| 词条 | Francisco Javier Muñiz |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Francisco Javier Muñiz | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Francisco Javier Muñiz.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Francisco Javier Muñiz | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1795|12|21}} | birth_place = San Isidro, Argentina | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1871|4|8|1795|12|21}} | death_place = Buenos Aires, Argentina | death_cause = Yellow fever | body_discovered = | resting_place = Cementerio de la Recoleta, Buenos Aires, Argentina | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|34|35|15.07|S|58|23|36.74|W|display=inline}} | monuments = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | known_for = Indigenous vaccine, physician | notable_works = | title = | party = | movement = | opponents = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | awards = | footnotes = | box_width = }}Francisco Javier Muñiz (21 December 1795 – 8 April 1871) was an Argentine colonel, legislator, and medical doctor. He treated patients and died during the Great Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1871.[1] He was considered the first important naturalist from Argentina.[1] Personal lifeFrancisco Javier Muñiz was born in San Isidro, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina on 21 December 1795.[2][3] Early military service and medical schoolHe studied at the Instituto Médico Militar (Military Medical Institute) beginning in 1814.[3] The institute was founded by Dr. Cosme Argerich to train surgeons for the army.[4] Muñiz graduated as a doctor in 1821[2] He transferred to the University of Buenos Aires and completed his surgical education in 1824.[3] Muñiz obtained his doctorate in 1844; his dissertation was about the vaccination of indigenous peoples against smallpox. This work made him notable among European scientists.[3] His dissertation followed the article, "A Case of Extensive Scabby Ulcerations, Cured by Vaccination" that he wrote and was published in the London Medical and Surgical Journal in 1833.[1] CareerMedicineMuñiz, upon becoming a doctor in 1821, worked as a military doctor under Juan Lavalle at Carmen de Patagones during the campaign to secure land from indigenous people. He began to study the customs of native people at this time.[5] In 1824 he was transferred to the fort at Chascomús,[2][3] and began his study of paleontology.[3] General Carlos María de Alvear ordered that he accompany Lavalle and his troops during the 1826 war with Brazil. He was promoted to Army Surgeon Major that year and transferred to Luján in 1828 to be a physician to police and military troops.[3] Muñiz served the military and became a colonel. During the Paraguayan War, he became director of Corrientes Province area hospitals.[2][17] In 1848, Muñiz moved to Buenos Aires to become a professor of the School of Medicine where he taught in the fields of forensic medicine, gynecology and obstetrics.[2][6] He was dean, or president, of a Buenos Aires medical faculty.[5][2] PaleontologyMuñiz was a paleontologist, particularly interested in variances among fossils.[2] Working as a physician at Lujan was of particular paleontological interest because of a famous find in 1788 of the Megatherium, an immense ground sloth. He developed a collection that he intended to be used to create a natural history museum. The artifacts were sent (donated or possibly donated by force) to Juan Manuel de Rosas,[3][24] the dictator of the Argentine Federation, whose support was required to establish a museum.[7] Rosas, in an attempt to build alliances overseas, sent collected fossils to Jean Henri Dupotet, Rear Admiral of the French Navy. Dupotet then sent them to Paris.[7] In France Muñiz collection ended up in the National Museum of Natural History where they were studied by Paul Gervais.[8] Apuntes Toggraficos, published in 1847 by Muñiz, contained his topographical notes that discussed the study of fossils in the relative ages of sedimentary strata in areas south of the Buenos Aires Province by naturalists, including Charles Darwin.[3] Darwin began corresponding with Muñiz after reading his work on ñata cattle, indicative of the reputation that he was gaining as a naturalist. Domingo Sarmiento, who researched Muñiz's papers, commented on his influence to Darwin's theory of the origin of species.[9][10]{{Quotation|This inquiry into the existence and later extinction of a variety of cattle raised on the ranches of Buenos Aires would be of little intellectual interest today, were it not thus linked with the celebrated theory of evolution, and the appears of Dr. Muñiz would be of lesser interest, too, except for the observations cited by Darwin in the Journal of Researches (commonly known as The Voyage of the Beagle).{{#tag:ref|Darwin wrote: "A niata bull with a common cow, or the reverse cross, produces offspring having an intermediate character, but with the niata characters strongly displayed: according to Senor Muñiz, there is the clearest evidence, contrary to the common believe of agriculturalists in analogous cases, that the niata cow when crossed with a common bull transmits her peculiarities more strongly than the niata bull when crossed with a common cow."[9]|group="nb"}}|Domingo Sarmiento[9]}}He described a sabertooth, which he named Muni-felus Bonaerensis, in Gaceta Mercantil in 1845.[11] He sent his description to Darwin on 30 August 1846 for his comments. Darwin encouraged him to send specimens to France, which were received in Paris, apparently sent by Rosas.[12] It was determined to be a Smilodon bonaerensis.[5] In their book, From Man to Ape: Darwinism in Argentina, Novoa and Levine identify Muniz as the first important naturalist from Argentina,[1] who donated his later collection of fossils to the Museum of Buenos Aires.[5] PoliticsHe was a legislator, elected first as a representative and then a senator.[2] DeathAfter having treated people with yellow fever during the great Buenos Aires epidemic, Muñiz succumbed to the illness and died on 8 April 1871. He was buried in the Cementerio de la Recoleta in Buenos Aires, Argentina.[2][6] A monument was created in his honor by the city of Buenos Aires.[5] Legacy
