City of New Orleans.
2. ^C. Ray Nagin, Katrina Secrets: Storms after the Storms, p. 340, {{ISBN|9781460959718}}
3. ^{{cite news|title=Former New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin indicted for corruption|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/18/us-usa-crime-nagin-idUSBRE90H12U20130118|publisher=Reuters|access-date=January 18, 2013|date=January 18, 2013}}
4. ^¹{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/01/us-usa-crime-neworleans-idUSBRE9300MX20130401 | work=Reuters | first=David | last=Bailey | title=Trial of former New Orleans mayor delayed until October | date=April 1, 2013}}
5. ^Live coverage: Ray Nagin convicted, guilty on 20 charges | NOLA.com
6. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/former-new-orleans-mayor-nagin-convicted-on-bribery-other-charges/2014/02/12/d26c9a8a-9418-11e3-84e1-27626c5ef5fb_story.html|title=Former New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin convicted on bribery, other charges|author=Fahrenthold, David A. |date=February 12, 2014|work=Washington Post}}
7. ^{{cite news|title=Ex-New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin sentenced to 10 years|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/07/09/ray-nagin-new-orleans-mayor-sentencing/12397415/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=July 9, 2014|date=July 9, 2014}}
8. ^¹{{cite news|title=Ray Nagin, Former New Orleans Mayor, Sentenced to 10 Years in Prison|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/10/us/ray-nagin-former-new-orleans-mayor.html?_r=0|publisher=New York Times|access-date=July 9, 2014|date=July 9, 2014}}
9. ^{{cite book | last1 = Bumgarner | first1 = Jeffrey B. | title = Emergency Management: A Reference Handbook | publisher = ABC-CLIO | pages = 146 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-BrMfxhUsuAC&dq | accessdate = 2014-02-17 | isbn = 978-1598841107}}
10. ^¹²{{Cite journal | last = Stevens | first = Andrew | title = Ray Nagin: Former Mayor of New Orleans | date = May 28, 2006 | url = http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/new_orleans_mayor.html }}
11. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{Cite journal | title = Ray Nagin | url = }}{{Incomplete short citation|date=August 2014}}
12. ^"RAY NAGIN {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423170536/http://tulane.edu/news/tulanian/ray_nagin.cfm |date=April 23, 2016 }}." (Archive {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211536/http://tulane.edu/news/tulanian/ray_nagin.cfm?RenderForPrint=1 |date=March 3, 2016 }}) Tulane University. Retrieved on March 15, 2013.
13. ^{{cite news|url= http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2014/02/ray_nagin_corruption_trial_on.html| title= Ray Nagin corruption trial on Tuesday: A study in politics clashing with development at Home Depot| first=Mark|last= Waller | newspaper= The Times-Picayune | date=February 4, 2014 | quote= David White, a business partner of Nagin's from earlier ventures such as the New Orleans Brass hockey team...| accessdate= 2014-07-09}}
14. ^¹{{cite web| url= http://www.bestofneworleans.com/gambit/ray-nagin-for-mayor/Content?oid=1239895| title= Ray Nagin For Mayor | date= January 22, 2002 | publisher= Gambit Weekly | quote= Nagin is a certified public accountant who serves as vice president and general manager of Cox Communications, the local cable television company. He supervises more than 900 people and an annual budget of $200 million—more than one third of the annual city operating budget. He is president and founder of the New Orleans Brass minor league hockey team, and he was Gambit Weekly's New Orleanian of the Year for 1998. | accessdate= 2014-07-09}}
15. ^A Conservative Defense of Ray Nagin {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130226/http://www.mdcbowen.org/cobb/archives/004594.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
16. ^Here’s To You, Ray Nagin {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626052856/http://www.thebeak.org/index.php/archives/54 |date=June 26, 2006 }}. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
17. ^Ray Nagin Is NOT America's Mayor {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025023752/http://www.michnews.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi/220/9380 |date=October 25, 2008 }}. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
