| 词条 | René Thom |
| 释义 |
|name=René Thom |image=René Thom.jpeg |caption=René Thom in Nice, 1970 |birth_date = {{birth date|1923|9|2|df=y}} |birth_place= Montbéliard, France |death_date = {{death date and age|2002|10|25|1923|9|2|df=y}} |death_place=Bures-sur-Yvette, France |nationality = French |workplaces = University of Strasbourg Université Joseph Fourier Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques |alma_mater=École Normale Supérieure, University of Paris |doctoral_advisor= Henri Cartan |doctoral_students=Daniel Bennequin Bernard Morin David Trotman |thesis_title = Espaces fibrés en sphères et carrés de Steenrod |thesis_year = 1951 |field = Mathematics |prizes=Fields Medal in 1958 |known_for=Dold–Thom theorem Thom isomorphism Pontryagin–Thom construction Thom–Porteous formula }} René Frédéric Thom ({{IPA-fr|ʁəne tɔm|lang}}; 2 September 1923 – 25 October 2002) was a French mathematician. He made his reputation as a topologist, moving on to aspects of what would be called singularity theory; he became world-famous among the wider academic community and the educated general public for one aspect of this latter interest, his work as founder of catastrophe theory (later developed by Erik Christopher Zeeman). He received the Fields Medal in 1958. BiographyRené Thom was born in Montbéliard, Doubs. He was educated at the Lycée Saint-Louis and the École Normale Supérieure, both in Paris. He received his PhD in 1951 from the University of Paris. His thesis, titled Espaces fibrés en sphères et carrés de Steenrod (Sphere bundles and Steenrod squares), was written under the direction of Henri Cartan. The foundations of cobordism theory, for which he received the Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Edinburgh in 1958, were already present in his thesis. After a fellowship in the United States, he went on to teach at the Universities of Grenoble (1953–1954) and Strasbourg (1954–1963), where he was appointed Professor in 1957. In 1964, he moved to the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, in Bures-sur-Yvette. He was awarded the Brouwer Medal in 1970, the Grand Prix Scientifique de la Ville de Paris in 1974, and became a Member of the Académie des Sciences of Paris in 1976. While René Thom is most known to the public for his development of catastrophe theory between 1968 and 1972, his earlier work was on differential topology. In the early 1950s it concerned what are now called Thom spaces, characteristic classes, cobordism theory, and the Thom transversality theorem. Another example of this line of work is the Thom conjecture, versions of which have been investigated using gauge theory. From the mid 1950s he moved into singularity theory, of which catastrophe theory is just one aspect, and in a series of deep (and at the time obscure) papers between 1960 and 1969 developed the theory of stratified sets and stratified maps, proving a basic stratified isotopy theorem describing the local conical structure of Whitney stratified sets, now known as the Thom–Mather isotopy theorem. Much of his work on stratified sets was developed so as to understand the notion of topologically stable maps, and to eventually prove the result that the set of topologically stable mappings between two smooth manifolds is a dense set. Thom's lectures on the stability of differentiable mappings, given at the University of Bonn in 1960, were written up by Harold Levine and published in the proceedings of a year long symposium on singularities at Liverpool University during 1969-70, edited by C. T. C. Wall. The proof of the density of topologically stable mappings was completed by John Mather in 1970, based on the ideas developed by Thom in the previous ten years. A coherent detailed account was published in 1976 by Cristopher Gibson, Klaus Wirthmüller, Andrew du Plessis, and Eduard Looijenga. During the last twenty years of his life Thom's published work was mainly in philosophy and epistemology, and he undertook a reevaluation of Aristotle's writings on science. In 1992, he was one of eighteen academics who sent a letter to Cambridge University protesting against plans to award Jacques Derrida an honorary doctorate. Beyond Thom's contributions to algebraic topology, he studied differentiable mappings, through the study of generic properties. Bibliography
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16 : 1923 births|2002 deaths|People from Montbéliard|20th-century mathematicians|École Normale Supérieure alumni|Recipients of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)|Fields Medalists|Brouwer Medalists|French mathematicians|French semioticians|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars|Theoretical biologists|Topologists|Lycée Saint-Louis alumni|University of Strasbourg faculty |
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