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词条 ReplayGain
释义

  1. Operation

     Metadata  Target loudness   Track-gain and album-gain  

  2. Alternatives

  3. Implementations

      Audio players    Portable media players    Android compatible players    Scanners  

  4. Notes

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

ReplayGain is a proposed standard published by David Robinson in 2001 to measure the perceived loudness of audio in computer audio formats such as MP3 and Ogg Vorbis. It allows media players to normalize loudness for individual tracks or albums. This avoids the common problem of having to manually adjust volume levels between tracks when playing audio files from albums that have been mastered at different loudness levels.

Although this de facto standard is now formally known as ReplayGain,[1] it was originally known as Replay Gain and is sometimes abbreviated RG.

ReplayGain is supported in a large number of media software and portable devices.

Operation

ReplayGain works by first performing a psychoacoustic analysis of an entire audio track or album to measure peak level and perceived loudness. The difference between the measured perceived loudness and the desired target loudness is calculated; this is considered the ideal replay gain value. Typically, the gain and peak level values are then stored as metadata in the audio file, allowing ReplayGain-capable audio players to automatically attenuate or amplify the signal on a per-track or per-album basis such that tracks or albums play at a similar loudness level. The peak level information can be used to prevent gain adjustments from inducing clipping in the playback device.[2]

Metadata

The original ReplayGain proposal specified an 8-byte field in the header of any file. Most implementations now use tags for ReplayGain information. FLAC and Ogg Vorbis use the REPLAYGAIN_* Vorbis comment fields. MP3 files usually use ID3v2. Other formats such as AAC and WMA use their native tag formats with a specially formatted tag entry listing the track's replay gain and peak loudness.

ReplayGain utilities usually add metadata to the audio files without altering the original audio data. Alternatively, a tool can amplify or attenuate the data itself and save the result to another, gain-adjusted audio file; this is not perfectly reversible in most cases. Some lossy audio formats, such as MP3, are structured in a way that they encode the volume of each compressed frame in a stream, and tools such as MP3Gain take advantage of this for directly applying the gain adjustment to MP3 files, adding undo information so that the process is reversible.

Target loudness

The target loudness of ReplayGain utilities is 89 dB sound pressure level.{{#tag:ref|Although the original proposal specified an 83 dB SPL reference, an early departure from the proposal to 89 dB SPL was endorsed by its author.[3]|group="note"}} The SPL reference comes from a SMPTE recommendation used to calibrate playback levels in movie theaters.{{#tag:ref|Specifically SMPTE RP 200:2002 recommends an 83 dB SPL plaback level for pink noise recorded at -20 dB with respect to a full-scale sine wave. ReplayGain uses -14dB headroom and therefore has a reference 6dB higher than the SMPTE spec.[4][5]|group="note"}}

A more common means of specifying a reference level is relative to a full-scale signal. ReplayGain nominally plays at -14 dB relative to full-scale leaving 14 dB of headroom for reproduction of dynamic material. In contrast, the SMPTE RP 200:2002, on which the ReplayGain reference was originally based, recommends 20 dB of headroom. The more recent EBU Recommendation R 128 suggests 23 dB.[6]

Track-gain and album-gain

ReplayGain analysis can be performed on individual tracks, so that all tracks will be of equal volume on playback. Analysis can also be performed on a per-album basis. In album-gain analysis an additional peak-value and gain-value, which will be shared by the whole album, is calculated. Using the album-gain values during playback will preserve the volume differences among tracks on an album.

On playback, listeners may decide if they want all tracks to sound equally loud or if they want all albums to sound equally loud with different tracks having different loudness. In album-gain mode, when album-gain data is missing, players should use track-gain data instead.

