“Reinhold Messner”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Reinhold Messner ({{IPA-de|ˈʁaɪ̯nhɔlt ˈmɛsnɐ}}; born 17 September 1944) is an Italian mountaineer, adventurer, explorer, and author from the trilingual Italian province of South Tyrol.

He made the first solo ascent of Mount Everest, the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen, along with Peter Habeler, and was the first climber to ascend all fourteen peaks over {{Convert|8000|m|ft}} above sea level. He was also the first person to cross Antarctica and Greenland with neither snowmobiles nor dog sleds.^[1] Furthermore, he crossed the Gobi Desert alone.^[2] Messner also published more than 80 books about his experiences as a climber and explorer. In 2018 he received jointly with Krzysztof Wielicki the Princess of Asturias Award in the category of Sports.

Biography

Born in Brixen (Bressanone) in the Italian province South Tyrol, Messner grew up in Villnöß and spent his early years climbing in the Alps and falling in love with the Dolomites. His father, Josef Messner, was a teacher. He was also very strict and sometimes severe with Reinhold. Josef led Reinhold to his first summit at the age of five. Reinhold had eight brothers and one sister; he later climbed with his brother Günther and made Arctic crossings with his brother Hubert.

When Reinhold was 13, he began climbing with his brother Günther, age 11. By the time Reinhold and Günther were in their early twenties, they were among Europe's best climbers.^[3]

Since the 1960s, Messner, inspired by Hermann Buhl, was one of the first and most enthusiastic supporters of alpine style mountaineering in the Himalayas, which consisted of climbing with very light equipment and a minimum of external help. Messner considered the usual expedition style ("siege tactics") disrespectful toward nature and mountains.

Messner's first major Himalayan climb in 1970, the unclimbed Rupal face of Nanga Parbat, turned out to be a tragic success. Both he and his brother Günther reached the summit, but Günther died two days later on the descent of the Diamir face. Reinhold lost six toes, which had become badly frostbitten during the climb and required amputation.^[3] Reinhold was severely criticized for persisting on this climb with the less experienced Günther.^[4] The 2010 movie Nanga Parbat by Joseph Vilsmaier is based on his account of the events.^[5]

While Messner and Peter Habeler were noted for fast ascents in the Alps of the Eiger North Wall, standard route (10 hours) and Les Droites (8 hours), his 1975 Gasherbrum I first ascent of a new route took three days. This was unheard of at the time.

In the 1970s, Messner championed the cause for ascending Mount Everest without supplementary oxygen, saying that he would do it "by fair means" or not at all.^[6] In 1978, he reached the summit of Everest with Habeler.^[6] This was the first time anyone had been that high without bottled oxygen and Messner and Habeler achieved what certain doctors, specialists, and mountaineers thought impossible. He repeated the feat, without Habeler, from the Tibetan side in 1980, during the monsoon season. This was Everest's first solo summit.

In 1978, he made a solo ascent of the Diamir face of Nanga Parbat. In 1986, Messner became the first to complete all fourteen eight-thousanders (peaks over 8,000 metres above sea level).^[7] Messner has crossed Antarctica on skis, together with fellow explorer Arved Fuchs. He has written over 60 books^[8] about his experiences, a quarter of which have been translated. He was featured in the 1984 film The Dark Glow of the Mountains by Werner Herzog.

Messner today carries on a diversified business related to his mountaineering skills. From 1999 to 2004, he held political office as a Member of the European Parliament for the Italian Green Party (Federazione dei Verdi). He was also among the founders of Mountain Wilderness, an international NGO dedicated to the protection of mountains worldwide.

In 2004 he completed a {{convert|2000|km|mi|adj=on}} expedition through the Gobi desert. He now mainly devotes himself to the Messner Mountain Museum, of which he is the founder.

Expeditions

To 1970

Up to 1970, Reinhold Messner had made a name for himself mainly through his achievements in the Alps. Between 1960{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} and 1964, he led over 500 ascents, most of them in the Dolomites. In 1965, he climbed a new direttissima route on the north face of the Ortler. A year later, he climbed the Walker Spur on the Grandes Jorasses and ascended the Rocchetta Alta di Bosconero. In 1967 he made the first ascent of the northeast face of the Agnér and the first winter ascents of the Agnér north face and Furchetta north face.