18. ^¹²{{cite news| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4623922.stm | work=BBC News | title=Profile: Ray Nagin | date=May 21, 2006}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/new_orleans_mayor.html|title=City Mayors: Ray Nagin - Mayor of New Orleans|work=citymayors.com}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.tavistalks.com/ttcom/tsradio/ARCH2006/011306arch/index.html|title=Ray Nagin interviewed on the January 13, 2006 Tavis Smiley Show|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720081358/http://www.tavistalks.com/ttcom/tsradio/ARCH2006/011306arch/index.html|archivedate=July 20, 2006|df=mdy-all}}
21. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/25/AR2005102501627.html |date=October 25, 2005|work=Washington Post |title=Article with correction on Nagin's political history|first1=Ceci|last1=Connolly|first2=Manuel|last2=Roig-Franzia}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wdsu.com/politics/2604218/detail.html |title=Nagin Endorses Jindal |publisher=WDSU |date=2003-11-03 |accessdate=2012-12-22 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
23. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://app1.lla.state.la.us/PublicReports.nsf/98F3165C819D1B... |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-08-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150827201457/http://app1.lla.state.la.us/PublicReports.nsf/98F3165C819D1B... |archivedate=August 27, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}
24. ^{{cite book |last=Brinkley |first=Douglas |title=The Great Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf Coast |year=2009 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York, NY |isbn=0061744735 |page=94}}
25. ^Nolan, Bruce. "Katrina Takes Aim" {{webarchive |url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090702060202/http%3A//www%2Enola%2Ecom/news/t%2Dp/frontpage/index%2Essf?/base/news%2D4/1125213007249320%2Exml |date=July 2, 2009 }}, The Times Picayune, August 28, 2005
26. ^Nagin, C. R (2011), Katrina's Secrets: Storms after the Storm
27. ^http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2005/12/04/a-new-spice-in{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}...{{Incomplete short citation|date=August 2014}}
28. ^USHCC Deplores Remarks by New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin Regarding Mexican Workers and the Rebuilding of New Orleans {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226021710/http://www.hispanicprwire.com/news.php?l=in&id=5044&cha=11 |date=December 26, 2005 }} – Hispanic PR Wire, October 19, 2005.
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://enfoque.msnlatino.telemundo.com/los-secretos-de-katrina.php |title=Los secretos de Katrina |publisher=Telemundo |date= |accessdate=2012-12-22}}
30. ^{{cite web|last=Klein|first=Naomi|url=http://www.global-sisterhood-network.org/content/view/495/76-cached|title='Here's a better idea' for victims of Hurricane Katrina|publisher=Global Sisterhood Network|date=September 9, 2005 }}
31. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/22/weekinreview/22dao.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=James | last=Dao | title=In New Orleans, Smaller May Mean Whiter | date=January 22, 2006}}
32. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/us/nationalspecial/21orleans.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Adam | last=Nossiter | title=New Orleans of Future May Stay Half Its Old Size | date=January 21, 2007}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/asset/19885612 |accessdate=June 13, 2013 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
34. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/weekinreview/11levy.html?scp=748&sq=betsy&st=nyt | work=The New York Times | first=Clifford J. | last=Levy | title=New Orleans Is Not Ready to Think Small, or Even Medium | date=December 11, 2005}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nola.com/printer/printer.ssf?/base/news-4/1138086402226440.xml |title=Times-Picayune, January 24, 2005 |publisher=Nola.com |accessdate=February 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165044/http://www.nola.com/printer/printer.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-4%2F1138086402226440.xml |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
36. ^Nagin apologizes for 'chocolate' city comments {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220400/http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/01/17/nagin.city/index.html |date=March 3, 2016 }} – CNN, January 18, 2006.