Notes1. ^1 2 {{cite book|author1=Adriana Novoa|author2=Alex Levine|title=From Man to Ape: Darwinism in Argentina, 1870–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGeAGIipEQEC&pg=PA31|date=1 December 2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-59616-7|page=31}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite journal | url=http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196%2812%2961294-4/fulltext | title=Francisco Javier Muñiz: Argentinean Physician, Geologist, and Paleontologist | publisher=Mayo Clinic Proceedings (online version) | author=Marc A. Shampo, PhD, Robert A. Kyle, M.D. |volume=64 | issue=10 | page=1302 | date= October 1989 | accessdate=19 December 2013}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|author1=Alex Levine|author2=Adriana Novoa|title=¡Darwinistas! The Construction of Evolutionary Thought in Nineteenth Century Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IH2XG-BwvUC&pg=PA85|date=5 January 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-22136-9|pages=85}} 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.iese.edu.ar/eude/biografias/A/argerich_cosme_bio.html | title=Cosme Mariano Argerich (1758–1820) | publisher=Instituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ejército Argentino | accessdate=20 December 2013 }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|author=Sir Norman Lockyer|title=Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LA7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA305|year=1917|publisher=Macmillan Journals Limited|page=305}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author1=Alex Levine|author2=Adriana Novoa|title=¡Darwinistas! The Construction of Evolutionary Thought in Nineteenth Century Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IH2XG-BwvUC&pg=PA90|date=5 January 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-22136-9|pages=90}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Adriana Novoa|author2=Alex Levine|title=From Man to Ape: Darwinism in Argentina, 1870–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGeAGIipEQEC&pg=PA32|date=1 December 2010|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-59616-7|page=32}} 8. ^1 {{cite book |last=Barquez |first=Rubén M. |last2=Díaz |first2=M. Mónica |date=2014 |chapter=History of mammalogy in Argentina |url=http://www.pidba.com.ar/2014%20Barquez%20y%20Diaz%20Masto%20Argentina.pdf |title=Historia de la mastozoología en Latinoamérica, las Guayanas y el Caribe |editor-last=Ortega |editor-first=José |editor-last2=Martínez |editor-first2=José Luis|editor-last3=Tirira |editor-first3=Diego G.|publisher=Editorial Murciélago Blanco y Asociación Ecuatoriana de Mastozoología |pages=15–50 |doi= |access-date=16 January 2016 |language=Spanish}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|author1=Alex Levine|author2=Adriana Novoa|title=¡Darwinistas! The Construction of Evolutionary Thought in Nineteenth Century Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IH2XG-BwvUC&pg=PA85|date=5 January 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-22136-9|pages=85–87}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Leila Gómez|title=Darwinism in Argentina: Major Texts (1845–1909)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2APUjG_IUCYC&pg=PR7|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-61148-386-4|page=7}} 11. ^{{cite book|author1=Alex Levine|author2=Adriana Novoa|title=¡Darwinistas! The Construction of Evolutionary Thought in Nineteenth Century Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IH2XG-BwvUC&pg=PA87|date=5 January 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-22136-9|pages=87–90, 91–95}} 12. ^{{cite book|author1=Alex Levine|author2=Adriana Novoa|title=¡Darwinistas! The Construction of Evolutionary Thought in Nineteenth Century Argentina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IH2XG-BwvUC&pg=PA87|date=5 January 2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-22136-9|pages=87–88}} 13. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.moreno.gob.ar/noticia.aspx?id=6553 | title=Apertura de las actividades en el Museo Javier Muñiz | publisher=Moreno Municipio | date=20 August 2013 | accessdate=20 December 2013}} References{{Reflist|2}}Further reading
12 : 1795 births|1871 deaths|Argentine physicians|Argentine naturalists|Argentine paleontologists|Argentine military personnel|Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Burials at La Recoleta Cemetery|University of Buenos Aires alumni|University of Buenos Aires faculty|Deaths from yellow fever|Members of the Argentine Senate |
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