In 1968 he achieved further firsts: the Heiligkreuzkofel middle pillar and the direct south face of the Marmolada. In the following year, Messner joined an Andes expedition, during which he succeeded, together with Peter Habeler, in making the first ascent of the Yerupaja east face up to the summit ridge and, a few days later, the first ascent of the 6,121-metre-high Yerupaja Chico^[9] He also made the first solo ascent of the Droites north face, the Philipp-Flamm intersection on the Civetta and the south face of Marmolata di Rocca. As a result of his achievements, Messner won the reputation of being one of the best climbers in Europe. So, in 1970, he was invited to join a major Himalayan expedition. In the light of his later successes, the year 1970 can be regarded as one of the turning points in Messner's life.

Climbs of the eight-thousanders after 1970

Reinhold Messner was the first man to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders in the world and without supplemental oxygen. His climbs were also all amongst the first 20 ascents for each mountain individually. Specifically, these are:

Nanga Parbat

Reinhold Messner took a total of five expeditions to Nanga Parbat. In 1970 and 1978 he reached the summit (in 1978 solo); in 1971, 1973 and 1977, he did not. In 1971 he was primarily looking for his brother's remains.

Rupal Face 1970

In May and June 1970, Reinhold Messner took part in the Nanga Parbat South Face expedition led by Karl Herrligkoffer, the objective of which was to climb the as yet unclimbed Rupal Face, the highest rock and ice face in the world. Messner's brother, Günther, was also a member of the team. On the morning of 27 June, Messner was of the view that the weather would deteriorate rapidly, and set off alone from the last high-altitude camp. Surprisingly his brother climbed after him and caught up to him before the summit. By late afternoon, both had reached the summit of the mountain and had to pitch an emergency bivouac shelter without tent, sleeping bags and stoves because darkness was closing in.

The events that followed have been the subject of years of legal actions and disputes between former expedition members, and have still not been finally resolved. What is known now is that Reinhold and Günther Messner descended the Diamir Face, thereby achieving the first crossing of Nanga Parbat (and second crossing of an eight-thousander after Mount Everest in 1963). Reinhold arrived in the valley six days later with severe frostbite, but survived. His brother, Günther, however died on the Diamir Face—according to Reinhold Messner on the same descent, during which they became further and further separated from each other. As a result, the time, place and exact cause of death is unknown. Messner claimed his brother had been swept away by an avalanche.

In the early years immediately after the expedition, there were disputes and lawsuits between Messner and the expedition leader, Karl-Maria Herrligkoffer. After a quarter-century of peace, the dispute flared up again in October 2001, when Messner raised surprising allegations against the other members of the team for failing to come to their aid. The rest of the team consistently maintained that Reinhold Messner had told them of his idea for crossing the mountain before setting off for the summit. Messner himself asserts, however, that he made a spontaneous decision to descend the Diamir Face together with his brother for reasons of safety. A number of new books—by Max von Kienlin, Hans Saler, Ralf-Peter Märtin, and Reinhold Messner—stoked the dispute (with assumptions and personal attacks) and led to further court proceedings.

In June 2005, after an unusual heat wave on the mountain, the body of his brother was recovered on the Diamir Face, which seems to support Messner's account of how Günther died.^[13]^[18]

The drama was turned into a film Nanga Parbat (2010) by Joseph Vilsmaier, based on the memories of Reinhold Messner and without participation from the other former members of the expedition. Released in January 2010 in cinemas, the film was criticized by the other members of the team for telling only one side of the story.^[14]

Because of severe frostbite, especially on his feet—six toes were amputated—Messner was not able to climb quite as well on rock after the 1970 expedition. He therefore turned his attention to higher mountains, where there was much more ice.^[15]

Solo climb in 1978

After three unsuccessful expeditions, Reinhold Messner reached the summit of Nanga Parbat again via the Diamir Face on 9 August 1978.

Manaslu

In 1972, Messner succeeded in climbing Manaslu on what was then the totally unknown south face of the mountain, of which there were not even any pictures. From the last high-altitude camp he climbed with Frank Jäger, who turned back before reaching the summit. Shortly after Messner reached the summit, the weather changed and heavy fog and snow descended. Initially Messner became lost on the way down, but later found his way back to the camp, where Horst Fankhauser and Andi Schlick were waiting for him and Jäger. Jäger did not return, although his cries were heard from the camp. Orientation had become too difficult. Fankhauser and Schlick began to search for him that evening, but lost their way and sought shelter at first in a snow cave. Messner himself was no longer in a position to help the search. The following day, only Horst Fankhauser returned. Andi Schlick had left the snow cave during the night and become lost. So the expedition had to mourn the loss of two climbers. Messner was later criticised for having let Franz Jäger go back down the mountain alone.^[15]

