“Flag of Ireland”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The national flag of Ireland ({{lang-ga|bratach na hÉireann}}) – frequently referred to as the Irish tricolour (trídhathach na hÉireann) – is the national flag and ensign of the Republic of Ireland. The flag itself is a vertical tricolour of green (at the hoist), white and orange.^[1]^[2] The proportions of the flag are 1:2 (that is to say, flown horizontally, the flag is half as high as it is wide).

Presented as a gift in 1848 to Thomas Francis Meagher from a small group of French women sympathetic to the Irish cause,^[3]^[4] it was intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped-for union between Roman Catholics and Protestants, the significance of the colours outlined by Meagher was, “The white in the centre signifies a lasting truce between Orange and Green and I trust that beneath its folds the hands of Irish Protestants and Irish Catholics may be clasped in generous and heroic brotherhood.”

It was not until the Easter Rising of 1916, when it was raised above Dublin's General Post Office by Gearóid O'Sullivan,^[5] that the tricolour came to be regarded as the national flag.^[6] The flag was adopted by the Irish Republic during the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921). The flag's use was continued by the Irish Free State (1922–1937) and it was later given constitutional status under the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. The tricolour is used by nationalists on both sides of the border as the national flag of the whole island of Ireland since 1916.^[6] Thus it is flown by many nationalists in Northern Ireland as well as by the Gaelic Athletic Association.^[7]

Design and symbolism

In relation to the national flag of Ireland, the Constitution of Ireland simply states in Article 7:

As there are no further statutory requirements in relation to the flag, the Department of the Taoiseach takes general responsibility for matters relating to the flag. In its advisory role, the department has issued guidelines to assist persons in their use of the national flag.^[9] The flag should be rectangular in shape and its length should be two times its width, translating into an aspect ratio of 1:2. The three coloured pales — green, white and orange — should be of equal size, and vertically disposed.

The precise colours of the flag as set by the Department of the Taoiseach are:^[9]

The flag should normally be displayed on a flagstaff, with the green pale positioned next to the flagstaff, at the hoist; the white pale positioned in the centre; and the orange pale positioned at the fly, farthest from the flagstaff. Provided that the correct proportions are observed, the flag may be made to any convenient size.^[13]

Symbolism

The green pale of the flag symbolises Roman Catholics, the orange represents the minority Protestants who were supporters of William of Orange, who had defeated King James II and his predominantly Irish Catholic army^[14] at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.^[15] His title came from the Principality of Orange in the south of France that had been a Protestant bastion from the 16th century. It was included in the Irish flag in an attempt to reconcile the Orange Order in Ireland with the Irish independence movement.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} The white in the centre signifies a lasting peace and hope for union between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland.^[16] The flag, as a whole, is intended to symbolise the inclusion and hoped-for union of the people of different traditions on the island of Ireland, which is expressed in the Constitution as the entitlement of every person born in Ireland to be part of the independent Irish nation, regardless of ethnic origin, religion or political conviction.^[17]^[18]

There are exceptions to the general beneficent theory. Green was also used as the colour of such Irish bodies as the mainly-Protestant and non-sectarian Friendly Brothers of St. Patrick, established in 1751.

Occasionally, differing shades of yellow, instead of orange, are seen at civilian functions. However the Department of the Taoiseach state that this is a misrepresentation which "should be actively discouraged",^[13] and that worn-out flags should be replaced.^[19] In songs and poems, the colours are sometimes enumerated as "green, white and gold", using poetic licence.^[20]^[21] Variants of different guises are utilised to include, for example, various emblems of Ireland, such as the presidential harp, the four provinces or county arms.^[22]^[23]

History

A green flag featuring a harp is described as being used by Owen Roe O'Neill in 1642.^[24]

