| 词条 | Gatekeeper (macOS) |
| 释义 |
| name = Gatekeeper | logo = Gatekeeper logo.png | developer = Apple Inc. | released = {{Start date|2012|7|25}} | operating system = macOS }}Gatekeeper is a security feature of the macOS operating system by Apple.[1][2] It enforces code signing and verifies downloaded applications before allowing them to run, thereby reducing the likelihood of inadvertently executing malware. Gatekeeper builds upon File Quarantine, which was introduced in Mac OS X Leopard and expanded in Mac OS X Snow Leopard.[3][4] The feature originated in version 10.7.3 of Mac OS X Lion as the command-line utility spctl.[5][6] A graphical user interface was added in OS X Mountain Lion and later also in version 10.7.5 of Lion.[7] FunctionsConfigurationIn the security & privacy panel of System Preferences, the user has three options: {{Glossary}}{{Term|Mac App Store}}{{Defn|Allows only applications downloaded from the Mac App Store to be launched.}}{{Term|Mac App Store and identified developers}}{{Defn|Allows applications downloaded from the Mac App Store and applications signed by certified Apple developers to be launched. This is the default setting since Mountain Lion.}}{{Term|Anywhere}}{{Defn|Allows all applications to be launched. This effectively turns Gatekeeper off. This is the default setting in Lion. In macOS Sierra, this option is hidden by default.[8][9]}}{{Glossary end}}The command-line utility spctl provides granular controls, such as custom rules and individual or blanket permissions, as well as an option to turn Gatekeeper off.[6] QuarantineUpon download of an application, a particular extended file attribute ("quarantine flag") can be added to the downloaded file.[10] This attribute is added by the application that downloads the file, such as a web browser or email client, but is not added by torrent downloaders, such as Transmission (BitTorrent client), nor Bit Torrent. This behavior is disabled by default for third-party applications and developers need to opt into it. The system can also force this behavior upon individual applications using a signature-based system named Xprotect.[11] ExecutionWhen the user attempts to open an application with such an attribute, the system will delay the execution and verify whether it is:
Since {{Nowrap|Mac OS X}} Snow Leopard, the system keeps two blacklists to identify known malware or insecure software. The blacklists are updated periodically. If the application is blacklisted, then File Quarantine will refuse to open it and recommend to the user to move it to trash.[11][12] Gatekeeper will refuse to open the application if the code-signing requirements are not met. Apple can revoke the developer's certificate with which the application was signed and prevent further distribution.[1][3] Once an application has passed File Quarantine or Gatekeeper, it will be allowed to run normally and will not be verified again.[1][3] OverrideTo override Gatekeeper, the user (acting as an administrator) either has to switch to a more lenient policy from the security & privacy panel of System Preferences or authorize a manual override for a particular application, either by opening the application from the context menu or by adding it with spctl.[1] Path randomizationDevelopers can sign disk images that can be verified as a unit by the system. In macOS Sierra, this allows developers to guarantee the integrity of all bundled files and prevent attackers from infecting and subsequently redistributing them. In addition, "path randomization" executes application bundles from a random, hidden path and prevents them from accessing external files relative to their location. This feature is turned off if the application bundle originated from a signed installer package or disk image or if the user manually moved the application without any other files to another directory.[8] ImplicationsThe effectiveness and rationale of Gatekeeper in combating malware have been acknowledged,[3] but been met with reservations. Security researcher Chris Miller noted that Gatekeeper will verify the developer certificate and consult the known-malware list only when the application is first opened. Malware that already passed Gatekeeper will not be stopped.[13] In addition, Gatekeeper will only verify applications that have the quarantine flag. As this flag is added by other applications and not by the system, any neglect or failure to do so does not trigger Gatekeeper. According to security blogger Thomas Reed, BitTorrent clients are frequent offenders of this. The flag is also not added if the application came from a different source, like network shares and USB flash drives.[10][13] Questions have also been raised about the registration process to acquire a developer certificate and the prospect of certificate theft.[14] In September 2015, security researcher Patrick Wardle wrote about another shortcoming that concerns applications that are distributed with external files, such as libraries or even HTML files that can contain JavaScript.