Gasherbrum I

The ascent of Gasherbrum I saw for the first time a mountaineering expedition succeeding in scaling an eight-thousander using alpine style climbing. Until that point, all fourteen 8000-meter peaks had been summitted using the expedition style, though Hermann Buhl had earlier advocated "West Alpine Style" (similar to "capsule" style, with a smaller group relying on minimal fixed ropes). Together with Peter Habeler, Messner succeeded in making the second ascent of Gasherbrum I on 10 August 1975, becoming the first man ever to climb more than two eight-thousanders.

Messner reached the summit again in 1984, this time together with Hans Kammerlander. This was achieved as part of a double ascent where, for the first time, two eight-thousander peaks (Gasherbrum I and II) were climbed without returning to base camp. Again, this was done in alpine style, i.e. without the pre-location of stores.^[15]

Mount Everest

On 8 May 1978, Reinhold Messner stood with Peter Habeler on the summit of Mount Everest; the first men known to climb Everest without the use of supplemental oxygen. Prior to this ascent it was disputed whether this was possible at all. Messner and Habeler were members of an expedition led by Wolfgang Nairz along the southeast ridge to the summit. Also on this expedition was Reinhard Karl, the first German to reach the summit, albeit with the aid of supplemental oxygen.

Two years later, on 20 August 1980, Messner again stood atop the highest mountain in the world. This time, too, the ascent was made without supplementary oxygen. For this solo climb, he chose the northeast ridge to the summit, where he crossed above the North Col in the North Face to the Norton Couloir and became the first man to climb through this steep gorge to the summit. Messner decided spontaneously during the ascent to use this route to bypass the exposed northeast ridge. Prior to this solo ascent, he had not set up a camp on the mountain.^[15]

For 1979, Messner was planning to climb K2 on a new direct route through the South Face, which he called the "Magic Line". Headed by Messner, the small expedition consisted of six climbers: Italians Alessandro Gogna, Friedl Mutschlechner and Renato Casarotto; the Austrian, Robert Schauer; and Germans Michael Dacher, journalist, Jochen Hölzgen, and doctor Ursula Grether, who was injured during the approach and had to be carried to Askole by Messner and Mutschlechner. Because of avalanche danger on the original route and time lost on the approach, they decided on climbing via the Abruzzi Spur. The route was equipped with fixed ropes and high-altitude camps, but no hauling equipment (Hochträger) or bottled oxygen was used. On 12 July, Messner and Dacher reached the summit; then the weather deteriorated and attempts by other members of the party failed.^[16]^[17]

Shishapangma

During his stay in Tibet as part of his Everest solo attempt, Messner had the opportunity to explore Shishapangma. A year later, Messner, with Friedel Mutschlechner, Oswald Oelz and Gerd Baur, set base camp on the north side of the only eight-thousander which is entirely within Chinese territory. On 28 May, Messner and Mutschlechner reached the summit in very bad weather; part of the climb involving ski mountaineering.^[15]^[17]

Kangchenjunga

In 1982, Messner wanted to become the first climber ever to scale three eight-thousanders in one year. He was planning on climbing Kangchenjunga first, before tackling Gasherbrum II and the Broad Peak.

Messner had chosen a new variation of the route up the North Face. Because there was still a lot of snow at the time of the expedition, Messner and Mutschlechner made very slow progress. In addition, the sheer difficulty of the climb forced the two mountaineers to use fixed ropes. Finally, on 6 May, Messner, Mutschlechner and Ang Dorje stood on the summit. There, Mutschlechner suffered frostbite to his hands, and later to his feet as well. Whilst bivouacking during the descent, the tent tore away from Mutschlechner and Messner, and Messner also fell ill. He was suffering from amoebic liver abscess, making him very weak. In the end he only made it back to base camp with Mutschlechner's help.^[15]

Gasherbrum II

After his ascent of Kangchenjunga, Mutschlechner flew back to Europe because his frostbite had to be treated and Messner needed rest. Thus the three mountains could not be climbed as planned. Messner was cured of his amoebic abscess in the liver and then travelled to Gasherbrum II, but could not use the new routes as planned. In any case, his climbing partners, Sher Khan and Nazir Sabir, would not have been strong enough. Nevertheless, all three reached the summit on 24 July in a storm. During the ascent, Messner discovered the body of a previously missing Austrian mountaineer, whom he buried two years later at the G I – G II crossing.^[15]