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060619/sublette |title=In the Magazine |date=June 19, 2006 |work=The Nation |accessdate=February 23, 2011}}
38. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/16/AR2006011600925.html |title=Storm's Payback From God, Nagin Says|author=Martel, Brett Martel|work=The Washington Post|date= January 17, 2006}}
39. ^{{cite web|author=Stevens, Andrew |date=May 28, 2006|title= Ray Nagin: Former Mayor of New Orleans. |website=CityMayors.com|url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/new_orleans_mayor.html}}
40. ^{{cite book|author=Nagin, C. Ray |year=2011|title=Katrina's Secrets: Storms after the Storm}}
41. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/01/world/americas/01iht-notes.html | work=The New York Times | title=Briefly: Response to Katrina big issue in mayor race | date=March 1, 2006}}
42. ^{{Cite news |author1 = Krupa, Michelle |author2 = Donze, Frank |url = http://www.nola.com/search/index.ssf?/base/news-1/1153984666142040.xml?NSWEA&coll=1 |title = Mayor finally breaks post-election silence; an upbeat Nagin cites economy, cleanup, safety |work = The Times-Picayune |date = July 27, 2006 |accessdate = August 4, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070331104553/http://www.nola.com/search/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-1%2F1153984666142040.xml%3FNSWEA&coll=1 |archive-date = March 31, 2007 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all}}
43. ^{{Cite news |first = Michelle |last = Krupa |url = http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-6/1157520305143380.xml&coll=1 |title = 100 days hard to figure on the mayor's calendar. |work = The Times-Picayune |date = September 6, 2006 |access-date = September 8, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528150157/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-6%2F1157520305143380.xml&coll=1 |archive-date = May 28, 2008 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml |title=Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members |accessdate=May 18, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306180747/http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml |archivedate=March 6, 2007 }}
45. ^{{Cite news | first=Stephanie | last=Grace | title=On the road, Nagin gets warm reception | work=The Times-Picayune | date=July 6, 2006 }}
46. ^{{Cite news | first=Frank | last=Donze | title=Many New Orleanians say they are still waiting for Mayor Ray Nagin to do the job they elected him to do. | work=New Orleans Times-Picayune | date=February 11, 2007 }}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20310441/ |title=Violent crime wave intensifies in New Orleans |work=NBC News |agency=AP |date=August 16, 2007 |accessdate=February 23, 2011}}
48. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917032816/http://www.unifiedneworleansplan.com/ |date=September 17, 2012 }}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Mayor C. Ray Nagin 2009 State of the City Address|url=http://www.hurstvillesecurity.com/images/page_uploads/2009StateoftheCityCover.pdf|publisher=Hurstville Security and Neighborhood Improvement District|date=May 20, 2009|access-date=May 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216235837/http://www.hurstvillesecurity.com/images/page_uploads/2009StateoftheCityCover.pdf|archive-date=December 16, 2014|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/10/1014_recession_cities/10.htm |title=The Best Cities for Riding Out a Recession: New Orleans, La. |publisher=BusinessWeek |date= |accessdate=2012-12-22}}
51. ^http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2008/moneymag/...moneymag/6.html{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Incomplete short citation|date=August 2014}}
52. ^{{cite news|author=Clifford, Catherine |url=http://money.cnn.com/2008/07/10/real_estate/fastest_growing/index.htm |title=U.S.: New Orleans is nation's fastest growing big city |publisher=CNN Money |date=July 10, 2008 |accessdate=2012-12-22}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/s/srgia/2010/145138.htm |title=State And Local Government Meeting |publisher=State.gov |date=2010-03-23 |accessdate=2012-12-22}}
54. ^Frank Donze & David Hammer, "[https://archive.is/20120905072920/http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/city_vendor_financed_mayor_ray.html City vendor financed Nagin trip to Hawaii"] in Times-Picayune, April 7, 2009, Metro Edition, pp. A1, A4 (quotation appears on p. A1)
55. ^{{cite news|last1=Hammer|first1=David|title=Attorney claims Nagin, Meffert took 'plenty of other trips' paid for by city tech vendor|url=http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2009/04/deposition_reveals_additional.html|work=The Times-Picayune|date=April 23, 2009}}
56. ^Michelle Krupa, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422005338/http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews-12%2F1240119372133260.xml&coll=1 Nagin to face camera contract queries,] Times-Picayune, April 19, 2009, Metro Edition, pp. A1, A10 (quotation appears on p. A1).