Alternatives

  • Peak amplitude is not a reliable indicator of loudness, so consequently peak normalization does not offer reliable normalization of perceived loudness. RMS normalization is a little more accurate, but care must be taken not to introduce clipping, either by guaranteeing appropriate headroom or by using hard or soft limiting. (ReplayGain itself is an elaboration on RMS normalization.)
  • With audio level compression, volume may be altered on-the-fly on playback (meaning "variable gain", as opposed to the "constant gain" as rendered by ReplayGain), but the dynamic range will be compressed. Although this is beneficial in keeping volume constant at all times, it is not always desirable.
  • Sound Check is a proprietary Apple Inc. technology similar in function to ReplayGain. It is available in iTunes and on the iPod.[7]
  • Standard measurement algorithms for broadcast loudness monitoring applications have recently been developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R BS.1770) and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU R128).[6]

Implementations

{{Cleanup|section|reason=It is not specified whether each of these computer programs or devices are capable of adding ReplayGain data or can just read the existing. AIMP, VLC media player can only read. MediaMonkey, Quod Libet can also write|date=December 2014}}

Audio players

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • AIMP, Windows[8]
  • Amarok, KDE desktop environment. Native ReplayGain support was added in Amarok 2.1.[9][10][11]
  • Audacious, Unix-like systems and Windows
  • Aqualung Music Player, Linux and Windows
  • Banshee, Linux
  • Clementine, Windows, Mac OS X and Linux
  • cmus, Unix-like systems
  • Cue Broadcast Audio Player, Windows[12]{{FV|date=April 2018}}
  • DeaDBeeF, GNU/Linux, BSD, OpenSolaris and Mac OS X[13]
  • Exaile, Linux/GNOME desktop environment
  • FLAC, the reference FLAC decoder can create a new copy with ReplayGain applied, through the undocumented option --apply-replaygain-which-is-not-lossless as of version 1.1.1[14]
  • foobar2000, Windows
  • GMusicBrowser, Linux/GNOME[15]
  • hunisPRO automation system, Windows[12]
  • JRiver Media Center, Windows[16]{{fv|date=April 2018}}
  • JavaTunes, Windows, Linux and Mac OS X[17]
  • Kodi, cross-platform
  • MediaMonkey, Windows
  • Mixxx virtual DJ software, v1.9.0 and up
  • madplay, Unix-like systems
  • Mpg123, supported for only Xing/Lame/Info header
  • MPD, Unix-like systems
  • Muine, GNOME desktop environment
  • MusicBee, Windows
  • Nightingale, Linux, Mac OS X, Windows
  • Play, Mac OS X[18]
  • Pocket Player, Windows Mobile,[19] through the ReplayGain DSP plugin[20]
  • ProppFrexx ONAIR, Windows[21]
  • Pulsar+, Android
  • Qmmp, cross-platform[22]
  • Quod Libet, Unix-like systems. Reads ReplayGain metadata natively. Has a plugin to analyze and write ReplayGain information.
  • QuuxPlayer, Windows
  • RadioBOSS, Windows radio automation software[23]
  • Rhythmbox, GNOME (through a plug-in)
  • Songbird, Windows and Mac OS X
  • SoX, cross-platform[24]
  • Squeezebox hardware and accompanying SlimServer/SqueezeCenter software from Slim Devices
  • VLC media player, multiplatform. Reads ReplayGain metadata natively
  • Winamp, Windows
  • XMMS, Unix-like systems with X11. Supports ReplayGain for Vorbis; for MP3 files, a patched version of the xmms-mad plugin which only supports APEv2 is available[25])
  • XMMS2, Unix-like systems
  • XMPlay, Windows[26]
  • Zortam Mp3 Media Studio, Windows[27]
{{div col end}}

Portable media players

  • All devices with a working Rockbox port[28]
  • Sandisk Sansa Fuze and Sansa Clip+[29]
  • iPod through other programs that convert ReplayGain data to the Apple proprietary Sound Check format (e.g. iPod Manager for foobar2000, other alternatives elsewhere on this page)

Typical CD players and other legacy audio players do not support ReplayGain.

