| 词条 | Galela language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Galela |states=Indonesia |region=North Halmahera |speakers=79,000 |date=1990 |ref = e19 |familycolor=Papuan |fam1=West Papuan |fam2=North Halmahera |fam3=Galela–Tobelo |iso3=gbi |glotto=gale1259 |glottorefname=Galela }} Galela is the second most populous Papuan language spoken west of New Guinea, with some 80,000 speakers. Its dialects are Kadai (41,000), Morotai (24,000), Kadina (10,000), and Sopi (4,000). Its closest relative is the Loloda language. Galela is spoken on the eastern side of the northern tip of Halmahera island (in Galela district and in neighbouring villages in Tobelo and Loloda districts), on Morotai Island to the north, on the Bacan and Obi islands to the south of Halmahera, and in scattered settlements along the southwest coast. All are in North Maluku province of Indonesia. PhonologyThe following sound inventory is based on Shelden (1998).[1] VovwelsGalela has a simple five vowel system: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/. Consonants
Galela orthography largely follows Indonesian spelling conventions:
GrammarPronounsGalela has two free pronoun sets, and two sets of bound pronominal prefixes.[1][2][3] The use of the pronominal prefixes is governed by semantic alignment: actor prefixes are used to index the S-argument of active intransitive verbs and the A-argument of transitive verbs, while undergoer prefixes index the S-argument of stative intransitive verbs and the P-argument of transitive verbs.
External links
References1. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Shelden |first=Howard |year=1998 |title=Transitivity and Galela pronominal reference |journal=SIL Electronic Working Papers |volume=1998-005}} {{Languages of Indonesia}}{{West Papuan languages}}{{papuan-lang-stub}}2. ^{{cite journal |year=1904 |last=van Baarda |first=M.J. |title=Het Lòda'sch, in vergelijking met het Galela'sch dialect op Halmaheira |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië |volume=56 |issue=3/4 |pages=317–496}} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Holton |first=Gary |year=2008 |chapter=The rise and fall of semantic alignment in North Halmahera, Indonesia |editor1-last=Donohue |editor1-first=Mark |editor2-last=Wichmann |editor2-first=Søren |title=The Typology of Semantic Alignment |pages=252–276 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press}} 2 : Languages of Indonesia|North Halmahera languages |
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