In the late 18th century green had become associated as the colour of nationalism.^[25]^[26]^[27] The United Irishmen, founded in the 1790s, were inspired by the French revolution, and used a green flag, to which they had a harp emblazoned.^[24] A rival organisation, the Orange Order, whose main strength was in Ulster, and which was exclusively for Protestants, especially members of the Anglican Church of Ireland, was founded in 1795 in memory of King William of Orange and the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688. Following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, which pitted the "green" tradition of the republican United Irishmen against the "orange" tradition of Anglican Protestant Ascendancy loyal to the British Crown, the ideal of a later nationalist generation in the mid-19th century was to make peace between the two traditions and, if possible, to found a self-governing Ireland on such peace and union.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}

The oldest known reference to the use of the three colours of green, white and orange as a nationalist emblem dates from September 1830 when tricolour cockades were worn at a meeting held to celebrate the French Revolution of that year — a revolution which restored the use of the French tricolour.^[28] The colours were also used in the same period for rosettes and badges, and on the banners of trade guilds.^[28] However, widespread recognition was not accorded to the flag until 1848. At a meeting in his native city of Waterford on 7 March 1848, Thomas Francis Meagher, the Young Ireland leader, first publicly unveiled the flag from a second-floor window of the Wolfe Tone Club as he addressed a gathered crowd on the street below who were present to celebrate another revolution that had just taken place in France.^[28]^[29] It was inspired by the tricolour of France. Speeches made at that time by Meagher suggest that it was regarded as an innovation and not as the revival of an older flag.^[28] From March of that year Irish tricolours appeared side-by-side with French ones at meetings held all over the country.^[17] John Mitchel, referring to the tricolour of green, white and orange that Meagher had presented from Paris at a later meeting in Dublin on 15 April 1848, said: "I hope to see that flag one day waving, as our national banner".^[17]

Although the tricolour was not forgotten as a symbol of the ideal of union and a banner associated with the Young Irelanders and revolution, it was rarely used between 1848 and 1916. Even up to the eve of the Easter Rising of 1916, the green flag featuring a harp held undisputed sway.^[17] Neither the colours nor the arrangement of the early tricolours were standardised. All of the 1848 tricolours showed green, white and orange, but orange was sometimes put next to the staff, and in at least one flag the order was orange, green and white.^[17] In 1850 a flag of green for the Roman Catholics, orange for the Protestants of the Established Church and blue for the Presbyterians was proposed.^[17] In 1883, a Parnellite tricolour of yellow, white and green, arranged horizontally, was recorded. Down to modern times, yellow has occasionally been used instead of orange, but by this substitution the fundamental symbolism is destroyed.^[17]

Associated with separatism in the past, flown during the Easter Rising of 1916 and capturing the national imagination as the banner of the new revolutionary Ireland,^[30] the tricolour came to be acclaimed throughout the country as somewhat of a national flag. To many Irish people, though, it was considered to be a "Sinn Féin flag".^[31]

In the Irish Free State which existed between 1922 and 1937, the flag was adopted by the Executive Council. The Free State constitution did not specify national symbols; the decision to use the flag was made without recourse to statute. When the Free State joined the League of Nations in September 1923, the new flag "created a good deal of interest amongst the general public" in Geneva.^[32] The defeated republicans who had fought the Free State's forces in the 1922–23 Civil War regarded the tricolour as the flag of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, and condemned its appropriation by the new state, as expressed in the song "Take It Down From The Mast". The Executive Council's decision was a provisional one.^[28] A 1928 British document said:

In 1937, the tricolour's position as the national flag was formally confirmed by the new Constitution of Ireland.^[17]

Marine

The pre-independence Merchant Shipping Act 1894 was not repealed, and so the Free State's mercantile marine was technically required to fly the Red Ensign.^[34] The collier Glenageary may have been the first to arrive in a British port flying the tricolour on 8 December 1921 (two days after the treaty). This flag along with a model of the Glenageary is on display in the National Maritime Museum of Ireland. While some ships, such as the cross-channel ferries flew the red ensign, others sailed under the tricolour.^[35]^[36]^[37] Some masters of Irish ships were charged by the British Customs and fined by courts for flying an "improper ensign".^[38] The tricolour was flown by the fisheries patrol vessel Muirchú, precursor to the Irish Naval Service; Frank Carney alleged in the Dáil in 1930 that a trespassing French trawler had refused to surrender to because it did not recognise Muirchús flag.^[36]

