| 词条 | Refuge (Buddhism) |
| 释义 |
|title= Refuge (Buddhism) |pi= saraṇa (सरण) |sa= śaraṇa (शरण) |bn= শরন |bn-Latn=Shôrôn |vi= Quy y |zh= 皈依 |zh-Latn=Guīyī |ja= 帰依 |ja-Latn=kie |km-Latn=nipean |ko= 귀의 |ko-Latn=gwiui |th= สรณะ, ที่พึ่ง ที่ระลึก{{RTGS|sarana, thi phueng thi raluek}} }} Buddhists take refuge in the Three Jewels or Triple Gem (also known as the "Three Refuges"). The Three Jewels are:
Refuge is common to all major schools of Buddhism. Pali texts employ the Brahmanical motif of a group of three refuges, as found in Rig Veda 9.97.47, Rig Veda 6.46.9 and Chandogya Upanishad 2.22.3-4.[1] Faith (saddha){{Main|Faith in Buddhism}}Faith is an important teaching element in both Theravada and Mahayana traditions. In contrast to perceived Western notions of faith, faith in Buddhism arises from accumulated experience and reasoning. In the Kalama Sutra, the Buddha explicitly argues against simply following authority or tradition, particularly those of religions contemporary to the Buddha's time.[2] There remains value for a degree of trusting confidence and belief in Buddhism, primarily in the spiritual attainment and salvation or enlightenment. Faith in Buddhism centres on belief in the Three Jewels. Precepts{{Main |Five precepts}}Lay followers often undertake five precepts in the same ceremony as they take the refuges.{{sfn |Getz |2004 |page=673}}[3] Monks administer the precepts to the laypeople, which creates an additional psychological effect.{{sfn |Harvey |2000 |p=80}} The five precepts are:
In Early Buddhist Texts, the role of the five precepts gradually developed. First of all, the precepts were combined with a declaration of faith in the triple gem (the Buddha, his teaching and the monastic community). Next, the precepts developed to become the foundation of lay practice.{{sfn |Kohn |1994 |pp=173{{en dash}}4}} The precepts were seen a preliminary condition for the higher development of the mind.{{sfn |Terwiel |2012 |p=178}} At a third stage in the texts, the precepts were actually mentioned together with the triple gem, as though they were part of it. Lastly, the precepts, together with the triple gem, became a required condition for the practice of Buddhism, as lay people had to undergo a formal initiation to become a member of the Buddhist religion.{{sfn |Kohn |1994 |p=173}} When Buddhism spread to different places and people, the role of the precepts began to vary. In countries in which Buddhism was adopted as the main religion without much competition from other religious disciplines, such as Thailand, the relation between the initiation of a lay person and the five precepts has been virtually non-existent, and the taking of the precepts has become a sort of ritual cleansing ceremony. In such countries, people are presumed Buddhist from birth without much of an initiation. The precepts are often committed to by new followers as part of their installment, yet this is not very pronounced. However, in some countries like China, where Buddhism was not the only religion, the precepts became an ordination ceremony to initiate lay people into the Buddhist religion.{{sfn |Terwiel |2012 |pp=178{{en dash}}9, 205}} A layperson who upholds the precepts is described in the texts as a "jewel among laymen".{{sfn |De Silva |2016 |page=63 }} Three Roots{{Main|Three Roots}}In Tibetan Buddhism there are three refuge formulations, the Outer, Inner, and Secret forms of the Three Jewels. The 'Outer' form is the 'Triple Gem', (Sanskrit:triratna), the 'Inner' is the Three Roots and the 'Secret' form is the 'Three Bodies' or trikaya of a Buddha. These alternative refuge formulations are employed by those undertaking Deity Yoga and other tantric practices within the Tibetan Buddhist Vajrayana tradition as a means of recognizing Buddha Nature. {{Tibetan Buddhist Refuge Formulations}}Three refuge motivation levels are: 1) suffering rebirth's fear motivates with the idea of happiness, 2) knowing rebirth won’t bring freedoms motivated by attaining nirvana, while 3) seeing other’s suffering motivates establishing them all in Buddhahood.[7] Happiness is temporary, lifetimes are impermanent and ultimately refuge is taken until reaching unsurpassed awakening.[8]{{clarify|date=March 2017}} See also
Notes1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Shults|first1=Brett|title=On the Buddha’s Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts|journal=Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies|date=May 2014|volume=6|page=119|url=http://jocbs.org/index.php/jocbs/article/view/76/96}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/soma/wheel008.html|title=Kalama Sutta: The Buddha's Charter of Free Inquiry|date=4 February 2013|publisher=|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204141603/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/soma/wheel008.html|archivedate=4 February 2013|df=}} 3. ^{{cite encyclopedia |title=Festivals and Calendrical Rituals |date=2004 |publisher=The Gale Group |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Buddhism |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/festivals-and-calendrical-rituals |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/71uE0BBbB |archive-date=24 August 2018 |dead-url=no |via=Encyclopedia.com}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/dhamma/sila/atthasila.html|title=The Eight Precepts: attha-sila|website=www.accesstoinsight.org}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanavara/uposatha.html|title=Uposatha Sila: The Eight-Precept Observance|website=www.accesstoinsight.org}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://en.dhammadana.org/dhamma/practice/8_precepts.htm|title=The 8 precepts|first=Dhamma|last=Sāmi|website=en.dhammadana.org}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Rinpoche|first1=Patrul|title=Words of My Perfect Teacher: A Complete Translation of a Classic Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism (Sacred Literature)|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-16532-3|pages=176–177|edition=2011}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Dorje|first1=Choying Tobden|last2=Zangpo|first2=Ngawang|title=The Complete Nyingma Tradition from Sutra to Tantra, Books 1 to 10: Foundations of the Buddhist Path|date=June 2, 2015|publisher=Snow Lion|isbn=1-55939-435-8|pages=224–227|edition=First}} References{{refbegin}}
External links
4 : Buddhist practices|Buddhist philosophical concepts|Statements of faith|Buddhist terminology |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。