- Interpretation Plasma or whole blood Units Arterial or venous Usual or optimal Variability
- Sorted by concentration By mass and molarity By units By enzyme activity White blood cells
- Sorted by category Ions and trace metals Acid-base and blood gases Liver function Cardiac tests Lipids Tumour markers Endocrinology Thyroid hormones Sex hormones Other hormones Vitamins Toxins Hematology Red blood cells White blood cells Coagulation Immunology Acute phase proteins Isotypes of antibodies Autoantibodies Other immunology Other enzymes and proteins Other electrolytes and metabolites
- Medication
- See also
- Notes
- References
- External links
- Further reading
Reference ranges for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples.
Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.[1]
Interpretation
A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval).[2] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.
Plasma or whole blood
In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:
- All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
- All values in Hematology – white blood cells
- Platelet count (Plt)
A few values are for inside red blood cells only:
- Vitamin B9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Units
- Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
- Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.[3]
- International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
- Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.[4]
- Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.
Arterial or venous
If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid-base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid-base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).[4] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.[4]
Usual or optimal
Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges.
In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.
Variability
{{Further information|Reference range}}References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,[5] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity.[6] Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.
Sorted by concentration
,By units
Units don't necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.
A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.
By enzyme activity
White blood cells
Sorted by category
Ions and trace metals
{{Further information|Trace metal|Metals in medicine}}Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit* | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| {{Anchor|Sodium}} Sodium (Na) | 135,[10] 137[4][12] | 145,[4][12] 147[10] | mmol/L or mEq/L[10] | See hyponatremia or hypernatremia |
| 310,[8] 320[8] | 330,[8] 340[8] | mg/dL | ||
| {{Anchor|Potassium}} Potassium (K) | 3.5,[4][10] 3.6[12] | 5.0,[4][10][12] 5.1 | mmol/L or mEq/L[10] | See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia |
| 14[9] | 20[9] | mg/dL | ||
| {{Anchor|Chloride}} Chloride (Cl) | 95,[10] 98,[31] 100[4] | 105,[10] 106,[31] 110[4] | mmol/L or mEq/L[10] | See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia |
| 340[10] | 370[10] | mg/dL | ||
| {{Anchor|Calcium}} Ionized calcium (Ca) | 1.03,[11] 1.10[4] | 1.23,[11] 1.30[4] | mmol/L | See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia |
| 4.1,[12] 4.4[12] | 4.9,[12] 5.2[12] | mg/dL | ||
| Total calcium (Ca) | 2.1,[10][13] 2.2[4] | 2.5,[4][13] 2.6,[13] 2.8[10] | mmol/L | |
| 8.4,[10] 8.5[55] | 10.2,[10] 10.5[55] | mg/dL | ||
| {{Anchor|Iron}} Total serum iron (TSI) – male | 65,[14] 76[12] | 176,[14] 198[12] | µg/dL | See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia |
| 11.6,[15][63] 13.6[63] | 30,[15] 32,[63] 35[63] | μmol/L | ||
| Total serum iron (TSI) – female | 26,[12] 50[14] | 170[12][14] | µg/dL | |
| 4.6,[63] 8.9[15] | 30.4[15] | μmol/L | ||
| Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns | 100[14] | 250[14] | µg/dL | |
| 18[16] | 45[16] | µmol/L | ||
| Total serum iron (TSI) – children | 50[14] | 120[14] | µg/dL | |
| 9[16] | 21[16] | µmol/L | ||
| Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) | 240,[14] 262[12] | 450,[14] 474[12] | μg/dL | |
| 43,[16] 47[16] | 81,[16] 85[16] | µmol/L | ||
| {{Anchor|Transferrin}} Transferrin | 190,[17] 194,[4] 204[12] | 326,[4] 330,[17] 360[12] | mg/dL | |
| 25[18] | 45[18] | μmol/L | ||
| Transferrin saturation | 20[14] | 50[14] | % | |
| {{Anchor|Ferritin}} Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females | 12[19] | 300[19][20] | ng/mL or µg/L | |
| 27[21] | 670[21] | pmol/L | ||
| Ferritin – premenopausal females | 12[19] | 150[19] – 200[20] | ng/mL or µg/L | |
| 27[21] | 330[21] – 440[21] | pmol/L | ||
| {{Anchor|Ammonia}} Ammonia | 10,[22] 20[23] | 35,[22] 65[23] | μmol/L | See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia |
| 17,[24] 34[24] | 60,[24] 110[24] | μg/dL | ||
| {{Anchor|Copper}} Copper (Cu) | 70[55] | 150[55] | µg/dL | See hypocupremia or hypercupremia |
| 11[25][26] | 24[25] | μmol/L | ||
| {{Anchor|Ceruloplasmin}} Ceruloplasmin | 15[55] | 60[55] | mg/dL | |
| 1[27] | 4[27] | μmol/L | ||
| Phosphate}} Phosphate (HPO42−) | 0.8 | 1.5[28] | mmol/L | See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia |
| Inorganic phosphorus (serum) | 1.0[10] | 1.5[10] | mmol/L | |
| 3.0[10] | 4.5[10] | mg/dL | ||
| {{Anchor|Zinc}} Zinc (Zn) | 60,[29] 72[30] | 110,[30] 130[29] | μg/dL | See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning |
| 9.2,[31] 11[4] | 17,[4] 20[31] | µmol/L | ||
| {{Anchor|Magnesium}} Magnesium | 1.5,[55] 1.7[32] | 2.0,[55] 2.3[32] | mEq/L or mg/dL | See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia |
| 0.6,[33] 0.7[4] | 0.82,[33] 0.95[4] | mmol/L | ||
- Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the US and elsewhere, they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant.
Acid-base and blood gases
{{Further information|Acid-base homeostasis}}{{further information|Arterial blood gas}}If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.
Acid-base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.[4] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.[34]
| Arterial/Venous | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH | Arterial | 7.34,[12] 7.35[10] | 7.44,[12] 7.45[10] | |
| Venous | 7.31[35] | 7.41[35] | ||
| [H+] | Arterial | 36[10] | 44[10] | nmol/L |
| 3.6[36] | 4.4[36] | ng/dL | ||
| Base excess | Arterial & venous[35] | −3[35] | +3[35] | mEq/L |
| Oxygen partial pressure (pO2) | Arterial pO2 | 10,[10] 11[166] | 13,[166] 14[10] | kPa |
| 75,[10][12] 83[55] | 100,[12] 105[10] | mmHg or torr | ||
| Venous | 4.0[166] | 5.3[166] | kPa | |
| 30[35] | 40[35] | mmHg or torr | ||
| Oxygen saturation | Arterial | 94,[35] 95,[37] 96[55] | 100[37][55] | % |
| Venous | Approximately 75[37] | |||
| Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) | Arterial PaCO2 | 4.4,[10] 4.7[38] | 5.9,[10] 6.0[38] | kPa |
| 33,[10] 35[12] | 44,[10] 45[12] | mmHg or torr | ||
| Venous | 5.5,[38] | 6.8[38] | kPa | |
| 41[35] | 51[35] | mmHg or torr | ||
| Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO2) | Arterial | 23[35] | 30[35] | mmol/L |
| 100[39] | 132[39] | mg/dL | ||
| Bicarbonate (HCO3−) | Arterial & venous | 18[40] | 23[40] | mmol/L |
| 110[41] | 140[41] | mg/dL | ||
| Standard bicarbonate (SBCe) | Arterial & venous | 21, 22[10] | 27, 28[10] | mmol/L or mEq/L[10] |
| 134[41] | 170[41] | mg/dL | ||
Liver function
{{Further information|Liver function tests}}| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total protein (TotPro) | 60,[10] 63[12] | 78,[10] 82,[12] 84[40] | g/L | See serum total protein Interpretation | |
