| 词条 | Gaya language |
| 释义 |
| name = Gaya | altname = Gaya | states = Gaya confederacy | region = Korea | familycolor = Altaic | fam1 = Unclassified (Koguryoic? Han?) | fam2 = | era = 5th–7th centuries | ref = | iso3 = zra | linglist = zra | glotto = none | glottorefname = }}{{Infobox language | name = Pre-Kara | altname = Pre-Kara/Kaya | states = Gaya confederacy | region = Korea | era = extinct 7th century | ref = | familycolor = Altaic | family = Unclassified (Japonic?) | iso3 = zra | linglist = zra | map = Three Kingdoms of Korea Map.png | mapcaption = The Three Kingdoms of Korea, with Gaya in Pink. | glotto = none | glottorefname = }} Gaya (伽耶語, 가야어), also rendered Kaya or Karak, is the presumed language of the Gaya confederacy in southern Korea. It is supposedly attested from thirteen toponyms, but it cannot be certain that these reflect the Gaya language itself rather than an earlier language.[1] Only one word survives that is directly identified as being from the language of the Gaya confederacy.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} IdentityThe place names in question appear to be in a language related to Korean and Japanese. Beckwith classifies the Japonic family with toponymic pre-Kara as follows:[1] The linguistic scholar from South Korea, Jung Ho Wan, claimed that while it is only an assumption to say that Gaya's language, which is the only one left to this day, is similar to Japanese language, if the assumption is true, however, this suggests that not only Gaya's culture but also its language influenced the Yayoi who crossed over from the Korean Peninsula.[2]
It is not clear if this "pre-Kara" was related to the language of the later Gaya confederacy, of which only four words survive.[4] In volume 34 of the Samguk Sagi, a note for the word 旃檀梁 states that, "In the Kaya language, 'gate' is called 梁." The Chinese character {{angle bracket|梁}} was used to write the Silla word for 'ridge', which was ancestral to Middle Korean 돌 *twol 'ridge', suggesting that the Gaya word for 'gate' may have been pronounced something like twol. This looks similar to Old Japanese *two/tö (門/戸) (modern Japanese to, 戸), meaning 'door, gate'.[3][4][5] NameThe name Gaya is Korean, from the modern transcription 加耶 (伽倻). However, it was difficult to render the phonological shape of words in the languages of Korea by the use of Chinese characters, since Hangul had not yet been invented, and thus a variety of historical forms are attested. (See Gaya confederacy.) Generally Gaya was transcribed as Kaya (加耶) or Karak (伽落), but the transcription in the oldest sources is Kara (加羅), and philological reconstruction points towards MC *kayia, from OC *kala = *kara.[1] Beckwith considers the pronunciation {{IPA-all|kaɾa|}} "certain",[6] so the language is also known as Kara, for example in Ethnologue. References1. ^1 2 {{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Beckwith |year=2007 |title=Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives |pages=27–28}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gaya Language}}2. ^가야의 언어와 문화 2007년 06월 27일 출간 3. ^1 Christopher I. Beckwith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=tkF3qkwLzvQC&pg=PA40 Koguryo,] BRILL 2007 p.40. 4. ^Martine Irma Robbeets, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7ysws67HZegC&pg=PA867 Is Japanese Related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic?], Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005 p.867 n.203. 5. ^{{cite book |first1=Ki-Moon |last1=Lee |first2=S. Robert |last2=Ramsey |year=2011 |title=A History of the Korean Language |page=§2.3.4, p.47. |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} 6. ^{{cite book |first=Christopher I. |last=Beckwith |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-691-13589-2 |page=105}} 6 : Gaya confederacy|Extinct languages of Asia|History of the Korean language|Languages of Korea|Buyeo languages|Unclassified languages of Asia |
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