Android compatible players

  • DeaDBeeF[30]
  • foobar2000 for Android
  • GoneMAD Music Player[31]
  • Neutron Music Player[32]
  • MyTunes[33]
  • PowerAMP[34]
  • Vanilla Music[35]
  • Winamp PRO for Android[36]
  • XenoAmp Music Player[37]

Scanners

  • beaTunes: Writes the standard replaygain_track_gain/replaygain_track_peak tags and replaces the iTunNORM metadata tag value, which is used by iTunes software and iPod music players for Sound Check volume normalization.
  • Ex Falso: Included plugin scans files on a per-album base, writes the standard tags into metadata.
  • [https://www.poikosoft.com/music-converter EZ CD Audio Converter]: Music converter, CD ripper and metadata editor.
  • FLAC and metaflac: Encoder can optionally generate metadata. Tagger generates metadata.
  • foobar2000: Generates metadata through included plugin using EBU R128 (but at old 89dB levels) for all supported tag formats.[38]
  • iVolume: Replaces the iTunNORM metadata tag value (optionally on a per-album basis), which is used by iTunes software and iPod music players for Sound Check volume normalization.
  • LAME: Encoder writes metadata to LAME tag
  • MediaMonkey: Analyze Volume calculates RG values and writes them into the files as tags and into its library database
  • MP3Gain: (open source) generates metadata. Can directly modify original file and write undo information as metadata.[39]
  • QuuxPlayer for Windows: calculates gain values and saves them in its library database; optionally writes ReplayGain tags to files with ID3v2 tags.
  • Quod Libet: Based on Ex Falso. Generates metadata through included plugin to analyze and write ReplayGain information
  • Rapid Evolution: Generates metadata
  • soundKonverter:[40] frontend for various audio conversion tools. Is built using KDE Development Platform and has a ReplayGain tool.
  • Winamp: Generates metadata
  • [https://bitbucket.org/fk/rgain rgain]: Generates metadata
  • Sound Normalizer