| Albumin | 35[10][42] | 48,[12] 55[10] | g/L | See hypoalbuminemia | |
| 3.5[12] | 4.8,[12] 5.5[10] | U/L | |||
| 540[43] | 740[43] | μmol/L | |||
| Globulins | 23[10] | 35[10] | g/L | ||
| {{Anchor|Bilirubin reference ranges}} Total bilirubin | 1.7,[44] 2,[10] 3.4,[44] 5[4] | 17,[10][44] 22,[44] 25[4] | μmol/L | ||
| 0.1,[10] 0.2,[12] 0.29[235] | 1.0,[10][40] 1.3,[12] 1.4[45] | mg/dL | |||
| Direct/conjugated bilirubin | 0.0[10] or N/A[4] | 5,[10] 7[4][44] | μmol/L | ||
| 0[10][12] | 0.3,[10][12] 0.4[40] | mg/dL | |||
| Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[4]) | 5,[251] 7,[12] 8[46] | 20,[46] 21,[37] 56[12] | U/L | Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) | |
| Female | 0.15[4] | 0.75[4] | µkat/L | ||
| Male | 0.15[4] | 1.1[4] | |||
| Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[4]) | Female | 6[47] | 34[47] | IU/L | Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) |
| 0.25[4] | 0.60[4] | µkat/L | |||
| Male | 8[47] | 40[47] | IU/L | ||
| 0.25[4] | 0.75[4] | µkat/L | |||
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | 0.6[4] | 1.8[4] | µkat/L | ||
| Female | 42[48] | 98[48] | U/L | ||
| Male | 53[48] | 128[48] | |||
| Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) | 5,[48] 8[12] | 40,[48] 78[12] | U/L | ||
| Female | 0.63[49] | µkat/L | |||
| Male | 0.92[49] | µkat/L | |||
Cardiac tests
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Creatine kinase (CK) | Male | 24,[50] 38,[12] 60[48] | 174,[40] 320[48] | U/L or ng/mL |
| 0.42[51] | 1.5[51] | µkat/L | ||
| Female | 24,[50] 38,[12] 96[40] | 140,[40] 200[48] | U/L or ng/mL | |
| 0.17[51] | 1.17[51] | µkat/L | ||
| CK-MB | 0 | 3,[12] 3.8,[4] 5[48] | ng/mL or μg/L[4] | |
| Myoglobin | Female | 1[52] | 66[52] | ng/mL or µg/L |
| Male | 17[52] | 106[52] | ||
| Cardiac troponin T | 0.01[53] | ng/mL | 99th percentile cutoff |
| Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in BNP article}} | |
| Interpretation | Range / Cutoff |
|---|---|
| Congestive heart failure unlikely | < 100 pg/mL[54][55] |
| "Gray zone" | 100-500 pg/mL[54][55] |
| Congestive heart failure likely | >500 pg/mL[54][55] |
| NT-proBNP {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in NT-proBNP article}} | ||
| Interpretation | Age | Cutoff |
|---|---|---|
| Congestive heart failure likely | < 75 years | > 125 pg/mL[56] |
| >75 years | >450pg/mL[56] |
Lipids
{{Further information|Blood lipids}}| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Therapeutic target |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Triglycerides | 10–39 years | 54[40] | 110[40] | mg/dL | < 100 mg/dL[315] or 1.1[315] mmol/L |
| 0.61[57] | 1.2[57] | mmol/L | |||
| 40–59 years | 70[40] | 150[40] | mg/dL | ||
| 0.77[57] | 1.7[57] | mmol/L | |||
| > 60 years | 80[40] | 150[40] | mg/dL | ||
| 0.9[57] | 1.7[57] | mmol/L | |||
| Total cholesterol | 3.0,[58] 3.6[46][58] | 5.0,[4][59] 6.5[46] | mmol/L | < 3.9 mmol/L[315] | |
| 120,[12] 140[46] | 200,[12] 250[46] | mg/dL | < 150 mg/dL[315] | ||
| HDL cholesterol | Female | 1.0,[60] 1.2,[4] 1.3[58] | 2.2[60] | mmol/L | > 1.0[60] or 1.6[58] mmol/L 40[345] or 60[61] mg/dL |
| 40,[62] 50[63] | 86[62] | mg/dL | |||
| HDL cholesterol | Male | 0.9[4][60] | 2.0[60] | mmol/L | |
| 35[62] | 80[62] | mg/dL | |||
| LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L) | 2.0,[60] 2.4[59] | 3.0,[4][59] 3.4[60] | mmol/L | < 2.5 mmol/L[60] | |
| 80,[62] 94[62] | 120,[62] 130[62] | mg/dL | < 100 mg/dL[62] | ||
| LDL/HDL quotient | n/a | 5[4] | (unitless) |
Tumour markers
{{Further information|Tumour markers}}| Test | Patient type | Cutoff | Unit | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) | 44[12] | ng/mL or µg/L | Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer | |
| Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG) | In males and non-pregnant females | 5[12] | IU/l or mU/mL | |
| CA19-9 | 40[12] | U/mL | Pancreatic cancer | |
| CA-125 | 30,[64] 35[65] | kU/L or U/mL | ||
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Non-smokers, 50 years | 3.4,[4] 3.6[66] | μg/L | |
| Non-smokers, 70 years | 4.1[66] | |||
| Smokers | 5[67] | |||
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | 40-49 years | 1.2 - 2.9[68] | μg/L[4][12] or ng/mL[40] | More detailed cutoffs in PSA - Serum levels |
| 70-79 years, non-African-American | 4.0 - 9.0[68] | |||
| 70-79 years, African-American | 7.7 - 13[68] | |||
| PAP | 3[40] | units/dL (Bodansky units) | ||
| Calcitonin | 5,[69] 15[69] | ng/L or pg/mL | Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer[69] More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article |
Endocrinology
Thyroid hormones
{{Further information|Thyroid function tests}}| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) | Adults – standard range | 0.3,[4] 0.4,[12] 0.5,[40] 0.6[70] | 4.0,[4] 4.5,[12] 6.0[40] | mIU/L or μIU/mL |
| Adults – optimal range | 0.3,[71] 0.5[72] | 2.0,[72] 3.0[71] | ||
| Infants | 1.3[73] | 19[73] | ||
| Free thyroxine (FT4) {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article}} | Normal adult | 0.7,[74] 0.8[12] | 1.4,[74] 1.5,[12] 1.8[75] | ng/dL |
| 9,[4][405] 10,[406] 12[76] | 18,[4][77] 23[76] | pmol/L | ||
| Child/Adolescent 31 d – 18 y | 0.8[74] | 2.0[74] | ng/dL | |
| 10[77] | 26[77] | pmol/L | ||
| Pregnant | 0.5[74] | 1.0[74] | ng/dL | |
| 6.5[77] | 13[77] | pmol/L | ||
| Total thyroxine | 4,[406] 5.5[12] | 11,[406] 12.3[12] | μg/dL | |
| 60[406][76] | 140,[406] 160[76] | nmol/L | ||
| Free triiodothyronine (FT3) | Normal adult | 0.2[406] | 0.5[406] | ng/dL |
| 3.1[78] | 7.7[78] | pmol/L | ||
| Children 2-16 y | 0.1[79] | 0.6[79] | ng/dL | |
| 1.5[78] | 9.2[78] | pmol/L | ||
| Total triiodothyronine | 60,[12] 75[80] | 175,[80] 181[12] | ng/dL | |
| 0.9,[4] 1.1[80] | 2.5,[4] 2.7[80] | nmol/L | ||
| Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) | 12[12] | 30[12] | mg/L | |
| Thyroglobulin (Tg) | 1.5[80] | 30[80] | pmol/L | |
| 1[80] | 20[80] | μg/L | ||
Sex hormones
{{Further information|Sex steroid}}The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dihydrotestosterone | adult male | 30[82] | 85[82] | ng/dL |
| Testosterone | Male, overall | 8,[83] 10[84] | 27,[83] 35[84] | nmol/L |
| 230,[85] 300[86] | 780[85] – 1000[86] | ng/dL | ||
| Male < 50 years | 10[4] | 45[4] | nmol/L | |
| 290[85] | 1300[85] | ng/dL | ||
| Male > 50 years | 6.2[4] | 26[4] | nmol/L | |
| 180[85] | 740[85] | ng/dL | ||
| Female | 0.7[84] | 2.8[84] – 3.0[4] | nmol/L | |
| 20[86] | 80[86] – 85[85] | ng/dL | ||
| 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone | male | 0.06[40] | 3.0[40] | mg/L |
| 0.18[87] | 9.1[87] | µmol/l | ||
| Female (Follicular phase) | 0.2[40] | 1.0[40] | mg/L | |
| 0.6[87] | 3.0[87] | µmol/l | ||
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) {{hatnote|-more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram}} | Prepubertal | <1[88] | 3[88] | IU/L |
| Adult male | 1[88] | 8[88] | ||
| Adult female (follicular and luteal phase) | 1[88] | 11[88] | ||
| Adult female (Ovulation) | 6[88] 95% PI (standard) | 26[88] 95% PI) | ||
| 5[89] 90% PI (used in diagram) | 15[89] (90% PI) | |||
| Post-menopausal female | 30[88] | 118[88] | ||
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) {{hatnote|-more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram}} | Female, peak | 20[89] 90% PI (used in diagram) | 75[89] (90% PI) | IU/L |
| Female, post-menopausal | 15[90] | 60[90] | ||
| Male aged 18+ | 2[91] | 9[91] | ||
| Estradiol (an estrogen) {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in estradiol article}} | Adult male | 50[92] | 200[92] | pmol/L |
| 14[93] | 55[93] | pg/mL | ||
| Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase, and luteal phase) | 70[92] | 500,[92] 600[92] | pmol/L | |
| 19[93] | 140,[93] 160[93] | pg/mL | ||
| Adult female – free (not protein bound) | 0.5[94] | 9[94] | pg/mL | |
| 1.7[94] | 33[94] | pmol/L | ||
| Post-menopausal female | N/A[92] | < 130[92] | pmol/L | |
| N/A[93] | < 35[93] | pg/mL | ||
| Progesterone {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in Progesterone article}} | Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21-23) | 17,[89] 35[95] | 92[95] | nmol/L |
| 6,[89] 11[96] | 29[96] | ng/mL | ||
| Androstenedione | Adult male and female | 60[90] | 270[90] | ng/dL |
| Post-menopausal female | < 180[90] | |||
| Prepubertal | < 60[90] | |||
| -more detailed ranges in DHEA-S article}} | Adult male and female | 30[97] | 400[97] | µg/dL |
| SHBG {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in SHBG article}} | Adult female | 40[98] | 120[98] | nmol/L |
| Adult male | 20[98] | 60[98] | ||
| Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in AMH article}} | 13–45 years | 0.7[99] | 20[99] | ng/mL |
| 5[100] | 140[100] | pmol/l |
Other hormones
{{Further information|Hormones}}| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | 4.4[101] | 18,[102] 22[101] | pmol/L | |
| 20[12] | 80,[103] 100[12] | pg/mL | ||
| Cortisol | 09:00 am | 140[104] | 700[104] | nmol/L |
| 5[105] | 25[105] | μg/dL | ||
| Midnight | 80[104] | 350[104] | nmol/L | |
| 2.9[105] | 13[105] | μg/dL | ||
| Growth hormone (fasting) | 0 | 5[46] | ng/mL | |
| Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) | 7[46] | n/a | ng/mL | |
| IGF-1 {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in IGF-1 article}} | Female, 20 yrs | 110[106] | 420[106] | ng/mL |
| Female, 75 yrs | 55[106] | 220[106] | ||
| Male, 20 yrs | 160[106] | 390[106] | ||
| Male, 75 yrs | 48[106] | 200[106] | ||
| Prolactin {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in Prolactin article}} | Female | 71,[562] 105[562] | 348,[562] 548[107] | mIU/L |
| 3.4,[107] 3.9[107] | 16.4,[107] 20.3[107] | µg/L | ||
| Male | 58,[107] 89[107] | 277,[107] 365[107] | mIU/L | |
| 2.7,[107] 3.3[107] | 13.0,[107] 13.5[107] | µg/L | ||
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | 10,[108] 17[109] | 65,[108] 70[109] | pg/mL | |
| 1.1,[4] 1.8[110] | 6.9,[4] 7.5[110] | pmol/L | ||
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) – Standard reference range | 8,[40][111] 9[111] | 40,[111] 80[40] | ng/mL | |
| 20,[112] 23[113] | 95,[113] 150[112] | nmol/L | ||
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol – Therapeutic target range | 30,[114] 40[115] | 65,[115] 100[114] | ng/mL | |
| 85,[116] 100[115] | 120,[116] 160[115] | nmol/L | ||
| Plasma renin activity | 0.29,[117] 1.9[604] | 3.7[117][118] | ng/(mL·h) | |
| 3.3,[119] 21[120] | 41[119][120] | mcU/mL | ||
| Aldosterone {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in Aldosterone article}} | Adult | 19,[119] 34.0[119] | ng/dL | |
| 530,[613] 940[121] | pmol/L | |||
| Aldosterone-to-renin ratio {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in Aldosterone/renin ratio article}} | Adult | 13.1,[615] 35.0[122] | ng/dl per ng/(mL·h) | |
| 360,[122] 970[122] | pmol/liter per µg/(L·h) |
Vitamins
Also including the vitamin B12)-related amino acid homocysteine.
| Test | Patient type | Standard range | Optimal range | Unit | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower limit | Upper limit | Lower limit | Upper limit | |||
| Vitamin A | 30[40] | 65[40] | µg/dL | |||
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Serum | Age > 1 year | 3.0[123] | 16[123] | 5[124] | ng/mL or μg/L | |
| 6.8[125] | 36[125] | 11[125] | nmol/L | |||
| Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells | 200[123] | 600[123] | ng/mL or μg/L | |||
| 450[125] | 1400[125] | nmol/L | ||||
| Pregnant | 400[123] | ng/mL or μg/L | ||||
| 900[123] | nmol/L | |||||
| Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) | 130,[126] 160[127] | 700,[126] 950[127] | ng/L | |||
| 100,[128] 120[4] | 520,[128] 700[4] | pmol/L | ||||
| Homocysteine {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in Homocysteine article}} | 3.3,[129] 5.9[129] | 7.2,[129] 15.3[129] | 6.3[116] | μmol/L | ||
| 45,[130] 80[130] | 100,[130] 210[130] | 85[116] | μg/dL | |||
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | 0.4[40] | 1.5[40] | 0.9[116] | mg/dL | ||
| 23[131] | 85[131] | 50[116] | μmol/L | |||
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) | 8,[40][111] 9[111] | 40,[111] 80[40] | 30,[114] 40[115] | 65,[115] 100[114] | ng/mL | |
| 20,[112] 23[113] | 95,[113] 150[112] | 85,[116] 100[115] | 120,[116] 160[115] | nmol/L | ||
| Vitamin E | 28[116] | μmol/L | ||||
| 1.2[116] | mg/dL | |||||
Toxins
| Test | Limit type | Limit | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lead | Optimal health range | < 20[37] or 40[40] | µg/dL |
| Blood ethanol content | Limit for drunk driving | 0,[678] 0.2,[132] 0.8[132] | ‰ or g/L |
| 17.4[133] | mmol/L |
Hematology
Red blood cells
These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
White blood cells
These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) | Adult | 3.5,[136] 3.9,[139] 4.1,[12] 4.5[46] | 9.0,[136] 10.0,[139] 10.9,[12] 11[46] |
|
| Newborn | 9[140] | 30[140] | ||
| 1 year old | 6[140] | 18[140] | ||
| {{Anchor|Neutrophil_count}} Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) | Adult | 1.3,[136] 1.8,[139] 2[140] | 5.4,[136] 7,[139] 8[140] | x109/L |
| 45-54[46] | 62,[46] 74 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 6[140] | 26[140] | x109/L | |
| Neutrophilic band forms | Adult | 0.7[140] | x109/L | |
| 3[46] | 5[46] | % of WBC | ||
| Lymphocytes | Adult | 0.7,[136] 1.0[139][140] | 3.5,[139] 3.9,[136] 4.8[140] | x109/L |
| 16-25[46] | 33,[46] 45 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 2[140] | 11[140] | x109/L | |
| Monocytes | Adult | 0.1,[136] 0.2[141][142] | 0.8[136][140][142] | x109/L |
| 3,[46] 4.0 | 7,[46] 10 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 0.4[140] | 3.1[140] | x109/L | |
| Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes) | Adult | 1.5 | 5 | x109/L |
| 20 | 35 | % of WBC | ||
| CD4+ T cells | Adult | 0.4,[143] 0.5[37] | 1.5,[37] 1.8[143] | x109/L |
| Eosinophil granulocytes | Adult | 0.0,[136] 0.04[142] | 0.44,[142] 0.45,[140] 0.5[136] | x109/L |
| 1[46] | 3,[46] 7 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 0.02[140] | 0.85[140] | x109/L | |
| Basophil granulocytes | Adult | 40[139] | 100,[136][142] 200,[140] 900[139] | x106/L |
| 0.0 | 0.75,[46] 2 | % of WBC | ||
| Newborn | 0.64[140] | x109/L |
Coagulation
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt) | 140,[143] 150[136][46] | 350,[136][40] 400,[46] 450[143] | x109/L or x1000/µL | |
| Mean platelet volume (MPV) | 7.2,[144] 7.4,[145] 7.5[146] | 10.4,[145] 11.5,[146] 11.7[144] | fL | |
| Prothrombin time (PT) | 10,[37] 11,[46][147] 12[143] | 13,[37] 13.5,[147] 14,[143] 15[46] | s | PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised |
| INR | 0.9[136] | 1.2[136] | The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal | |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) | 18,[143] 30[136][37] | 28,[143] 42,[136] 45[37] | s | |
| Thrombin clotting time (TCT) | 11 | 18 | s | |
| Fibrinogen | 1.7,[143] 2.0[136] | 3.6,[136] 4.2[143] | g/L | |
| Antithrombin | 0.80[136] | 1.2[136] | kIU/L | |
| 0.15,[148] 0.17[149] | 0.2,[148] 0.39[149] | mg/mL | ||
| Bleeding time | 2 | 9 | minutes | |
| Viscosity | 1.5[150] | 1.72[150] | cP |
Immunology
Acute phase proteins
Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.
