词条 | Foreign relations of Libya | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
}}{{Politics of Libya|relations}} The foreign relations of Libya were largely reset at the end of the Libyan Civil War, with the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi and the ongoing Second Libyan Civil War. The current Minister of Foreign Affairs in the internationally recognized executive government known as the Government of National Accord (GNA) is Mohamed Taha Siala (appointed January 2016).[1][2] Although many foreign embassies in Tripoli closed down in 2014 due to the fighting, by the end of 2017 thirty diplomatic missions were reopened in the Libyan capital.[3] Foreign policyIn its 5 March 2011 "Founding Statement", the council stated, "[We] request from the international community to fulfill its obligations to protect the Libyan people from any further genocide and crimes against humanity without any direct military intervention on Libyan soil."[4] Ali Al-Issawi was designated the Council's foreign affairs spokesperson in March 2011.[5] Mahmoud Jibril later replaced Ali Al-Issawi and was designated as the Head of International Affairs. The NTC has also called on the international community to render assistance to its efforts to dislodge Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, the ruler of Libya since 1969, and his loyalists. Officials have asked for medical supplies,[6] money,[7] and weapons,[8] among other forms of foreign aid. In late June 2011, it proposed using internationally based frozen assets belonging to Gaddafi and his inner circle as collateral for loans, with Finance Minister Ali Tarhouni warning that his government is virtually out of money.[9] The NTC has previously asked for those assets to be unfrozen and transferred to Benghazi,[10] a request officials of the Obama administration in the United States indicated they would try to fulfill.[11][12] NTC officials have said that they intend to reward countries that have been early to recognise the council as the legitimate representative of Libya, as well as countries that have been involved in the international military intervention to suppress Gaddafi's forces. Among the incentives the council has offered to these countries, which it considers to be allies, are favorable oil contracts[13][14] and other economic ties.[15] On 15 July 2011, a council spokesman told members of the Libya Contact Group meeting in Istanbul, Turkey, that his government would not forge any new oil contracts and that an elected government must be in place before new deals could be made.[16] After anti-Gaddafi forces stormed Tripoli, the Libyan capital city, the information manager at NTC-run oil firm AGOCO said on 22 August that once Libya resumed oil exports, its new government "may have some political issues with Russia, China and Brazil" and favor Western and Arab countries that supported the uprising against Gaddafi when awarding oil contracts.[17] However, on 23 August, Brazilian Foreign Minister Antonio Patriota said his government had been assured that if the NTC took power in Libya, "contracts will be respected" and Brazil would not be punished for its stance.[18] On 1 September, an NTC representative in Paris claimed that the new Libyan government would not award oil contracts based on politics, though he said that a number of Western companies, including BP, Total, Eni, and "major American companies", had a particularly "good track record in the Libyan oil sector".[19] Foreign policy history{{Main|Foreign relations of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi}}The foreign relations of the Libya under Muammar Gaddafi (1969–2011) underwent much fluctuation and change. They were marked by severe tension with the West and by other national policies in the Middle East and Africa, including the Libyan government's financial and military support for numerous paramilitary and rebel groups. Bilateral relationsAfrica
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
International response{{main|International recognition of the National Transitional Council}}During the Libyan Civil War, at least 100 countries and numerous international organisations, including the United Nations, expressly recognised the NTC as Libya's legitimate authority or used similar language. Several other countries have recognised the NTC as the interim government of Libya since the war's end. Membership in intergovernmental organisationsLibya was suspended from Arab League proceedings in late February 2011 over the bombardment of civilians by Gaddafi's forces during widespread protests against his government.[156] In early June, Vice Chairman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga, a frequent spokesman for the council, emphasised his government's intention to reintegrate Libya into the Arab world.[157] It was reinstated on 27 August with the NTC as its representative.[158] The African Union's Peace and Security Council decided on 26 August 2011 to call for a national unity government including the remnants of the Gaddafi government as well as members of the NTC instead of transferring its diplomatic recognition to the NTC as Libya's legal representative.