Broad Peak

Cho Oyu

In the winter of 1982/1983, Messner attempted the first winter ascent of Cho Oyu. He reached an altitude of about 7,500 metres, when great masses of snow forced him to turn back. This expedition was his first with Hans Kammerlander. A few months later, on 5 May, he reached the summit via a partially new route together with Kammerlander and Michl Dacher.^[15]

Annapurna

In 1985, Messner topped out on Annapurna. Using a new route on the northwest face, he reached the summit with Kammerlander on 24 April. Also on the expedition were Reinhard Patscheider, Reinhard Schiestl and Swami Prem Darshano, who did not reach the summit. Even during Messner and Kammerlander's ascent the weather was not good and they had to be assisted by the other three during the descent due to heavy snowfall.^[15]

Dhaulagiri

Messner had already attempted Dhaulagiri in 1977 and 1984, but failed. In 1985 he finally summited. He climbed with Kammerlander up the normal route along the northeast ridge. After only three days of climbing they stood on the summit in a heavy storm on 15 May.^[15]

Makalu

Messner tried climbing Makalu four times. He failed in 1974 and 1981 on the South Face of the south-east ridge. In winter 1985/1986 he attempted the first winter ascent of Makalu via the normal route. Even this venture did not succeed.^[15] Not until February 2009 was Makalu successfully climbed in winter by Denis Urubko and Simone Moro.

In 1986, Messner returned and succeeded in reaching the summit using the normal route with Kammerlander and Mutschlechner. Although they had turned back twice during this expedition, they made the summit on the third attempt on 26 September. During this expedition, Messner witnessed the death of Marcel Rüedi, for whom the Makalu was his 9th eight-thousander. Rüedi was on the way back from the summit and was seen by Messner and the other climbers on the descent. Although he was making slow progress, he appeared to be safe. The tea for his reception had already been boiled when Rüedi disappeared behind a snow ridge and did not reappear. He was found dead a short time later.^[15]

Lhotse

Messner climbed his last normal route. Both climbers had to contend with a strong wind in the summit area. To reach the summit that year and before winter broke, they took a direct helicopter flight from the Makalu base camp to the Lhotse base camp.

Thus Messner became the first person to climb all eight-thousanders. Since this ascent, Messner has never climbed another eight-thousander.^[15] In 1989, Messner led a European expedition to the South Face of the mountain. The aim of the expedition was to forge a path up the as-yet-unclimbed face. Messner himself did not want to climb any more. The expedition was unsuccessful.^[18]

Other expeditions after 1970

The Seven Summits

In 1985 Richard Bass first postulated and achieved the mountaineering challenge Seven Summits, climbing the highest peaks of each of the seven continents. Messner suggested another list (the Messner or Carstensz list) replacing Mount Kosciuszko with Indonesia's Puncak Jaya, or Carstensz Pyramid ({{Convert|4884|m|ft|0|disp=|abbr=on}}). From a mountaineering point of view the Messner list is the more challenging one. Climbing Carstensz Pyramid has the character of an expedition, whereas the ascent of Kosciuszko is an easy hike. In May 1986 Pat Morrow became the first person to complete the Messner list, followed by Messner himself when he summitted Mount Vinson in December 1986 to become the second.^[19]

Guinness Book of Records

Messner is listed nine times in the Guinness Book of Records. All these records belong to "World's Firsts" category, known also as Historical Firsts. "World's First" is the highest form of Guinness World Record, the ownership of this title never expires. As of 2018 it is the world's highest number of "World's Firsts" held by an individual.^[20]

The Messner Mountain Museum

In 2003 Messner started work on a project for a mountaineering museum.^[21] On 11 June 2006, the Messner Mountain Museum (MMM) opened, a museum that unites within one museum the stories of the growth and decline of mountains, culture in the Himalayan region and the history of South Tyrol.

Political career

In 1999 Reinhold Messner was elected Member of the European Parliament for the Federation of the Greens (FdV), the Italian green party, receiving more than 20,000 votes in the European election. He fully served his term until 2004, when he retired from politics.^[28]

Messner was officially a member of South Tyrolean Greens, a regionalist and ecologist political party active only in South Tyrol, who de facto acts as a regional branch of the FdV.