[8] An attacker can manipulate those files and through them exploit a vulnerability in the signed application. The application and its external files can then be redistributed, while leaving the original signature of the application bundle itself intact. As Gatekeeper does not verify such individual files, the security can be compromised.[15] With path randomization and signed disk images, Apple provided mechanisms to mitigate this issue in macOS Sierra.[8] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url = https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202491|title = OS X: About Gatekeeper|date = February 13, 2015|accessdate = June 18, 2015|website = Apple}} {{OS X}}2. ^{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/02/16/os-x-mountain-lion/|title=Surprise! OS X Mountain Lion Roars Into Existence (For Developers Today, Everyone This Summer)|last=Siegler|first=MG|date=February 16, 2012|work=TechCrunch|publisher=AOL Inc.|accessdate=March 3, 2012}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/07/os-x-10-8/14/#gatekeeper|title=OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion: the Ars Technica review|last=Siracusa|first=John|date=July 25, 2012|website=Ars Technica|pages=14–15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314044507/http://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/07/os-x-10-8/14/|archive-date=March 14, 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=June 17, 2016}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesafemac.com/mmg-builtin/|title=Mac Malware Guide : How does Mac OS X protect me?|last=Reed|first=Thomas|date=April 25, 2014|website=The Safe Mac|access-date=October 6, 2016}} 5. ^{{cite web |url = http://isc.sans.edu/diary.html?storyid=12631|title = How to test OS X Mountain Lion's Gatekeeper in Lion|first = Johannes|last = Ullrich|date = February 22, 2012|accessdate = July 27, 2012|website = Internet Storm Center}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man8/spctl.8.html|title=spctl(8)|website=Mac Developer Library|publisher=Apple|accessdate=July 27, 2012}} 7. ^{{cite web|url = http://support.apple.com/kb/HT5313|title = About the OS X Lion v10.7.5 Update|accessdate = June 18, 2015|date = February 13, 2015|website = Apple}} 8. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2016/706/|title=What's New in Security|date=June 15, 2016|website=Apple Developer|at=At 21:45|type=Video|access-date=June 17, 2016}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://arstechnica.co.uk/apple/2016/06/ios-10-macos-sierra-changes-raw-shooting-gatekeeper/|title=Some nerdy changes in macOS and iOS 10: RAW shooting, a harsher Gatekeeper, more|last=Cunningham|first=Andrew|date=June 15, 2016|website=Ars Technica UK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616184734/http://arstechnica.co.uk/apple/2016/06/ios-10-macos-sierra-changes-raw-shooting-gatekeeper/|archive-date=June 16, 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=June 17, 2016}} 10. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://blog.malwarebytes.com/cybercrime/2015/10/bypassing-apples-gatekeeper/|title=Bypassing Apple's Gatekeeper|last=Reed|first=Thomas|date=October 6, 2015|website=Malwarebytes Labs|access-date=June 17, 2016}} 11. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/article/1142457/snowleopard_malware.html|title=Inside Snow Leopard's hidden malware protection|last=Moren|first=Dan|date=August 26, 2009|website=Macworld|access-date=September 30, 2016}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://support.apple.com/HT201940|title=About the 'Are you sure you want to open it?' alert (File Quarantine / Known Malware Detection) in OS X|date=March 22, 2016|website=Apple Support|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617155624/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201940|archive-date=June 17, 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=September 30, 2016}} 13. ^1 {{Cite web|url = https://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/02/developers-gatekeeper-a-concern-but-still-gives-power-users-control/|title = Mac developers: Gatekeeper is a concern, but still gives power users control|date = February 17, 2012|accessdate = June 18, 2015|website = Ars Technica|last = Foresman|first = Chris}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/302094/20120221/os-x-mountain-lion-gatekeeper-malware-out.htm|title=OS X Mountain Lion Gatekeeper: Can it Really Keep Malware Out?|last=Chatterjee|first=Surojit|date=February 21, 2012|work=International Business Times|accessdate=March 3, 2012}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2015/09/drop-dead-simple-exploit-completely-bypasses-macs-malware-gatekeeper/|title=Drop-dead simple exploit completely bypasses Mac's malware Gatekeeper|last=Goodin|first=Dan|website=Ars Technica|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320093306/http://arstechnica.com/security/2015/09/drop-dead-simple-exploit-completely-bypasses-macs-malware-gatekeeper/|archive-date=March 20, 2016|dead-url=no|access-date=June 17, 2016}} 1 : MacOS security technology |
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