Irish-register ships could fly the Red Ensign until September 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, when a decree under the state of emergency was made, to ensure neutral Irish ships were not mistaken for British ships.^[34] Some ships flying the tricolour were nevertheless sunk by Germans.^[39] When the tricolour was hoisted over the passenger ferries in Holyhead their British crews went on strike. Five days later their owners transferred the ferries to the British register and the Red Ensign was restored.^[40] On the other hand, the Belfast to Liverpool ferry, British owned and British crewed, used the tricolour as a flag of convenience;^[41] so did the whalers of Christian Salvesen Shipping, to take advantage of the Irish whale quota.^[42]

The tricolour's marine status was formalised by the Merchant Shipping Act, 1947.^[34]^[43]

Use in Northern Ireland

In 1921, Ireland was partitioned, with the unionist-dominated north-east becoming Northern Ireland, while later, in 1922, the remainder of Ireland left the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to form the Irish Free State.^[44] Northern Ireland continued to use the UK's Union Flag and created its Ulster Banner derivation of the flag of Ulster with a crown on top of a six-pointed star.^[45] Furthermore, for many years the tricolour was effectively banned in Northern Ireland under the Flags and Emblems (Display) Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 which empowered the police to remove any flag that could cause a breach of the peace but specified, rather controversially, that a Union Flag could never have such an effect.^[46] In 1964, the enforcement of this law by the Royal Ulster Constabulary at the behest of Ian Paisley, involving the removal of a single tricolour from the offices of Sinn Féin in Belfast, led to two days of rioting. The tricolour was immediately replaced, highlighting the difficulty of enforcing the law.^[47]

Despite its original symbolism, in Northern Ireland the tricolour, along with most other markers of either British or Irish identity, has come to be a symbol of division.^[45] The Ulster Unionist Party Government of Northern Ireland adopted the Ulster Banner (based on the flag of Ulster) in 1953.^[48] Thus it is this flag and the Union Flag that are flown by unionists and loyalists, while the tricolour is flown by nationalists and republicans.^[45] In Northern Ireland, each community uses its own flags, murals and other symbols to declare its allegiance and mark its territory, often in a manner that is deliberately provocative.^[49] Kerb-stones in unionist and loyalist areas are often painted red, white and blue,^[50] while in nationalist and republican areas kerb-stones may be painted green, white and orange, although this is a much less frequent occurrence.^[51] Elements of both communities fly "their" flag from chimneys, tall buildings and lamp-posts on roads.^[52]

Under the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement, it was recognised that flags continue to be a source of disagreement in Northern Ireland. The Agreement stated that:

Unionists argue that the recognition of the principle of consent in the Agreement — that Northern Ireland's constitutional status cannot change without a majority favouring it — by the signatories amounts to recognising that the Union Flag is the only legitimate official flag in Northern Ireland.^[54]^[55]^[56] Nationalists maintain that the Agreement means that the use of the Union Flag for official purposes should be restricted, or that the tricolour should be flown alongside the UK's flag on government buildings.^[57] However the tricolour is never flown from official buildings, alone or alongside the UK's flag. A Sinn Féin Lord Mayor of Belfast, Alex Maskey, displayed both flags in his own offices causing some controversy.^[58]^[59]

Protocol

The Department of the Taoiseach has issued guidelines to assist persons in giving due respect to the national flag. Observance of the guidelines is a matter for each individual as there are no statutory requirements. It is expected, however, that the national flag will be treated at all times with appropriate respect by those who use it. The Department has general responsibility in relation to the national flag and this is primarily concerned with the protocol for the flying of the flag. The Department's role, therefore, is an advisory one.^[60]