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hydrogenaud.io/forums/index.php?s=&showtopic=85536&view=findpost&p=736023 |title=ReplayGain Specification discussion |author=David Robinson |publisher=Hydrogenaudio |date=2010-12-17 |accessdate=2011-07-12}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://wiki.hydrogenaud.io/index.php?title=ReplayGain_specification#Clipping_prevention |title=ReplayGain specification |accessdate=2011-04-15}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrogenaud.io/forums/index.php?s=&showtopic=83397&view=findpost&p=721854 |title=Does Replay gain work differtly in Media monkey |publisher=Hydrogenaudio |date=2010-10-07 |accessdate=2010-12-30}}
4. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.mars.org/mailman/public/mad-dev/2004-February/000993.html | title = Replay Gain | accessdate = 2007-03-10 | date = 24 February 2004 | first = Rob | last = Leslie | work = mad-dev mailing list | publisher = mars.org }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiki.hydrogenaud.io/index.php?title=ReplayGain_specification#cite_note-8|accessdate=September 13, 2011|title=ReplayGain specification}}
6. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/r/r128.pdf | title = Loudness normalisation and permitted maximum level of audio signals | author = EBU | authorlink = European Broadcasting Union |date=August 2011}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://ipod.about.com/od/itunes/g/soundcheck_def.htm |title=Using Sound Check with iPod |publisher=About.com |author=Sam Costello |accessdate=2010-05-11}}
8. ^http://www.aimp.ru/index.php?do=features
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=81661 |title=Bug 81661 - Volume normalization for amaroK |publisher=KDE Bug Tracking System |date=2004-05-16 |accessdate=2010-12-30}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://padoca.wordpress.com/2009/02/15/amarok-21-back-to-the-future-english-version/ |title=Amarok 2.1 – back to the future |publisher=Padoca |date=2009-02-15 |accessdate=2010-12-30}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://amarok.kde.org/en/releases/2.1 |title=Amarok 2.1 "Let There Be Light" released |publisher=Amarok |date=2009-06-03 |accessdate=2010-12-30}}
12. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.gasteropod.net/ |title=GASTEROPOD |accessdate=November 26, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129163032/http://www.gasteropod.net/ |archivedate=January 29, 2009 }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://deadbeef.sourceforge.net/about.html |title=DeaDBeeF - Ultimate Music Player For GNU/Linux |publisher=Deadbeef.sourceforge.net |date= |accessdate=2016-07-29}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://hydrogenaud.io/forums/?showtopic=17293 |title=Does FLAC.exe decode support ReplayGain? |publisher=Hydrogenaudio |date=2004-01-07 |accessdate=2010-12-30}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://squentin.free.fr/gmusicbrowser/gmusicbrowser.html |title=gmusicbrowser |publisher=Squentin.free.fr |date= |accessdate=2011-11-24}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.musicex.com/mediacenter/ |title=Media Center |accessdate=January 7, 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403180220/http://www.musicex.com/mediacenter/ |archivedate=April 3, 2005 }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stigc.dk/projects/JavaTunes/ |title=JavaTunes |publisher=Stigc.dk |date=2011-05-15 |accessdate=2011-11-24}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://sbooth.org/Play/ |title=Play |publisher=sbooth.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-24}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.conduits.com/products/player/ |title=Pocket Player 4 |publisher=Conduits |accessdate=2011-11-24}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.conduits.com/products/player/plugins.asp |title=Pocket Player Plugins & Software Development Kit (SDK) |publisher=Conduits |accessdate=2011-11-24}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.proppfrexx.radio42.com/ |title=ProppFrexx ONAIR |publisher=Proppfrexx.radio42.com |accessdate=2011-11-24}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://qmmp.ylsoftware.com/features.php |title=Qmmp Features |accessdate=2017-12-22}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.djsoft.net/ |title=RadioBOSS Web Site |publisher=djsoft |accessdate=2012-05-05}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://sox.sourceforge.net/sox.html |title=SoX man page |accessdate=2011-11-24}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://perso.crans.org/~krempp/xmms-mad/ |title=Modified xmms-mad |date=2005-03-06 |accessdate=2010-12-30}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://support.xmplay.com/ |title=XMPlay |publisher=XMPlay |accessdate=2011-11-24}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zortam.com/ |title=Zortan MP3 Media Studio |publisher=Zortam |date=2011-11-09 |accessdate=2011-11-24}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rockbox.org/wiki/WhyRockbox |title=What is Rockbox? Why should I use it? |accessdate=2011-12-12}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://kb.sandisk.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/430/~/%22replay-gain%22-on-sansa-fuze,-fuze%2B-and-clip%2B |title="Replay Gain" on Sansa Fuze, Fuze+ and Clip+ |accessdate=2011-12-12}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=https://market.android.com/details?id=org.deadbeef.android |title=DeaDBeeF Player |accessdate=2011-08-17}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gonemad.gmmp |title=GoneMAD Music Player |accessdate=2012-06-13}}
32. ^{{cite web |url=https://market.android.com/details?id=com.neutroncode.mp |title=Neutron Music Player |accessdate=2012-01-30}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=https://market.android.com/details?id=com.whitestar.mytunes.full&hl=en |title=MyTunes Music Manager |accessdate=2012-01-27}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://powerampapp.com/news/ |title=PowerAMP v2.0 |accessdate=2011-12-12}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ch.blinkenlights.android.vanilla |title=Vanilla Music - Android Apps on Google Play |accessdate=2013-07-05}}
36. ^{{cite web |title=WinAmp for Android |url=http://www.winamp.com/android |accessdate=2011-12-12}}
37. ^{{cite web |title=XenoAmp a Slightly Different Audio Player |url=http://forum.xda-developers.com/showpost.php?p=29961749&postcount=1 |access-date=2017-04-26}}
38. ^{{cite web|title=1.1.6 patch notes|url=http://www.foobar2000.org/changelog#section9|accessdate=18 October 2012}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://wiki.hydrogenaud.io/index.php?title=MP3Gain |title=MP3Gain |publisher=Hydrogenaudio |date=2007-06-13 |accessdate=2010-12-30}}
40. ^https://github.com/HessiJames/soundkonverter/wiki

See also

  • Alignment level
  • Dialnorm
  • Loudness war

References

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

External links

  • ReplayGain specification
  • ReplayGain at Hydrogenaudio wiki
  • Replay Gain – A Proposed Standard, the original proposal, now out of date with respect to current practice
  • Replay Gain in Linux — guide to using graphical and command line ReplayGain tools in Linux.

2 : Computer standards|Digital audio
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