| Test | Patient | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | Male | 0 | Age÷2[903] | mm/h | ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[151] |
| Female | (Age+10)÷2[152] | ||||
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | 5,[136][153] 6[154] | mg/L | |||
| 200,[909] 240[909] | nmol/L | ||||
| Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) | 20,[155] 22[156] | 38,[156] 53[155] | μmol/L | ||
| 89,[157] 97[136] | 170,[136] 230[157] | mg/dL | |||
| Procalcitonin | 0.15[158] | ng/mL or μg/L |
Isotypes of antibodies
{{Further information|Antibody}}| Test | Patient | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IgA | Adult | 70,[136] 110[159] | 360,[136] 560[159] | mg/dL |
| IgD | 0.5[159] | 3.0[159] | ||
| IgE | 0.01[159] | 0.04[159] | ||
| IgG | 800[159] | 1800[159] | ||
| IgM | 54[159] | 220[159] | ||
Autoantibodies
{{For|clinical associations|Autoantibody}}Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level. All included values[160] are given for the ELISA test.
| Test | Negative | Equivocal | Positive | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| anti-SS-A (Ro) | < 15[161] | 15-25[161] | > 25[161] | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| anti-SS-B (La) | < 3[161] | 3–4[161] | > 4[161] | |
| Anti ds-DNA | < 40[161] | 40–60[161] | > 60[161] | |
| Anti ss-DNA | < 8[161] | 8–10[161] | > 10[161] | |
| Anti-histone antibodies | < 25[161] | n/a[161] | > 25[161] | |
| Cytoplasmic/classical anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA) | < 20[161] | 21–30[161] | > 30[161] | |
| Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) | < 5[161] | n/a | > 5[161] | |
| Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) | < 10[161] | n/a[161] | > 10[161] | |
| Rheumatoid factor (RF) | < 20 | 20–30 | > 30[143] | |
| Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in preschoolers | > 100 | |||
| ASOT at school age | > 250[143] | |||
| ASOT in adults | > 125[143] |
| Test | Negative | Low/weak positive | Moderate positive | High/strong positive | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-phospholipid IgG | < 20[161] | 20–30[161] | 31–50[161] | > 51[161] | GPLU/ml[161] |
| Anti-phospholipid IgM | < 1.5[161] | 1.5–2.5[161] | 2–9.9[161] | > 10[161] | MPL /ml[161] |
| Anti-phospholipid IgA | < 10[161] | 10–20[161] | 21–30[161] | > 31[161] | arb U/ml[161] |
| Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies | < 20[161] | 20–39[161] | 40–59[161] | > 60[161] | EU[161] |
Other immunology
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio | 0.26[162] | 1.65[162] | (unitless) |
Other enzymes and proteins
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum total protein | 60,[46] 63[143] | 78,[46] 82,[143] 84[40] | g/L | Serum total protein#Interpretation}} |
| {{Anchor|Lactate dehydrogenase}} Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | 50[40] | 150[40] | U/L | |
| 0.4[48] | 1.7[48] | μmol/L | ||
| 1.8[136] | 3.4[136] | µkat/L | < 70 years old[136] | |
| Amylase | 25,[46] 30,[143] 53[40] | 110,[143] 120,[163] 123,[40] 125,[46] 190[48] | U/L | |
| 0.15[136] | 1.1[136] | µkat/L | ||
| 200[164] | 240[164] | nmol/L | ||
| D-dimer {{hatnote|-more detailed ranges in D-dimer article}} | n/a | 500[165] | ng/mL | Higher in pregnant women[166] |
| 0.5[136] | mg/L | |||
| Lipase | 7,[143] 10,[40] 23[48] | 60,[143] 150,[40] 208[48] | U/L | |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | 23[48] | 57[48] | U/L | |
| Acid phosphatase | 3.0[48] | ng/mL | ||
| Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) | 2.3[136] | 16[136] | µg/L |
Other electrolytes and metabolites
Electrolytes and metabolites:
For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osmolality | 275,[46] 280,[40] 281[136] | 295,[46] 296,[40] 297[136] | mOsm/kg | Plasma weight excludes solutes | |
| Osmolarity | Slightly less than osmolality | mOsm/L | Plasma volume includes solutes | ||
| Urea | 3.0[167] | 7.0[167] | mmol/L | BUN – blood urea nitrogen | |
| 7[46] | 18,[46] 21[143] | mg/dL | |||
| * Uric acid[143] | 0.18[46] | 0.48[46] | mmol/L | ||
| Female | 2.0[40] | 7.0[40] | mg/dL | ||
| Male | 2.1[40] | 8.5[40] | mg/dL | ||
| Creatinine | Male | 60,[136] 68[168] | 90,[136] 118[168] | μmol/L | May be complemented with creatinine clearance |
| 0.7,[1041] 0.8[169] | 1.0,[169] 1.3[169] | mg/dL | |||
| Female | 50,[136] 68[168] | 90,[136] 98[168] | μmol/L | ||
| 0.6,[169] 0.8[169] | 1.0,[169] 1.1[169] | mg/dL | |||
| BUN/Creatinine Ratio | 5[40] | 35[40] | – | ||
| {{Anchor|Blood glucose reference ranges}} Plasma glucose (fasting) | 3.8,[46] 4.0[136] | 6.0,[136] 6.1[170] | mmol/L | See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology) | |
| 65,[143] 70,[46] 72[171] | 100,[170] 110[40] | mg/dL | |||
| Full blood glucose (fasting) | 3.3[136] | 5.6[136] | mmol/L | ||
| 60[171] | 100[171] | mg/dL | |||
| Random glucose | 3.9[172] | 7.8[172] | mmol/L | ||
| 70[173] | 140[173] | mg/dL | |||
| Lactate (Venous) | 4.5[40] | 19.8[40] | mg/dL | ||
| 0.5[174] | 2.2[174] | mmol/L | |||
| Lactate (Arterial) | 4.5[40] | 14.4[40] | mg/dL | ||
| 0.5[174] | 1.6[174] | mmol/L | |||
| Pyruvate | 300[40] | 900[40] | μg/dL | ||
| 34[175] | 102[175] | μmol/L | |||
| Ketones | 1[176] | mg/dL | |||
| 0.1[176] | mmol/L | ||||
Medication
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Digoxin | 0.5[177] | 2.0[177] | ng/mL | Narrow therapeutic window |
| 0.6[177] | 2.6[177] | nmol/L | ||
| Lithium | 0.4,[178] 0.5,[179][180] 0.8[181] | 1.3[179][180] | mmol/L | Narrow therapeutic window |
| Paracetamol | 30[182] | mg/L | Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels | |
| 200[182] | µmol/L |
See also
- Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
- Comprehensive metabolic panel
- Medical technologist
- Reference range
Notes
1. ^{{cite web|title=Reference Ranges and What They Mean|url=http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/ref-ranges/start/6|publisher=Lab Tests Online (USA)|accessdate=22 June 2013}}
2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Je_pJfb2r0cC&pg=PA19 Page 19] in: {{cite book |author=Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard |title=Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=978-0-443-10186-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en Page 34: Units of measurement] in Medical toxicologyBy Richard C. DartEdition: 3, illustratedPublished by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004{{ISBN|0-7817-2845-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7817-2845-4}}1914 pages
4. ^1 2 Arterial versus venous reference ranges - Brief Article Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour
5. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8| pmid = 19935037| title = Pregnancy and Laboratory Studies| journal = Obstetrics & Gynecology| volume = 114| issue = 6| pages = 1326–31| year = 2009| last1 = Abbassi-Ghanavati | first1 = M. | last2 = Greer | first2 = L. G. | last3 = Cunningham | first3 = F. G. }}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=Armbruster|first=David|author2=Miller |title=The Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM): A Global Approach to Promote the Standardisation of Clinical Laboratory Test Results|journal=The Clinical Biochemist Reviews|date=August 2007|volume=28|issue=3|pages=105–14|accessdate=|pmc=1994110|pmid=17909615}}
7. ^[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01189 PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC] Retrieved on September 28, 2009
8. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1
9. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1
10. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1
11. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Larsson L, Ohman S |title=Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1962–65 |date=November 1978 |pmid=709830 |doi= |url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830}}
12. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
13. ^1 2 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web |author=Slon S |title=Serum Iron |url=http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456 |date=2006-09-22 |publisher=University of Illinois Medical Center |accessdate=2006-07-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028111833/http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456 |archivedate=2006-10-28 |df= }}
15. ^1 2 3 Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106161044/http://www.dclmexico.com/ingles/hierro_sl.pdf |date=2009-01-06 }} July 15, 2005
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1
17. ^1 Table 1. Page 133" Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
18. ^1 Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
19. ^1 2 3 [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003490.htm Ferritin] by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
20. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177216-workup#c8|title=Hemochromatosis Workup|author=Andrea Duchini|website=Medscape|accessdate=2016-07-14}} Updated: Jan 02, 2016
21. ^1 2 3 4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1
22. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF |title=Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=125 |issue=8 |pages=1084–7 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11473464 |doi= 10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<1084:MCCAHH>2.0.CO;2|url=http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084 |doi-broken-date=2019-01-31 }}
23. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P |title=Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=41 |issue=7 |page=1048 |date=July 1995 |pmid=7600690 |doi= |url=}}
24. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
25. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
26. ^{{Cite GPnotebook|1040580630|Reference range for copper}}
27. ^1 Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
28. ^{{cite book |author=Walter F. Boron |title=Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |location= |year= 2005|pages= |isbn=978-1-4160-2328-9 |oclc= |doi=}} Page 849
29. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307231954/http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf |archivedate=2010-03-07 |df= }}
30. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
31. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
32. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
33. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
34. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M |title=Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate |journal=Emerg Med J |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=622–24 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16858095 |pmc=2564165 |doi=10.1136/emj.2006.035915 |url=}}
35. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
36. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1
37. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MERCK MANUALS > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003
38. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
39. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
40. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Blood Test Results – Normal Ranges {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102092931/http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html |date=2012-11-02 }} Bloodbook.Com
41. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
42. ^{{Cite GPnotebook|288686147|Reference range (albumin)}}
43. ^1 Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
44. ^1 2 3 4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
45. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
46. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Last page of {{cite book |author1=Deepak A. Rao |author2=Le, Tao |author3=Bhushan, Vikas |title=First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1) |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=978-0-07-149868-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
47. ^1 2 3 GPnotebook > reference range (AST) Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
48. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. {{ISBN|3-437-15120-7}}, {{ISBN|978-3-437-15120-0}}. Length: 1288 pages
49. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.mdi-labor.de/l_leistungsverzeichnis_detail.php?u_id=663&init=letter |title=Gamma-GT |work=Leistungsverzeichnis |publisher=Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute |accessdate=20 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233448/http://www.mdi-labor.de/l_leistungsverzeichnis_detail.php?u_id=663&init=letter |archivedate=25 April 2012 |df= }}
50. ^1 {{Cite GPnotebook|1436155929|Creatine kinase}}
51. ^1 2 3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AUSIRcV_as0C&pg=PA585 Page 585] in: {{cite book |author=Lee, Mary Ann |title=Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data |publisher=Amer Soc of Health System |location= |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=978-1-58528-180-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
52. ^1 2 3 Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22, 2010
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2073935-overview|title=Troponins|author=Ashvarya Mangla|website=medscape|accessdate=2017-07-24}} Updated: Jan 14, 2015
54. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Brenden CK, Hollander JE, Guss D, etal |title=Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=151 |issue=5 |pages=1006–11 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16644322 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017}}
55. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Strunk A, Bhalla V, Clopton P, etal |title=Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=69.e1–11 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16431187 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029}}
56. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AUSIRcV_as0C&pg=PA220 Page 220] in: {{cite book |author=Lee, Mary Ann |title=Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data |publisher=Amer Soc of Health System |location= |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=978-1-58528-180-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
57. ^1 2 3 4 5 Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
58. ^1 2 3 Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
59. ^1 2 {{Cite GPnotebook|-214630397|Reference range (cholesterol)}}
60. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) – plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
61. ^What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
62. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Derived from values in mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
63. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20010903133121/http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hdl/test.html American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol]
64. ^GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
65. ^ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011
66. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, etal |title=Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation |volume= 68|issue= 8|pages=703–13 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18609108 |doi=10.1080/00365510802126836 |url=}}
67. ^Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
68. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Luboldt|first1=Hans-Joachim|last2=Schindler|first2=Joachim F.|last3=Rübben|first3=Herbert|title=Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker for Prostate Cancer|journal=EAU-EBU Update Series|volume=5|issue=1|year=2007|pages=38–48|issn=18712592|doi=10.1016/j.eeus.2006.10.003}}
69. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Basuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P |title=Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=1828–30 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15388660 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963}}
70. ^The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
71. ^1 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303175142/http://www.aace.com/newsroom/press/2006/index.php?r=20060110 |date=2008-03-03 }} Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
72. ^1 The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
73. ^1 {{cite web| last =Demers| first =Laurence M.| authorlink =|author2=Carole A. Spencer | title = LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease| website =| publisher =National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA)| year =2002| url =http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm | doi =| accessdate =2007-04-13 }} – see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
74. ^1 2 3 4 5 Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222231732/http://labs.unchealthcare.org/labstestinfo/f_tests/free_t4.htm |date=2010-12-22 }} UNC Health Care System
75. ^Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
76. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=van der Watt G, Haarburger D, Berman P |title=Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=1239–41 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18593963 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428}}
77. ^1 2 3 4 5 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
78. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
79. ^1 {{cite journal |id={{INIST|13391788}} |vauthors=Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, etal |title=Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1635–9 |year=2001 |pmid=11795654 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635}}
80. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701163827/http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter6/Ch-6b-2.htm |date=2011-07-01 }} – Thyroid Disease Manager
81. ^{{cite journal|last1=Häggström|first1=Mikael|title=Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|date=2014|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2014.001}}
82. ^1 Life Extension Foundation > Blood Testing Protocols
83. ^1 Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
84. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
85. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
86. ^1 2 3 [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003707.htm#Normal%20Values MedlinePlus > Testosterone] Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
87. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
88. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
89. ^1 2 3 4 5 Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R |title=Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer |journal=Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=883–87 |year=2006 |pmid=16776638 |doi=10.1515/CCLM.2006.160}}
90. ^1 2 3 4 5 New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
91. ^1 Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925112456/http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8663 |date=2016-09-25 }}, retrieved December 2012
92. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
93. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
94. ^1 2 3 Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G |title=Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=436–45 |date=August 1976 |pmid=950372 |doi= 10.1210/jcem-43-2-436|url=}}
95. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
96. ^1 Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 Pg 350-352
97. ^1 Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314080932/https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8493 |date=2018-03-14 }} at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
98. ^1 2 3 Unit Code 91215 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111631/http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/print.php?unit_code=91215 |date=2011-07-20 }} at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
99. ^1 Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
100. ^1 Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in* {{cite journal |vauthors=Hampl R, Šnajderová M, Mardešić T |title=Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve |journal=Physiological Research |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=217–23 |year=2011 |pmid=21114374 |url=http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/60/60_217.pdf}}
101. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01189 PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC] Retrieved on September 28, 2009
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://children.webmd.com/adrenocorticotropic-hormone?page=2|title=Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal|date=09-03-2006|publisher=WebMD|accessdate=2008-11-09}}
103. ^Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01189 PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC] Retrieved on September 28, 2009
104. ^1 2 3 Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
105. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
106. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal |vauthors=Friedrich N, Alte D, Völzke H, etal |title=Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) |journal=Growth Hormone & IGF Research |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=228–37 |date=June 2008 |pmid=17997337 |doi=10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005}}
107. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP |title=Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1673–81 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18719199 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312}}
108. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
109. ^1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/mid/NIHMS10653/table/T2/ Table 2] in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK |title=Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone |journal=Endocr Pract |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=137–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16690460 |pmc=1482827 |doi= 10.4158/ep.12.2.137|url=}}
110. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
111. ^1 2 3 4 5 Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
112. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |author=Bender, David A. |chapter=Vitamin D |title=Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=978-0-521-80388-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C}} Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
113. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, etal |title=Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=752–58 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15321818 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15321818 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752}}
114. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K |title=Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population |journal=Horm. Metab. Res. |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=402–07 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19241329 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1128131 |url=}}
115. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal |vauthors=Vasquez A, Cannell J |title=Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7508 |pages=108–09; author reply 109 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16002891 |pmc=558659 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b}}
116. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529032656/http://adeeva.com/resources/bloodtestscomplete.html |date=2009-05-29 }} Retrieved on July 9, 2009
117. ^1 Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in* New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027045833/http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }} University ofWashington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
118. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ |title=Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=263 |issue=7 |pages=3137–41 |date=March 1988 |pmid=2893797 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2893797}}
119. ^1 2 3 New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027045833/http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }} University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
120. ^1 Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in* New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027045833/http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }} University ofWashington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
121. ^1 Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
122. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, etal |title=The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=72–78 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15483077 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-1149|citeseerx=10.1.1.117.5182 }}
123. ^1 2 3 4 5 Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
124. ^University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
125. ^1 2 3 4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
126. ^1 GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
127. ^1 Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
128. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
129. ^1 2 3 The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine
130. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
131. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
132. ^1 2 For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
133. ^Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
134. ^1 2 3 4 Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: {{cite journal |vauthors=Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG |title=Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle |journal=J Appl Physiol |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=511–19 |year=2001 |pmid=11160049|doi=10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511 }}
135. ^1 2 3 Normal Lab Values {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216130827/http://musom.marshall.edu/usmle/usmlelabvalues.htm |date=2014-12-16 }} at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
136. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
137. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: {{cite journal |vauthors=Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM |title=Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected |journal=Annals of Hematology |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=209 |date=February 2010 |pmid=19609525 |doi=10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x}}
138. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: {{cite journal |vauthors=Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG |title=Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle |journal=J Appl Physiol |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=511–519 |year=2001 |pmid=11160049|doi=10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511 }}. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
139. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
140. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 [https://books.google.com/books?id=3PJVLH1NmQAC Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.]
141. ^Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
142. ^1 2 3 4 gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009
143. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Normal Reference Range Table {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225185659/http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/pathdemo/nrrt.htm |date=2011-12-25 }} from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
144. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Demirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA |title=Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=358–60 |year=2011 |pmid=21620440 |doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007 |url=}}
145. ^1 Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727010934/http://www.labcareplus.org/docs/REFERENCE_RANGES.pdf |date=2011-07-27 }} From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
146. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Lozano M, Narváez J, Faúndez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marín JL, Ordinas A |title=[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population] |language=Spanish|journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume=110 |issue=20 |pages=774–77 |year=1998 |pmid=9666418 |doi= |url=}}
147. ^1 {{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|003652}}
148. ^1 {{EMedicine|article|2084978|Antithrombin III}}
149. ^1 Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing* Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327-358.
150. ^1 Retrieved on November 20, 2009
151. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA |title=Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5544 |pages=85–87 |year=1967 |pmid=6020854 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85|pmc=1841240}}
152. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Miller A, Green M, Robinson D |title=Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=286 |issue=6361 |pages=266 |date=January 1983 |pmid=6402065 |pmc=1546487 |doi=10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266}}
153. ^{{Cite GPnotebook|946536472|C-reactive protein}}
154. ^2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113411/http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2008Toronto/techprogram/abstract_106289.htm |date=2008-12-20 }} A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
155. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A |title=Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn |journal=Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=274–75 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12621252 |doi=10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019}}
156. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
157. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
158. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/83169 |title=Procalcitonin, Serum |date= |publisher= Mayo Clinic |access-date= 2015-03-01}}
159. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015063657/http://www.ascls.org/labtesting/labchem.asp |date=2009-10-15 }} Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
160. ^All values cited from Chronolab are given for ELISA
161. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Retrieved on April 29, 2010
162. ^1 {{Cite journal|vauthors=Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM |title=Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance |journal=Blood |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=812–17 |date=August 2005 |pmid=15855274 |pmc=1895159 |doi=10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038 |displayauthors=etal }}
163. ^{{Cite GPnotebook|309002307|Reference range (amylase)}}
164. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
165. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L, etal |title=Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=22 |pages=2589–93 |year=2002 |pmid=12456231 |url=http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?volume=162&page=2589 |doi=10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589}}
166. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J |title=D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=825–29 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15764641 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883}}
167. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner MD, Scott R |title=Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=380–85 |date=April 1980 |pmid=7400337 |pmc=1146084 |doi=10.1136/jcp.33.4.380}}
168. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP |title=Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance |journal=Annals of Clinical Biochemistry |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=49–59 |date=January 2000 |pmid=10672373 |doi=10.1258/0004563001901524}}
169. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
170. ^1 {{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|003466|Glucose tolerance test}}
171. ^1 2 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
172. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol
173. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Diabetes_Basics/hic_Understanding_Pre-Diabetes|title=Diabetes – Prevention|website=Cleveland Clinic|accessdate=2016-06-23}} Last revised 1/15/2013
174. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
175. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
176. ^1 {{EMedicine|article|2087982|Ketones}}
177. ^1 2 3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&pg=PA700 Page 700] in:
{{cite book|title=Medical Toxicology|author=Richard C. Dart|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004|isbn=9780781728454|year=2004}}
178. ^The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/l plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000941/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/document.aspx?documentId=1239 |date=2016-03-04 }} Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011
179. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Amdisen A. |title=Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication|journal= J. Anal. Toxicol. |volume=2|issue=5|pages=193–202|year=1978|doi=10.1093/jat/2.5.193}}
180. ^1 R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.