With respect to the display, placing and precedence of the national flag by both itself and in relation to other flags, the Department has made a number of suggestions. No flag or pennant should be flown above the national flag. When the flag is carried with another flag, or flags, it should be carried in the place of honour — that is on the marching right, or on the left of an observer towards whom the flags are approaching. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be carried on the immediate left of the national flag, or, as seen by an observer when the flags are approaching, on the immediate right of the national flag. In the event of a display of crossed staffs, the national flag should be to the right and to the fore — that is to the left of the observer who is facing the flag. Its staff should be in front of the other flag or flags.^[61]

When the group of flags of the European Union are flown, the sequence is alphabetical, based on the first letter of the country's name. The flags should be flown from left to right with the European Union flag flown from the first flagstaff before the group. An alternative order of flags is to begin on the left with the national flag and place the European Union flag on the far right of the group, as seen by an observer.^[61] With regard to international flags; where either an even or an odd number of flags are flown in line on staffs of equal height, the national flag should be first on the right of the line — that is on the observer's left as he or she faces the flags. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be flown on the immediate left of the national flag, or as seen by an observer, on the immediate right of the national flag. Where, however, an odd number of flags are displayed from staffs grouped so that there is one staff in the centre and higher than the others, the national flag should be displayed from the staff so placed. Where one of these flags is that of the European Union, the European Union flag should be flown from the first flagstaff on the right, or as seen by an observer, on the first flagstaff on the left. Only one national flag should be displayed in each group of flags or at each location. In all cases, the national flag should be in the place of honour. When the national flag is displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall or other background, the green should be on the right (an observer's left) in the horizontal position or uppermost in the vertical position. When displayed on a platform, the national flag should be above and behind the speaker's desk. While being carried, the flag should not be dipped by way of salute or compliment except to the dead during memorial ceremonies.^[61]

In raising or lowering, the national flag should not be allowed to touch the ground. When being hoisted to half-mast, the flag should first be brought to the peak of the staff and then lowered to the half-mast position.^[62] It should again be brought to the peak of the staff before it is finally lowered.^[63] On ceremonial occasions when the national flag is being hoisted or lowered, or when it is passing by in a parade, all present should face it, stand to attention and salute. Persons in uniform who normally salute with the hand should give the hand salute. Persons in civilian attire should salute by standing to attention. The salute to the flag when it is being borne past in a parade is rendered when the flag is six paces away and the salute is held until the flag has passed by. Where more than one national flag is carried, the salute should be given only to the leading flag.^[64] When the national anthem is played in the presence of the national flag, all present should face the national flag, stand to attention and salute it, remaining at the salute until the last note of the music.^[64]

When the national flag has become worn or frayed it is no longer fit for display, and should not be used in any manner implying disrespect.^[65] The national flag, when used as a decoration, should always be treated with due respect. It may be used as a discreet lapel button or rosette or as part of a centrepiece for a table. When used in the latter context with the flags of other nations, the national flag should also be displayed in the place of honour on a nearby flag staff. Where multiple national flags are flown on festive occasions these should be of uniform dimensions. Bunting of the national colours may also be used on festive occasions.^[66]

The national flag should be displayed in the open only between sunrise and sunset, except on the occasion of public meetings, processions, or funerals, when it may be displayed for the duration of such functions.^[66]^[67] When displayed on a platform, the national flag should not be used to cover the speaker's desk, nor should it be draped over the platform. The national flag should never be defaced by placing slogans, logos, lettering or pictures of any kind on it, for example at sporting events. The flag should not be draped on cars, trains, boats or other modes of transport; it should not be carried flat, but should always be carried aloft and free, except when used to drape a coffin; on such an occasion, the green should be at the head of the coffin. The tricolour is draped across the coffins of Presidents of Ireland (including former presidents), soldiers and Garda Síochána personnel killed in the line of duty, and other notables accorded state funerals, such as Roger Casement in 1965, or Kevin Barry in 2001. Care should be taken at all times to ensure that the national flag does not touch the ground, trail in water or become entangled in trees or other obstacles.^[68]