During all his life, even after the end of his political career, he has been a strong supporter of green and environmentalist policies and an activist in the fight against global warming.

In media

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=dFG5CIb2R5QC&dq=messner+greenland | title=Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell| isbn=9780898863055| last1=Messner| first1=Reinhold| year=1991}}
2. ^{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=q-XcMgEACAAJ&dq=Gobi+–+Die+Wüste+in+mir+messner | title=Gobi: Il deserto dentro di me| isbn=9788897173236| last1=Messner| first1=Reinhold| year=2013}}
3. ^¹{{cite news |first=Caroline|last=Alexander |title=Murdering the Impossible |work=National Geographic|date=November 2006 |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature1/index.html }}
4. ^{{cite web|last=Rhoads |first=Christopher |title=The controversy surrounding Reinhold Messner |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=11 December 2003 |url=http://www.backcountry.net/arch/pct/0312/msg00095.html |accessdate=7 February 2008}}
5. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb | first=Kate | last=Connolly | date=19 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}
6. ^¹Krakauer 153
7. ^Krakauer 61
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://reinhold-messner.de/popup_1_1.html |title=Reinhold Messner - Home |publisher=Reinhold-messner.de |date= |accessdate=2016-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018151311/http://reinhold-messner.de/popup_1_1.html |archive-date=18 October 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
9. ^Messner, Reinhold (1979). Aufbruch ins Abenteuer. Der berühmteste Alpinist der Welt erzählt. Bergisch Gladbach, p. 122 – 133.
10. ^http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1974_files/AJ%201974%2015-20%20Nairz%20Manaslu.pdf
11. ^¹²http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/8000ers-mainmenu-205.html
12. ^{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=_j46vgAACAAJ&dq=simone+moro+nanga | title=Nanga: Fra rispetto e pazienza, come ho corteggiato la montagna che chiamavano assassina| isbn=9788817090230| last1=Moro| first1=Simone| year=2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Nanga Parbat Body Ends Messner Controversy |publisher=Outdoors Magic |date=19 August 2005 |url=http://outdoorsmagic.com/news/nanga-parbat-body-ends-messner-controversy/ |accessdate=14 March 2014}}
14. ^¹{{cite web|last=Connolly |first=Kate |title=Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb |website=The Guardian |date=19 January 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy |accessdate=14 March 2014}}
15. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³Messner, Reinhold (2002). Überlebt – Alle 14 Achttausender mit Chronik BLV, Munich.
16. ^Messner, Reinhold/Gogna, Alessandro: K2 – Berg der Berge. BLV, Munich 1980.
17. ^¹Messner, Reinhold: Alle meine Gipfel. Herbig, Munich 1983.
18. ^Kammerlander, Hans: Bergsüchtig. Piper, Munich 2001, 6th ed. (p.81ff)
19. ^¹History of 7 Summits project — who was first?
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&contentType=record|title=Official Guinness Registry|last=|first=|date=|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204702/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&contentType=record|archive-date=2018-05-29|dead-url=yes|access-date=2018-05-29}}
21. ^Thomas Kunze: Messners 15. Achttausender {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815015527/http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0708/reise/0018/index.html |date=15 August 2011 }}, Berliner Zeitung, 8 July 2006
22. ^{{cite web |title=MMM Firmian |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637819,mid,1242637817,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716041303/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637819,mid,1242637817,first,1.html |archivedate=16 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
23. ^{{cite web |title=MMM Juval |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638447,mid,1242638445,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092058/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638447,mid,1242638445,first,1.html |archivedate=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
24. ^{{cite web |title=MMM Dolomites |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638209,mid,1242638207,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225091952/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638209,mid,1242638207,first,1.html |archivedate=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
25. ^{{cite web |title=MMM Ortles |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637409,mid,1242637407,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092100/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637409,mid,1242637407,first,1.html |archivedate=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
26. ^{{cite web |title=MMM Ripa |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638873,mid,1242638871,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225091955/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638873,mid,1242638871,first,1.html |archivedate=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}
27. ^{{cite web|title= Zaha Hadid's MMM Corones museum gazes at the mountains | url=http://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/corones-museum-zaha-hadid-gazing-mountains | author= Federica Lusiardi |publisher=Inexhibit|accessdate=November 25, 2015}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/alphaOrder/view.do?language=EN&id=4419 |title=Search for a Member; European Parliament |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2016-09-20}}