57. ^Hammer, D. (November 6, 2009). [https://archive.is/20120907232709/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/02/post_315.html "Greg Meffert, wife, City Hall vendor to be arraigned on 63 counts Thursday in bribery scheme"]. Times-Picayune
58. ^Times-Picayune Staff (November 1, 2010). [https://archive.is/20130130093755/http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/11/fromer_city_tech_chief_pleads.html "Greg Meffert, former city tech chief, pleads guilty"]. Times-Picayune.
59. ^{{cite web|title=Firm finds 5,400 deleted e-mail messages of New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin|url=http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2010/04/firm_finds_5400_deleted_e-mail.html|location=New Orleans |work=The Times Picayune|date=April 27, 2010}}
60. ^{{cite web|title=Ray Nagin supposedly received $50,000 payment records and sources say|url=http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2012/06/banking_felon_funneled_50000_p.html|location=New Orleans |work=The Times Picayune|date=June 27, 2012}}
61. ^{{cite web|title=U.S v. C. Ray Nagin|url=http://www.wdsu.com/blob/view/-/18188514/data/2/-/86binu/-/PDF--Indictment.pdf|publisher=United States District Court, Eastern District of Louisiana|date=January 18, 2013|access-date=January 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012053903/http://www.wdsu.com/blob/view/-/18188514/data/2/-/86binu/-/PDF--Indictment.pdf|archive-date=October 12, 2013|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
62. ^{{cite news |title=Former New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin indicted |author=Jervis, Rick |url=http://m.usatoday.com/article/news/1845617?preferredArticleViewMode=single |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130217010526/http://m.usatoday.com/article/news/1845617?preferredArticleViewMode=single |dead-url=yes |archive-date=17 February 2013 |newspaper=USA Today |date=18 January 2013 |accessdate=19 January 2013 }}
63. ^{{cite news|title=Former New Orleans Mayor Nagin pleads not guilty in kickbacks case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/20/us-usa-crime-nagin-idUSBRE91J18120130220|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=20 February 2013|date=February 20, 2013}}
64. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2013/01/ray_nagin_becomes_first_new_or.html|title=Ray Nagin indictment: First New Orleans mayor to face corruption charges|last=Russell|first=Gordon|publisher=The Times-Picayune|date=2013-01-19}}
65. ^Live coverage: Ray Nagin convicted, guilty on 20 charges | NOLA.com
66. ^Live coverage: Ray Nagin convicted, guilty on 20 charges | NOLA.com
67. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/12/nagin-trial-katrina-convicted/5288257/ | title=First Take: Ex-New Orleans mayor Nagin convicted | work=USA Today | date=February 12, 2014 | accessdate=12 February 2014 | author=Jervis, Rick}}
68. ^Simerman, John. "What will life be like for Nagin behind bars? {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204742/http://theadvocate.com/news/neworleans/neworleansnews/9677500-123/what-will-life-be-like |date=March 4, 2016 }}" The Advocate. July 14, 2014. Retrieved on June 2, 2015.
69. ^Mackel, Travers. "Nagin files appeal, seeks new trial {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919213216/http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/nagin-files-appeal-seeks-new-trial/26963902#!bfy7LT |date=September 19, 2016 }}." WDSU. July 15, 2014. Retrieved on June 2, 2015.
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/judge-agrees-nagin-broke-needs-public-defender/27863016#!bPgTZw|title=Judge agrees: Nagin broke, needs public defender|author=Mackel, Travers |date=April 7, 2015|work=WDSU}}
71. ^"Nagin reports to federal prison in Texarkana {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414200202/http://www.ksla.com/story/26472630/nagin-reports-to-federal-prison-in-texarkana |date=April 14, 2016 }}." KSLA. September 8, 2014. Retrieved on June 2, 2015.
72. ^"Inmate Locator {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118163241/http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |date=November 18, 2016 }}." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on June 2, 2015. Nagin is listed as "C RAY NAGIN"