It is the normal practice to fly the national flag daily at all military posts and from a limited number of important State buildings. The European flag is flown alongside the national flag on all official buildings, and in most places where the Irish flag is flown over buildings. The national flag is flown over buildings including: the residence of the President of Ireland, Áras an Uachtaráin; Leinster House, the seat of the Irish parliament, when parliament is in session; Irish courts and state buildings; Irish military installations, at home and abroad; and Garda Síochána (police) stations. The national flag is also flown on Saint Patrick's Day (the national holiday), Easter Sunday and Easter Monday (in commemoration of the Easter Rising of 1916), and the National Day of Commemoration on the Sunday closest to 11 July. On these occasions the national flag is flown from all State buildings throughout the country which are equipped with flagpoles, and many private individuals and concerns also fly it. The national flag is flown on the occasion of other significant national and local events such as festivals and commemorations. The national flag is frequently flown at half-mast on the death of a national or international figure on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole. The death of a prominent local figure may be marked locally by the national flag being flown at half-mast. Where the national flag is flown at half-mast no other flag should be half-masted.^[69]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/|title=National Flag|first=|last=Library|website=Taoiseach.gov.ie|accessdate=30 September 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en#article7|title=Constitution of Ireland - Article 7 |publisher = Government of Ireland |work=Irish Statute Book|date = 1937 |accessdate=19 August 2018 | quote = The national flag is the tricolour of green, white and orange}}
3. ^Sean Duffy, The Concise History of Ireland, 2005
4. ^Rick Steve's Ireland 2008
5. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/west-cork-man-raised-tricolour-on-historic-day-390882.html | publisher = Irish Examiner | date = 4 April 2016 | title = West Cork man raised Tricolour on historic day }}
6. ^Symbols in Northern Ireland – Flags Used in the Region CAIN Web Service. Retrieved on 8 November 2011
7. ^Sugden, John & Harvie, Scott (1995). Sport and Community Relations in Northern Ireland, Centre for the Study of Conflict, School of History, Philosophy and Politics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Ulster. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
8. ^{{Cite constitution|article=7|polity=Ireland|date=1st July 1937}}.
9. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/The_National_Flag.pdf|title=The National Flag|last=|first=|date=2013|website=Department of the Taoiseach|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://flagspot.net/flags/ie.html#colour|title=Colour of the Flag – Ireland|last=|first=|date=|website=flagspot.net|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-27}}
11. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/347-U|title=PANTONE 347 U - Find a Pantone Color {{!}} Quick Online Color Tool|last=PANTONE|website=www.pantone.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27}}
12. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=https://www.pantone.com/color-finder/151-u|title=PANTONE 151 U - Find a Pantone Color {{!}} Quick Online Color Tool|last=PANTONE|website=www.pantone.com|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27}}
13. ^¹²The National Flag: Design{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Department of the Taoiseach.
14. ^ King James II leader at Battle of Boyne
15. ^https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/The_National_Flag.pdf
16. ^National Flag, Department of the Taoiseach
17. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷The National Flag, Department of the Taoiseach.
18. ^Subject to the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, 2004.
19. ^The national Flag Department of the Taoiseach
20. ^See, for example: Long Journey Home by Elvis Costello and Paddy Moloney.