181. ^One study ({{Cite journal| last1 = Solomon | first1 = D.| last2 = Ristow | first2 = W.| last3 = Keller | first3 = M.| last4 = Kane | first4 = J.| last5 = Gelenberg | first5 = A.| last6 = Rosenbaum | first6 = J.| last7 = Warshaw | first7 = M.| title = Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder| journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry| volume = 153| issue = 10| pages = 1301–07| year = 1996| pmid = 8831438 | doi=10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301}}) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/l. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data ({{Cite journal| last1 = Perlis | first1 = R.| last2 = Sachs | first2 = G.| last3 = Lafer | first3 = B.| last4 = Otto | first4 = M.| last5 = Faraone | first5 = S.| last6 = Kane | first6 = J.| last7 = Rosenbaum | first7 = J.| title = Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data| journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry| volume = 159| issue = 7| pages = 1155–59| year = 2002| pmid = 12091193 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155}}) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels{{synthesis inline|date=January 2012}}
182. ^1 {{cite book|title=Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice|author1=John Marx |author2=Ron Walls |author3=Robert Hockberger |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2013|isbn=9781455749874}}
2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Je_pJfb2r0cC&pg=PA19 Page 19] in: {{cite book |author=Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard |title=Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects |publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |year=2008 |pages= |isbn=978-0-443-10186-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en Page 34: Units of measurement] in Medical toxicologyBy Richard C. DartEdition: 3, illustratedPublished by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004{{ISBN|0-7817-2845-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7817-2845-4}}1914 pages
4. ^1 2 Arterial versus venous reference ranges - Brief Article Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour
5. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8| pmid = 19935037| title = Pregnancy and Laboratory Studies| journal = Obstetrics & Gynecology| volume = 114| issue = 6| pages = 1326–31| year = 2009| last1 = Abbassi-Ghanavati | first1 = M. | last2 = Greer | first2 = L. G. | last3 = Cunningham | first3 = F. G. }}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=Armbruster|first=David|author2=Miller |title=The Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM): A Global Approach to Promote the Standardisation of Clinical Laboratory Test Results|journal=The Clinical Biochemist Reviews|date=August 2007|volume=28|issue=3|pages=105–14|accessdate=|pmc=1994110|pmid=17909615}}
7. ^[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01189 PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC] Retrieved on September 28, 2009
8. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1
9. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1
10. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1
11. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Larsson L, Ohman S |title=Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=24 |issue=11 |pages=1962–65 |date=November 1978 |pmid=709830 |doi= |url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830}}
12. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
13. ^1 2 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08 g•mol−1
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web |author=Slon S |title=Serum Iron |url=http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456 |date=2006-09-22 |publisher=University of Illinois Medical Center |accessdate=2006-07-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028111833/http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456 |archivedate=2006-10-28 |df= }}
15. ^1 2 3 Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106161044/http://www.dclmexico.com/ingles/hierro_sl.pdf |date=2009-01-06 }} July 15, 2005
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1
17. ^1 Table 1. Page 133" Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
18. ^1 Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
19. ^1 2 3 [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003490.htm Ferritin] by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
20. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177216-workup#c8|title=Hemochromatosis Workup|author=Andrea Duchini|website=Medscape|accessdate=2016-07-14}} Updated: Jan 02, 2016
21. ^1 2 3 4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1
22. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF |title=Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype |journal=Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. |volume=125 |issue=8 |pages=1084–7 |date=August 2001 |pmid=11473464 |doi= 10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<1084:MCCAHH>2.0.CO;2|url=http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084 |doi-broken-date=2019-01-31 }}
23. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P |title=Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion |journal=Clin. Chem. |volume=41 |issue=7 |page=1048 |date=July 1995 |pmid=7600690 |doi= |url=}}
24. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
25. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
26. ^{{Cite GPnotebook|1040580630|Reference range for copper}}
27. ^1 Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
28. ^{{cite book |author=Walter F. Boron |title=Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |location= |year= 2005|pages= |isbn=978-1-4160-2328-9 |oclc= |doi=}} Page 849
29. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307231954/http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf |archivedate=2010-03-07 |df= }}
30. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
31. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
32. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
33. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
34. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M |title=Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate |journal=Emerg Med J |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=622–24 |date=August 2006 |pmid=16858095 |pmc=2564165 |doi=10.1136/emj.2006.035915 |url=}}
35. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
36. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1
37. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MERCK MANUALS > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003
38. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
39. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
40. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Blood Test Results – Normal Ranges {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102092931/http://www.bloodbook.com/ranges.html |date=2012-11-02 }} Bloodbook.Com
41. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
42. ^{{Cite GPnotebook|288686147|Reference range (albumin)}}
43. ^1 Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
44. ^1 2 3 4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
45. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
46. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Last page of {{cite book |author1=Deepak A. Rao |author2=Le, Tao |author3=Bhushan, Vikas |title=First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1) |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical |location= |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=978-0-07-149868-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
47. ^1 2 3 GPnotebook > reference range (AST) Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
48. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. {{ISBN|3-437-15120-7}}, {{ISBN|978-3-437-15120-0}}. Length: 1288 pages
49. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.mdi-labor.de/l_leistungsverzeichnis_detail.php?u_id=663&init=letter |title=Gamma-GT |work=Leistungsverzeichnis |publisher=Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute |accessdate=20 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425233448/http://www.mdi-labor.de/l_leistungsverzeichnis_detail.php?u_id=663&init=letter |archivedate=25 April 2012 |df= }}
50. ^1 {{Cite GPnotebook|1436155929|Creatine kinase}}
51. ^1 2 3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AUSIRcV_as0C&pg=PA585 Page 585] in: {{cite book |author=Lee, Mary Ann |title=Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data |publisher=Amer Soc of Health System |location= |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=978-1-58528-180-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
52. ^1 2 3 Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22, 2010
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2073935-overview|title=Troponins|author=Ashvarya Mangla|website=medscape|accessdate=2017-07-24}} Updated: Jan 14, 2015
54. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Brenden CK, Hollander JE, Guss D, etal |title=Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study |journal=American Heart Journal |volume=151 |issue=5 |pages=1006–11 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16644322 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017}}
55. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Strunk A, Bhalla V, Clopton P, etal |title=Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=69.e1–11 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16431187 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029}}
56. ^1 [https://books.google.com/books?id=AUSIRcV_as0C&pg=PA220 Page 220] in: {{cite book |author=Lee, Mary Ann |title=Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data |publisher=Amer Soc of Health System |location= |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=978-1-58528-180-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}
57. ^1 2 3 4 5 Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
58. ^1 2 3 Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
59. ^1 2 {{Cite GPnotebook|-214630397|Reference range (cholesterol)}}
60. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) – plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
61. ^What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
62. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Derived from values in mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
63. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20010903133121/http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/hdl/test.html American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol]
64. ^GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
65. ^ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011
66. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, etal |title=Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation |volume= 68|issue= 8|pages=703–13 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18609108 |doi=10.1080/00365510802126836 |url=}}
67. ^Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
68. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Luboldt|first1=Hans-Joachim|last2=Schindler|first2=Joachim F.|last3=Rübben|first3=Herbert|title=Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker for Prostate Cancer|journal=EAU-EBU Update Series|volume=5|issue=1|year=2007|pages=38–48|issn=18712592|doi=10.1016/j.eeus.2006.10.003}}
69. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Basuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P |title=Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=1828–30 |date=October 2004 |pmid=15388660 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963}}
70. ^The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
71. ^1 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303175142/http://www.aace.com/newsroom/press/2006/index.php?r=20060110 |date=2008-03-03 }} Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
72. ^1 The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
73. ^1 {{cite web| last =Demers| first =Laurence M.| authorlink =|author2=Carole A. Spencer | title = LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease| website =| publisher =National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA)| year =2002| url =http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm | doi =| accessdate =2007-04-13 }} – see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
74. ^1 2 3 4 5 Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222231732/http://labs.unchealthcare.org/labstestinfo/f_tests/free_t4.htm |date=2010-12-22 }} UNC Health Care System
75. ^Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
76. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=van der Watt G, Haarburger D, Berman P |title=Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=7 |pages=1239–41 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18593963 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428}}
77. ^1 2 3 4 5 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
78. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
79. ^1 {{cite journal |id={{INIST|13391788}} |vauthors=Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, etal |title=Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children |journal=Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1635–9 |year=2001 |pmid=11795654 |doi=10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635}}
80. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701163827/http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter6/Ch-6b-2.htm |date=2011-07-01 }} – Thyroid Disease Manager
81. ^{{cite journal|last1=Häggström|first1=Mikael|title=Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|date=2014|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2014.001}}
82. ^1 Life Extension Foundation > Blood Testing Protocols
83. ^1 Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
84. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
85. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
86. ^1 2 3 [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003707.htm#Normal%20Values MedlinePlus > Testosterone] Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
87. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
88. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
89. ^1 2 3 4 5 Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R |title=Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer |journal=Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine |volume=44 |issue=7 |pages=883–87 |year=2006 |pmid=16776638 |doi=10.1515/CCLM.2006.160}}
90. ^1 2 3 4 5 New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
91. ^1 Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925112456/http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8663 |date=2016-09-25 }}, retrieved December 2012
92. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 GPNotebook – reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
93. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
94. ^1 2 3 Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G |title=Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle |journal=J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=436–45 |date=August 1976 |pmid=950372 |doi= 10.1210/jcem-43-2-436|url=}}
95. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
96. ^1 Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 Pg 350-352
97. ^1 Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314080932/https://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/8493 |date=2018-03-14 }} at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
98. ^1 2 3 Unit Code 91215 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720111631/http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/print.php?unit_code=91215 |date=2011-07-20 }} at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
