“Forced induction in motorcycles”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Forced induction in motorcycles is the application of forced induction (turbochargers or superchargers) to a motorcycle engine. Special automotive engineering and human factors considerations exist for the application of forced induction with motorcycles, compared to other forms of motorized transportation.

Forced induction in production motorcycles

Additionally, in 1978 Kawasaki offered the Z1R-TC, a semi-production model built by Turbo Cycle Corporation and sold through Kawasaki dealers. This is generally considered to be the first Japanese turbocharged motorcycle.^[1]

The Honda, Kawasaki and Suzuki bikes were all listed on a State Farm insurance "blacklist" published by American Motorcyclist in 1989.{{sfn|American Motorcyclist|1989}}

21st century

A scooter with a supercharger, the Peugeot JetForce Compressor, was available in late 2003.

Kawasaki said it would be re-entering the market with the supercharged Kawasaki Ninja H2, announced in October, 2014.^[2]{{sfn|Stock|2014}}

Engineering and usability challenges

Designers have been able to address packaging issues and fit turbochargers even in fully faired motorcycles.{{sfn|Walker|2006}}{{sfn|Cycle World|1981}}

Turbo lag was noted as a problem with all four Japanese turbos of the 1980s by several critics.{{sfn|American Motorcyclist|1998|ps= said low compression ratio made for sluggish around-town riding}}{{sfn|Cycle World|1981|loc= Problems faced by Honda included charge stagnation with twins, no off-the-shelf turbo sized properly for a bike, and packaging inside fairing. Unsolved problems included throttle lag, throttle-close lag leading to a rider sensation like a stuck throttle.}}{{sfn|Bennett|1999|p=57b|loc= "At the top end, they were fantastic speed machines, but only once you got into fifth and opened the throttle. Too many compromises were made ... retarded ignition timing; extra weight due to the turbo and beefed-up crank, rods, bearings, etc.; exotic carburetion; extra cooling devices and turbo lag all hurt the bottom-end performance... mechanically... the turbos were extremely complex. Riders did not buy them."}}{{sfn|Siegal|2009|ps= quotes an expert's dry summary of these bikes' "difficult power characteristics"}} Motorcycle engineering expert and journalist Kevin Cameron has said that turbo lag is a critical problem with turbocharger applications on motorcycles: "[U]nless you are a pure drag racer, most of your riding will be off-boost. The lower your compression ratio, the less snap your bike will have...don't expect your turbo bike to be much use in sportbike-type canyon racing."{{sfn|Cameron|2008}} Using a variable-geometry turbocharger can mitigate turbo lag,{{sfn|Rook|2007}}{{sfn|Motorrad|2014}} but has not yet been used in series production (the first mass market application was to late 1980s automobiles; see Variable-geometry turbocharger#History and examples of use).

Writer Mick Walker has listed turbo lag along with other challenges like a higher center of gravity and heat transfer to rider due to turbocharger and associated exhaust plumbing.{{sfn|Walker|2006}} Bennett noted excessive weight and complexity in addition to weak bottom-end performance.{{sfn|Bennett|1999|p=57b}}

The German magazine Motorrad said in 2014 that a turbocharger would probably never be practical on mass market motorcycles due to cost of high-tech materials able to withstand the high temperatures of a variable geometry turbocharger, plus weight and space considerations, though they left the door open for a good supercharged solution.{{sfn|Motorrad|2014|p="Kompressor oder Turbo?"|ps= "Perhaps the use of a so-called VTG charger with variable turbine geometry, which improves the responsiveness of the charger at low gas flow might be accomplished. A possible but expensive option, since the VTG charger now widely used in Diesel vehicles must deal with significantly higher exhaust gas temperatures in the gasoline engine (about 1100° instead of the usual 850° for Diesel) by resorting to special heat-resistant, but also particularly expensive alloys... A lot of expensive, heavy and space-consuming techniques are necessary. The bottom line: probably too much." [Translated from original German]}}

Emissions

Emissions considerations, driven in particular by carbon dioxide limits in the European emission standards, are leading motorcycle manufacturers in the 2010s to reconsider applications of forced induction.{{sfn|Tibu|2014|ps= "With the displacement of bikes being one of the key factors in the CO2 emissions, finding ways to raise or maintain the power output of the engines while lowering the cc figures seems like one solution Honda and possibly more manufacturers will have to consider very seriously in the upcoming years."}}{{sfn|Gentili|2014}}

In racing

In road racing, superchargers were not uncommon in the 1930s, and machines originally built for road racing also set many land speed records (see the list below for examples). Motorcycle racing in Europe went through a hiatus during the 1940s as World War II and its aftermath, and racing only restarted in 1946.{{sfn|Hough|Setright|1966|p=153}} That same year, forced induction was banned from road racing by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM),{{sfn|Hough|Setright|1966|p=153}}{{sfn|Walker|2006}}{{sfn|Wilson|2002|p=50}}{{sfn|Falloon|2011|pp=10–11}} effectively relegating it to specialized forms of racing and speed record runs, discussed further below. Rules from the FIM and other sanctioning bodies cover aspects of motorcycle design as diverse as motorcycle fairing coverage, gasoline direct injection, and the use of dual-clutch transmissions, and may influence street bike design by setting public expectations.{{sfn|Cameron|2014}}

Drag racing

Specialized motorcycles used in drag racing, called dragbikes, are an application for forced induction, including nitrous oxide and multistage turbochargers.{{sfn|Lee|2010}} The first dragbike to run the quarter-mile in under 7 seconds was using a Roots-type supercharger.{{sfn|Cameron|2008}}{{sfn|Cycle World|1979}}

Motorcycle clubs

At least one motorcycle club, Turbo Motorcycle International Owners Association, has been formed to support turbo motorcycle enthusiasts.{{sfn|Holmstrom|Everett|2004}}

Notable prototypes and record setters

Notes

1. ^{{citation|title=1978 Kawasaki Z1R-TC: Turbo Power|first=Robert |last=Smith|date=January 2013 |journal=Motorcycle Classics|url=http://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic-japanese-motorcycles/kawasaki-z1r-tc-zm0z13jfzbea.aspx#axzz2bExjC7mu}}
2. ^{{citation|title=Supercharged Ninja imminent|first=Richard |last=Newland|date=September 1, 2014 |journal=Motorcycle News|url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/mcn/news/newsresults/new-bikes/2014/august/supercharged-ninja-imminent/}}
3. ^{{citation|title=BMW brings together past and present on the Isle of Man|date=August 22, 2014|newspaper=New Zealand Herald|url=http://m.nzherald.co.nz/motoring/news/article.cfm?c_id=9&objectid=11312233}}
4. ^{{citation|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=April 4, 2014|title=Bikes sold at auction:1939 BMW RS 255 Kompressor|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos-news/Haryana/bikessoldatauction/Article4-1204135.aspx}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cycleworld.com/2014/11/04/kawasaki-ninja-h2-streetbike-and-h2r-track-bike-motorcycle-review-first-look-photos/|title=Kawasaki Ninja H2 Streetbike! AKA “THE DISRUPTOR”—CW EXCLUSIVE|work=Cycle World|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.topspeed.com/motorcycles/motorcycle-news/kawasaki-team-38-set-a-new-world-record-for-the-fastest-ninja-h2-ar182328.html|title=Kawasaki Team 38 Set A New World Record For The Fastest Ninja H2 @ Top Speed|work=Top Speed|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en-US}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/motoring/bikes/kawasaki/kawasakis-220kw-track-day-special-1758438|title=Kawasaki’s 220kW track-day special {{!}} IOL Motoring|access-date=2018-10-03|language=en}}