21. ^See, for example, the lyrics and commentary on the following Irish rebel songs: Green White and Gold; The Dying Rebel. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050414174941/http://www.vincentpeters.nl/triskelle/lyrics/greenwhitegold.php?index=080.010.040.010 |date=14 April 2005 }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://abitoblarney.com/store/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=11&products_id=51&zenid=bcf39ffd85129bee51d1198cdfa77a21|title=County Coat of Arms Irish Flag buy discounted Irish flags with family crest for Irish family reunion [] - $24.00 : A Bit O Blarney.com Celtic Jewelry Shop, serving online since 1999|first=The Zen Cart™ Team and|last=others|website=Abitoblarney.com|accessdate=30 September 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://s1.thejournal.ie/media/2013/06/waltzing-odriscoll-390x285.png|format=PNG|title=Photographic image|website=S1.thejournal.ie|accessdate=30 September 2017}}
24. ^¹{{cite url| author = Andries Burgers |url = http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ie-green.html | title = Ireland: Green Flag | work = Flags of the World | date = 21 May 2006 | quote = Citing G. A. Hayes-McCoy, A History of Irish Flags from earliest times (1979)}}
25. ^{{cite web|url = http://time.com/4699771/green-irish-st-patricks-day-color/ | publisher = Time Magazine | title= How Green Became Associated With St. Patrick's Day and All Things Irish | date = 16 March 2017 | accessdate = 25 October 2018 | quote = The color green cropped up again during an effort in the 1790s to bring nonsectarian, republican ideas to Ireland, inspired by the American revolution and the French revolution}}
26. ^{{cite journal|jstor= 20496123 | title = The Wearing of the Green | journal = Studia Hibernica | author = Brian Ó Cuív | issue = 17,18 | date = 1977 | pages = 107–119 | quote = As early as 1803 many of those who attended the execution of Robert Emmet are described as wearing green favours to display their sympath with the young patriot, and it would seem that the Uniter Irishmen first promoted the colour}}
27. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-national-colour-blue-828597-Mar2013/ | publisher = TheJournal | title = So you know Ireland's national colour might not be green, right? | date = 17 March 2013 | accessdate = 25 October 2018 | quote = The most prominent use of green emerged during the wave of Irish nationalism and republican feeling in the 19th century, when the colour was adopted as a more striking way of separating Ireland from the various reds or blues that were now associated with England, Scotland and Wales}}
28. ^¹²³⁴Ireland, Flags of the World, 2001. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.
29. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20080807173312/http://www.yourirish.com/tricolour-flag.htm Tricolour Flag of Ireland], Your Irish Culture, 2007. Retrieved on 11 June 2007.Archived 2008
30. ^Contrary to popular belief, the tricolour was not the actual flag of the Easter Rising, although it had been flown from the General Post Office; that flag was a green flag featuring in gold a harp and the words "Irish Republic".
31. ^Hayes-McCoy, Gerard Anthony (1979). A History of Irish flags from Earliest Times. Academy Press, Dublin. {{ISBN|978-0-906187-01-2}}.
32. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.difp.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=470 |chapter=NAI DFA 26/102: Extracts from the report of the Irish delegation to the Fourth Assembly of the League of Nations (September 1923) |date=September 2000 |title=Documents on Irish Foreign Policy |volume=2 (1923–1926) |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |pages=No. 134 |nopp=Y |accessdate=21 March 2011 |isbn=1-874045-83-6 }}
33. ^Public Record Office document DO 117/100, written in 1928.
34. ^¹²Merchant Shipping Bill, 1947—Second Stage. (20 November 1947) Dáil debates Vol.108 No.15 p.23
35. ^{{cite book|last=Forde|first=Frank|title=The Long Watch|year=2000|publisher=Island Books|isbn=1-902602-42-0|page=108}}
36. ^¹Dáil debates Vol. 33 No. 17 p.7 cc.2290–95 20 March 1930
37. ^Dáil debates Vol. 53 No. 7 p.4 21 June 1934
38. ^{{cite book|last=Sweeney|first=Pat|title=Liffey Ships|year=2010|publisher=Mercier Press|isbn=978-1-85635-685-5|page=202}}
39. ^Dáil debates Vol.81 No.14 p.23 20 February 1941
40. ^{{cite book|last=Forde|first=Frank|title=The Long Watch|year=2000|publisher=Island Books|isbn=1-902602-42-0|page=2}}
41. ^{{cite book|last=McRonald|first=Malcolm|title=The Irish Boats|publisher=Tempus|page=70|year=2007|volume=3, Liverpool to Belfast|isbn=978-0-7524-4235-8}}