[159] After Chairman Mustafa Abdul Jalil pledged the council's commitment to protecting human rights, shepherding Libya through the process of postwar reconciliation, and transitioning to full democracy at a Libya Contact Group conference in Paris on 1 September, a spokesman for the African Union Commission said the commission was "reassured" and would bring the issue of recognition up for discussion again.[160] Relations between the AU and the NTC have been strained by persistent reports of hate crimes, including arbitrary detentions and lynchings, being perpetrated against black people in Tawergha, Tripoli, and other places in Libya.[161][162][163] On 20 September 2011, the African Union officially recognised the National Transitional Council as the legitimate representative of Libya.[164] The NTC asked to take up Libya's seat at the United Nations.[165] The UN was also a member of the Libya Contact Group. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the UN's nominal leader, said on 1 September that the UN would work with "Libyan authority" to help Libya transition toward democracy. Ban also backed a proposed United Nations Security Council resolution to codify the international body's role in supporting Libyan democracy and stability.[166] Although the NTC welcomed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which authorised the NATO-led bombing of Libyan military targets, it has rejected proposals for a United Nations peacekeeping contingent in postwar Libya, saying it wants no foreign troops deployed on Libyan soil.[167] The United Nations General Assembly, with 114 member states in favor to 17 opposed, voted on 16 September 2011 to recognise the NTC as holding Libya's seat at the United Nations.[81][168] NTC appointed representatives during the civil war{{Confusing|date=August 2011}}The National Transitional Council had opened representative missions abroad during the civil war. Several countries had recognised the council as the sole "governing authority" in Libya and some of these countries invited the council to appoint diplomatic envoys and to take over Libyan embassies in their capitals. A number of embassies and diplomatic offices in other countries have declared allegiance to the council unilaterally, but it is unclear whether they are in communication with it. Representative missions of the NTC during the civil war:
See also
References1. ^NATO Secretary General and Libyan Foreign Minister discuss how NATO can support Libya. NATO News. Published 17 June 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016. 2. ^{{cite news|title=Libya rivals announce unity government as part of UN-backed plan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/19/libya-rivals-announce-unity-government-un-plan|work=The Guardian|date=19 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128010140/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/19/libya-rivals-announce-unity-government-un-plan|archivedate=28 January 2016}} 3. ^Cochrane, Richard (16 November 2017. Kidnap and death and injury risks will remain high in Tripoli, despite return of foreign embassies. Jane's Information Group. 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the legitimate representative of the Libyan people...}} 159. ^{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/08/2011826142710579779.html|agency=Al Jazeera English|date=26 August 2011|accessdate=2 September 2011|title=AU refrains from recognising Libya's NTC}} 160. ^{{cite news|agency=Libya TV|url=http://english.libya.tv/2011/09/02/african-union-reassured-by-the-ntc/|date=2 September 2011|accessdate=2 September 2011|title=African Union reassured by the NTC}} 161. ^{{cite news|url=http://observers.france24.com/content/20110221-alleged-african-mercenary-captured-libya-Gaddafi-unrest-Benghazi-Libyan-youth-movement|agency=France24|title=Witnesses say African mercenaries have been captured in Libya|date=21 February 2011|accessdate=2 September 2011}} 162. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304887904576395143328336026|agency=The Wall Street Journal|title=Libya City Torn by Tribal Feud|date=21 June 2011|accessdate=2 September 2011|first=Sam|last=Dagher}} 163. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0829/In-Tripoli-African-mercenaries-at-risk|agency=The Christian Science Monitor|title=In Tripoli, African 'mercenaries' at risk|date=29 August 2011|accessdate=2 September 2011|first=Gert|last=Van Langendonck}} 164. ^{{cite news | title = African Union officially recognises Libya's new leadership | url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2NflCTWlrw96Cs-Ts7A7Xcem2dA?docId=CNG.a8a1185f4a08d2928999ea8643dc5bd9.501 }} 165. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/147237#.TmDp7b_fIQ4|agency=Arutz Sheva 7|title=Libyan Rebels Want Tripoli's UN Seat|date=26 August 2011|accessdate=2 September 2011|first=Gavriel|last=Queenann}} 166. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/02/c_131092458.htm|agency=Xinhua|date=1 September 2011|accessdate=2 September 2011|title=UN to lead campaign with NTC for Libya's future: Ban Ki-moon}} 167. ^{{cite news|agency=France24|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110831-libya-national-trabsitional-council-rejects-foreign-military-presence-says-un-envoy|title=NTC rejects foreign military presence, says UN envoy|date=31 August 2011|accessdate=2 September 2011}} 168. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18910663|agency=San Jose Mercury News|first=Edith|last=Lederer|title=UN approves Libya seat for former rebels|date=16 September 2011|accessdate=16 September 2011}} 169. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sofiaecho.com/2011/09/07/1151005_libyan-envoy-invites-bulgarian-pm-borissov-to-negotiate-about-written-off-debt-report|author=Clive Leviev-Sawyer|title=Libyan envoy invites Bulgarian PM Borissov to negotiate about written-off debt – report|publisher= The Sofia Echo|date= 7 September 2011}} 170. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/article/1045023|agency=thestar.com|title=Canada recognizes Libyan diplomat from rebel group|date=25 August 2011|accessdate=25 August 2011|location=Toronto|work=The Star}} 171. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.b.dk/globalt/danmark-giver-gaddafi-doedsstoedet|author=Ole Damkjær|language=Danish|title=Danmark giver Gaddafi dødsstødet|trans-title= Denmark gives Gaddafi deathblow|publisher=Berlingske|date=31 August 2011|accessdate=6 September 2011}} 172. ^On 11 August Lene Espersen the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Denmark proposed NTC to send a diplomatic envoy. NTC has not appointed such, but sent a representative. http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/Denmark+extends+Libya+mission+says+rebels+can+send+envoy/-/1066/1217276/-/view/printVersion/-/8sr4goz/-/index.html 173. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pes.org/en/news/pes-general-secretary-meets-new-libyan-ambassador-mohamed-farhat|title=PES General Secretary meets new Libyan Ambassador Mohamed Farhat|publisher=Party of European Socialists official website|date=30 September 2011|accessdate=16 October 2011}} 174. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files_156/libya_283/appointment-of-mansour-seif-al-nasr-the-transitional-national-council-special-envoy-to-france-29.07.11_16040.html |title=France-Diplomatie |publisher=Diplomatie.gouv.fr |accessdate=2012-07-09}} 175. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.libya.tv/2011/06/01/top-libyan-defector-says-end-near-for-gaddafis-rule |accessdate=August 25, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606133228/http://english.libya.tv/2011/06/01/top-libyan-defector-says-end-near-for-gaddafis-rule/ |archivedate=June 6, 2011 }} 176. ^{{cite news|url=http://elregionaldelzulia.com/titulares/default.asp?ID=34298|title=Nuevo gobierno libio revisara relaciones con Latinoamerica}} 177. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/webmodule/htsboard/template/read/korboardread.jsp?typeID=6&boardid=235&seqno=350165|title=외교부 홈페이지에 오신것을 환영합니다.|author=외교부|publisher=|accessdate=16 May 2016}} 178. ^{{cite web|url=http://lby.mofa.go.kr/worldlanguage/africa/lib/legation/address/index.jsp|title=سفارة جمهورية كوريا في ليبيا|author1=Ministry of Foreign Affairs|author2= Republic of Korea|publisher=|accessdate=16 May 2016}} 179. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/specials/the_arab_spring/We_have_no_animosity_towards_the_Swiss.html?cid=31333628|author=Mohamed Cherif|author2=Muhammad Shokry|title=We have no animosity towards the Swiss|publisher=swiss.info|date=13 October 2011|accessdate=16 October 2011}} 180. ^{{cite web|url=http://mofa.gov.ae/MOFA_English/portal/362120d9-5ec2-4c7b-bbcd-819848c863b8.aspx |title=Ministry Of Foreign Affairs - U.A.E |publisher=Mofa.gov.ae |date=2011-08-11 |accessdate=2012-07-09}} 181. ^{{cite web|author=Carol Huang |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/libyan-consulate-reopens-in-uae-with-new-rebel-envoy |title=Libyan consulate reopens in UAE with new rebel envoy - The National |publisher=Thenational.ae |accessdate=2012-07-09}} 182. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23976642-libyan-embassy-opens-under-national-transitional-council-control.do |title=Libyan Embassy opens under National Transitional Council control - News - Evening Standard |publisher=Thisislondon.co.uk |date=2011-08-09 |accessdate=2012-07-09}} 183. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-15-2011-2306 |title=Libya - Aug 15, 2011 - 23:06 - Al Jazeera Blogs |publisher=Blogs.aljazeera.net |date=2011-08-15 |accessdate=2012-07-09}} 184. ^{{cite web|url=http://ntclibyaus.org/welcome/ |title=The Leading NTC Libya US Site on the Net |publisher=ntclibyaus.org |accessdate=2012-07-09}} 185. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/09/09/first-ambassador-free-libya-presents-credentials-president-obama|author=Ben Fishman|title=First Ambassador of Free Libya Presents Credentials to President Obama|publisher=whitehouse.gov|date=9 September 2011|accessdate=10 September 2011}} 186. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.libyanmission-un.org/ |title=Libyan Mission to the UN - New York |publisher=Libyanmission-un.org |accessdate=2012-07-09}} External links
1 : Foreign relations of Libya |
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