| 词条 | Reaper-binder |
| 释义 |
The reaper-binder, or binder, is a farm implement that improved upon the simple reaper. The binder was invented in 1872 by Charles Baxter Withington (September 10, 1830 (Akron, Ohio) – December 12, 1909 (Janesville, Wisconsin)), a jeweler from Janesville, Wisconsin.[1][2][3] In addition to cutting the small-grain crop, a binder also 'binds' the stems into bundles or sheaves. These sheaves are usually then 'shocked' into A-shaped conical stooks, resembling small tipis, to allow the grain to dry for several days before being picked up and threshed. Withington's original binder used wire to tie the bundles. There were problems with using wire[4] and it was not long before William Deering invented a binder that successfully used twine and a knotter (invented in 1858 by John Appleby).[5] Early binders were horse-drawn, their cutting and tying-mechanisms powered by a bull-wheel. Later models were tractor-drawn and tractor-powered. Binders have a reel and a sickle bar, like a modern grain head for a combine harvester. The cut stems fall onto a canvas bed which conveys the cut stems to the binding mechanism. This mechanism bundles the stems of grain and ties the bundle with string to form a sheaf. Once tied, the sheaf is discharged from the side of the binder, to be picked up by the 'stookers'. With the replacement of the threshing machine by the combine harvester, the binder has become almost obsolete. Some grain crops such as oats are now cut and formed into windrows with a swather.[6] With other grain crops, such as wheat, the grain is now mostly cut and threshed by a combine in a single operation, but the much lighter binder is still in use in small fields or mountain areas too steep or inaccessible for heavy combines. References1. ^Charles B. Withington, "Improvement in grain-binders," U.S. Patent no. 123,967 (issued: February 20, 1872) 2. ^{{Cite book |author= George Iles |year = 1912 |edition= 2nd |title = Leading American Inventors |place =New York |publisher = Henry Holt and Company| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hn0_AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA305 |pages=276–314 |chapter= Cyrus H. McCormick }} 3. ^[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/104235284 Find a Grave] 4. ^Sterling D. Evans, Bound in Twine: The history and ecology of the Henequen-Wheat Complex for Mexico and the American and Canadian Plains, 1880-1950 (College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, 2007), [https://books.google.com/books?id=x1_5jJehZ0EC&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 4.] 5. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210190717/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=2884&keyword=appleby Appleby, John Francis 1840 - 1917] 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/oats/oats-harvesting-swathing-and-grain-storage?page=0,1#smartpaging_toc_p1_s0_h2|title=Oats: harvesting, swathing and grain storage: Page 2 of 3|website=www.agric.wa.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2017-05-23}} External links{{Commons category-inline|Reaper-binders}}
1 : Agricultural machinery |
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