42. ^{{cite book|last=Share|first=Bernard|title=The Emergency|publisher=Gill and Macmillan |location=Dublin|year=1978|page=99|isbn=0-71710-916-X }}
43. ^Sections 2 and 14, Merchant Shipping Act, 1947 Irish Statute Book
44. ^FitzGerald, Garret. Ireland, Partition of, Encarta, 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909064127/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580394/Ireland_Partition_of.html |date=9 September 2007 }} 31 October 2009.
45. ^¹²Flags Used in Northern Ireland, Conflict Archive on the Internet, 1 April 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
46. ^Flags and Emblems (Display) Act (Northern Ireland) 1954, Conflict Archive on the Internet, 1 April 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
47. ^Boyd, Andrew (1969). Holy War in Belfast — "1964: The Tricolour Riots". Anvil Press. {{ISBN|0-900068-10-8}}.
48. ^Northern Ireland (United Kingdom), Flags of the World, 2007. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
49. ^Ewart, Shirley & Schubotz, Dirk (2004). Voices behind the Statistics: Young People’s Views of Sectarianism in Northern Ireland, National Children's Bureau, p. 7.
50. ^"Loyalist paramilitary flags explosion", BBC News Online, 21 June 2000. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
51. ^Brown, Kris. & MacGinty, Roger (2003). "Public Attitudes toward Partisan and Neutral Symbols in Post-Agreement Northern Ireland", Identities: Global Studies in Power and Culture. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 83–108.
52. ^Bryan, Dr. Dominic & Stevenson, Dr. Clifford (2006). Flags Monitoring Project 2006: Preliminary Findings, Institute of Irish Studies, Queen's University, Belfast. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
53. ^The Belfast Agreement 1998, Conflict Archive on the Internet. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
54. ^Wilson, Robin (July 2000). Flagging concern: The Controversy over Flags and Emblems, Democratic Dialogue, Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
55. ^Northern Ireland Assembly Official Report of Tuesday 6 June 2000, Northern Ireland Assembly, 6 June 2000. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
56. ^Report on Draft Regulations proposed under Article 3 of the Flags (Northern Ireland) Order 2000, Northern Ireland Assembly, 17 October 2000. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
57. ^Alex Maskey Motion 39 – flags and emblems, SinnFein.ie, 17 February 2006. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
58. ^"Tricolour raised in City Hall", BBC News Online, 4 September 2002. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
59. ^Should Belfast have its own flag?, BBC News Talking Point, 5 September 2002. Retrieved on 14 June 2007.
60. ^The National Flag: Guidelines for use of the National Flag{{dead link|date=October 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Department of the Taoiseach.
61. ^¹²The National Flag: Display, placing and precedence{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Department of the Taoiseach.
62. ^A flag is at half-mast in any position below the top of the staff but never below the middle point of the staff. As a general guide, the half-mast position may be taken as that where the top of the flag is the depth of the flag below the top of the staff.
63. ^The National Flag: Hoisting and lowering the Flag{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Department of the Taoiseach.
64. ^¹The National Flag: Saluting the Flag{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Department of the Taoiseach.
65. ^The National Flag: Worn-out Flag{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Department of the Taoiseach.
66. ^¹The National Flag: Respect for the National Flag{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Department of the Taoiseach.
67. ^For military purposes, sunrise occurs at 8:00 a.m. between March and October, and at 8:30 a.m. between November and February. Sunset is deemed to occur at: 3:30 p.m. in January and December; 4:30 p.m. in February and November; 5:30 p.m. in March and October; 6:00 p.m. in April; 7:00 p.m. in May and September; and 8:00 p.m. between June and August.
68. ^The National Flag: Practices to avoid{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Department of the Taoiseach.
69. ^The National Flag: Occasions on which the National Flag is flown{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Department of the Taoiseach.