99. ^1 Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
100. ^1 Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in* {{cite journal |vauthors=Hampl R, Šnajderová M, Mardešić T |title=Antimüllerian hormone (AMH) not only a marker for prediction of ovarian reserve |journal=Physiological Research |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=217–23 |year=2011 |pmid=21114374 |url=http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/60/60_217.pdf}}
101. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01189 PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC] Retrieved on September 28, 2009
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://children.webmd.com/adrenocorticotropic-hormone?page=2|title=Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal|date=09-03-2006|publisher=WebMD|accessdate=2008-11-09}}
103. ^Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P01189 PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC] Retrieved on September 28, 2009
104. ^1 2 3 Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
105. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
106. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal |vauthors=Friedrich N, Alte D, Völzke H, etal |title=Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) |journal=Growth Hormone & IGF Research |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=228–37 |date=June 2008 |pmid=17997337 |doi=10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005}}
107. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP |title=Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1673–81 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18719199 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312}}
108. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
109. ^1 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/mid/NIHMS10653/table/T2/ Table 2] in: {{cite journal |vauthors=Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK |title=Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone |journal=Endocr Pract |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=137–44 |year=2006 |pmid=16690460 |pmc=1482827 |doi= 10.4158/ep.12.2.137|url=}}
110. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
111. ^1 2 3 4 5 Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
112. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |author=Bender, David A. |chapter=Vitamin D |title=Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=978-0-521-80388-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C}} Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
113. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, etal |title=Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=752–58 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15321818 |url=http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15321818 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752}}
114. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K |title=Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population |journal=Horm. Metab. Res. |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=402–07 |date=May 2009 |pmid=19241329 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1128131 |url=}}
115. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal |vauthors=Vasquez A, Cannell J |title=Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7508 |pages=108–09; author reply 109 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16002891 |pmc=558659 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b}}
116. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529032656/http://adeeva.com/resources/bloodtestscomplete.html |date=2009-05-29 }} Retrieved on July 9, 2009
117. ^1 Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in* New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027045833/http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }} University ofWashington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
118. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ |title=Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=263 |issue=7 |pages=3137–41 |date=March 1988 |pmid=2893797 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2893797}}
119. ^1 2 3 New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027045833/http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }} University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
120. ^1 Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in* New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027045833/http://depts.washington.edu/labweb/referencelab/print/endo.pdf |date=2011-10-27 }} University ofWashington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
121. ^1 Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
122. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, etal |title=The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=72–78 |date=January 2005 |pmid=15483077 |doi=10.1210/jc.2004-1149|citeseerx=10.1.1.117.5182 }}
123. ^1 2 3 4 5 Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
124. ^University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
125. ^1 2 3 4 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
126. ^1 GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
127. ^1 Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
128. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
129. ^1 2 3 The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine
130. ^1 2 3 Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
131. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
132. ^1 2 For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
133. ^Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
134. ^1 2 3 4 Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: {{cite journal |vauthors=Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG |title=Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle |journal=J Appl Physiol |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=511–19 |year=2001 |pmid=11160049|doi=10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511 }}
135. ^1 2 3 Normal Lab Values {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216130827/http://musom.marshall.edu/usmle/usmlelabvalues.htm |date=2014-12-16 }} at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
136. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
137. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 molar concentration as given for hemoglobin above, but multiplied by 4, according to: {{cite journal |vauthors=Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM |title=Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected |journal=Annals of Hematology |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=209 |date=February 2010 |pmid=19609525 |doi=10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x}}
138. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from: {{cite journal |vauthors=Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG |title=Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle |journal=J Appl Physiol |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=511–519 |year=2001 |pmid=11160049|doi=10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511 }}. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
139. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
140. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 [https://books.google.com/books?id=3PJVLH1NmQAC Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.]
141. ^Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
142. ^1 2 3 4 gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range) Retrieved on May 14, 2009
143. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 Normal Reference Range Table {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225185659/http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/pathdemo/nrrt.htm |date=2011-12-25 }} from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
144. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Demirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA |title=Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study |journal=Thromb. Res. |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=358–60 |year=2011 |pmid=21620440 |doi=10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007 |url=}}
145. ^1 Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727010934/http://www.labcareplus.org/docs/REFERENCE_RANGES.pdf |date=2011-07-27 }} From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
146. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Lozano M, Narváez J, Faúndez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marín JL, Ordinas A |title=[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population] |language=Spanish|journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume=110 |issue=20 |pages=774–77 |year=1998 |pmid=9666418 |doi= |url=}}
147. ^1 {{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|003652}}
148. ^1 {{EMedicine|article|2084978|Antithrombin III}}
149. ^1 Antithrombin CO000300 in Coagulation Test Handbook at Massachusetts General Hospital. In turn citing* Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327-358.
150. ^1 Retrieved on November 20, 2009
151. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA |title=Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5544 |pages=85–87 |year=1967 |pmid=6020854 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85|pmc=1841240}}
152. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Miller A, Green M, Robinson D |title=Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=286 |issue=6361 |pages=266 |date=January 1983 |pmid=6402065 |pmc=1546487 |doi=10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266}}
153. ^{{Cite GPnotebook|946536472|C-reactive protein}}
154. ^2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113411/http://iadr.confex.com/iadr/2008Toronto/techprogram/abstract_106289.htm |date=2008-12-20 }} A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
155. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A |title=Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn |journal=Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=274–75 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12621252 |doi=10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019}}
156. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
157. ^1 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
158. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/83169 |title=Procalcitonin, Serum |date= |publisher= Mayo Clinic |access-date= 2015-03-01}}
159. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015063657/http://www.ascls.org/labtesting/labchem.asp |date=2009-10-15 }} Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
160. ^All values cited from Chronolab are given for ELISA
161. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Retrieved on April 29, 2010
162. ^1 {{Cite journal|vauthors=Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM |title=Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance |journal=Blood |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=812–17 |date=August 2005 |pmid=15855274 |pmc=1895159 |doi=10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038 |displayauthors=etal }}
163. ^{{Cite GPnotebook|309002307|Reference range (amylase)}}
164. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
165. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L, etal |title=Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=162 |issue=22 |pages=2589–93 |year=2002 |pmid=12456231 |url=http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?volume=162&page=2589 |doi=10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589}}
166. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J |title=D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed |journal=Clinical Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=825–29 |date=May 2005 |pmid=15764641 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883}}
167. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Gardner MD, Scott R |title=Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=380–85 |date=April 1980 |pmid=7400337 |pmc=1146084 |doi=10.1136/jcp.33.4.380}}
168. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |vauthors=Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP |title=Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance |journal=Annals of Clinical Biochemistry |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=49–59 |date=January 2000 |pmid=10672373 |doi=10.1258/0004563001901524}}
169. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
170. ^1 {{MedlinePlusEncyclopedia|003466|Glucose tolerance test}}
171. ^1 2 Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
172. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol
173. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Diabetes_Basics/hic_Understanding_Pre-Diabetes|title=Diabetes – Prevention|website=Cleveland Clinic|accessdate=2016-06-23}} Last revised 1/15/2013
174. ^1 2 3 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
175. ^1 Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
176. ^1 {{EMedicine|article|2087982|Ketones}}
177. ^1 2 3 [https://books.google.com/books?id=BfdighlyGiwC&pg=PA700 Page 700] in:
{{cite book|title=Medical Toxicology|author=Richard C. Dart|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004|isbn=9780781728454|year=2004}}
178. ^The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4–0.8 mmol/l plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000941/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/document.aspx?documentId=1239 |date=2016-03-04 }} Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011
179. ^1 {{cite journal|author=Amdisen A. |title=Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication|journal= J. Anal. Toxicol. |volume=2|issue=5|pages=193–202|year=1978|doi=10.1093/jat/2.5.193}}
180. ^1 R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851–54.
181. ^One study ({{Cite journal| last1 = Solomon | first1 = D.| last2 = Ristow | first2 = W.| last3 = Keller | first3 = M.| last4 = Kane | first4 = J.| last5 = Gelenberg | first5 = A.| last6 = Rosenbaum | first6 = J.| last7 = Warshaw | first7 = M.| title = Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder| journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry| volume = 153| issue = 10| pages = 1301–07| year = 1996| pmid = 8831438 | doi=10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301}}) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4–0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8–1.0 mmol/l. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data ({{Cite journal| last1 = Perlis | first1 = R.| last2 = Sachs | first2 = G.| last3 = Lafer | first3 = B.| last4 = Otto | first4 = M.| last5 = Faraone | first5 = S.| last6 = Kane | first6 = J.| last7 = Rosenbaum | first7 = J.| title = Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data| journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry| volume = 159| issue = 7| pages = 1155–59| year = 2002| pmid = 12091193 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155}}) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels{{synthesis inline|date=January 2012}}
182. ^1 {{cite book|title=Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice|author1=John Marx |author2=Ron Walls |author3=Robert Hockberger |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|year=2013|isbn=9781455749874}}
References
{{reflist|30em}}External links
- Descriptions at amarillomed.com
- Values at lymphomation.org
Further reading
- {{cite biorxiv |last1=Rappoport |first1=n. |last2=Paik |first2=P. |last3=Oskotsky |first3=B. |last4=Tor |first4=R. |last5=Ziv |first5=E. |last6=Zaitlen | first6=N. | last7=Butte | first7=A. |date=4 November 2017 |title=Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data |biorxiv=213892 }}
1 : Blood tests
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